scholarly journals Genomic Designing of Climate Smart Turmeric

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpitha Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Breeding Methods ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Optimum Heat ◽  
Healthy Growth

Turmeric is highly tolerant to several climatic changes and can grow under high temperatures and moderate drought conditions. This herb is very much dependant on optimum rainfall, optimum heat with less chilling or freezing conditions. These conditions if are more than normal would tend to reduce the yields of the crops and also effect the productivity. To reduce such drastic yield losses certain conventional plant breeding methods were employed but were very less effective compared to plant biotechnology. To reduce these loses by stresses, extensive and effective molecular biology methods were employed which identifies the genes that are stress responsive along with certain methods like gene transfer, genetic engineering was also known to be effective. All these methods are quite helpful in mitigating the yield losses and promoting healthy growth in the plants. The maintenance of rhizome size, curcumin content, essential oils etc. is very much necessary for the turmeric crop because of its role, especially in the medical field. Therefore, the yield losses are reduced to a maximum extent so that development of smart turmeric is easy and crop designing is possible only with the advanced techniques involved in agriculture biotechnology.

scholarly journals Overexpression of MdATG8i improves water use efficiency in transgenic apple by modulating photosynthesis, osmotic balance, and autophagic activity under moderate water deficit

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Jia ◽  
Ke Mao ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Xumei Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Autophagic Activity

AbstractWater deficit is one of the major limiting factors for apple (Malus domestica) production on the Loess Plateau, a major apple cultivation area in China. The identification of genes related to the regulation of water use efficiency (WUE) is a crucial aspect of crop breeding programs. As a conserved degradation and recycling mechanism in eukaryotes, autophagy has been reported to participate in various stress responses. However, the relationship between autophagy and WUE regulation has not been explored. We have shown that a crucial autophagy protein in apple, MdATG8i, plays a role in improving salt tolerance. Here, we explored its biological function in response to long-term moderate drought stress. The results showed that MdATG8i-overexpressing (MdATG8i-OE) apple plants exhibited higher WUE than wild-type (WT) plants under long-term moderate drought conditions. Plant WUE can be increased by improving photosynthetic efficiency. Osmoregulation plays a critical role in plant stress resistance and adaptation. Under long-term drought conditions, the photosynthetic capacity and accumulation of sugar and amino acids were higher in MdATG8i-OE plants than in WT plants. The increased photosynthetic capacity in the OE plants could be attributed to their ability to maintain optimal stomatal aperture, organized chloroplasts, and strong antioxidant activity. MdATG8i overexpression also promoted autophagic activity, which was likely related to the changes described above. In summary, our results demonstrate that MdATG8i-OE apple lines exhibited higher WUE than WT under long-term moderate drought conditions because they maintained robust photosynthesis, effective osmotic adjustment processes, and strong autophagic activity.

scholarly journals Enhancement of drought tolerance in diverse Vicia faba cultivars by inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under newly reclaimed soil conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsayed Mansour ◽  
Hany A. M. Mahgoub ◽  
Samir A. Mahgoub ◽  
El-Sayed E. A. El-Sobky ◽  
Mohamed I. Abdul-Hamid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Effects Of Drought

AbstractWater deficit has devastating impacts on legume production, particularly with the current abrupt climate changes in arid environments. The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an effective approach for producing natural nitrogen and attenuating the detrimental effects of drought stress. This study investigated the influence of inoculation with the PGPR Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (USDA 2435) and Pseudomonas putida (RA MTCC5279) solely or in combination on the physio-biochemical and agronomic traits of five diverse Vicia faba cultivars under well-watered (100% crop evapotranspiration [ETc]), moderate drought (75% ETc), and severe drought (50% ETc) conditions in newly reclaimed poor-fertility sandy soil. Drought stress substantially reduced the expression of photosynthetic pigments and water relation parameters. In contrast, antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoprotectants were considerably increased in plants under drought stress compared with those in well-watered plants. These adverse effects of drought stress reduced crop water productivity (CWP) and seed yield‐related traits. However, the application of PGPR, particularly a consortium of both strains, improved these parameters and increased seed yield and CWP. The evaluated cultivars displayed varied tolerance to drought stress: Giza-843 and Giza-716 had the highest tolerance under well-watered and moderate drought conditions, whereas Giza-843 and Sakha-4 were more tolerant under severe drought conditions. Thus, co-inoculation of drought-tolerant cultivars with R. leguminosarum and P. putida enhanced their tolerance and increased their yield and CWP under water-deficit stress conditions. This study showed for the first time that the combined use of R. leguminosarum and P. putida is a promising and ecofriendly strategy for increasing drought tolerance in legume crops.

The production and uses of genetically transformed plants: concluding remarks

1993 ◽  
Vol 342 (1301) ◽  
pp. 293-294
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Transformed Plants ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Transfer Genes ◽  
Biological Methods

This meeting at which the preceding collection of papers were presented occurred on the tenth anniversary of the development of techniques which have laid the foundation for modern plant biotechnology, namely the ability to transfer genes into plants and to direct their expression in appropriate cell types. The contributors have revealed many of the exciting and potentially important applications of gene transfer technology in crop plants arising from these earlier developments, and have also described new approaches which have engendered an ever-widening scope for crop improvement through the application of molecular biological methods. In the past ten years a wide variety of crop plants have been stably transformed, and it is clear that many of the major crops can now be transformed, although with widely different efficiencies.

scholarly journals Resistance of native oak to recurrent drought conditions simulating predicted climatic changes in the Mediterranean region

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2299-2312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amélie Saunier ◽  
Elena Ormeño ◽  
Michel Havaux ◽  
Henri Wortham ◽  
Brigitte Ksas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
The Mediterranean

scholarly journals Effects of root phenotypic changes on the deep rooting of Populus euphratica seedlings under drought stresses

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-qi Ye ◽  
Jian-ming Wang ◽  
Wen-juan Wang ◽  
Tian-han Zhang ◽  
Jing-wen Li
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Populus Euphratica ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Root Depth ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought

Background Deep roots are critical for the survival of Populus euphratica seedlings on the floodplains of arid regions where they easily suffer drought stress. Drought typically suppresses root growth, but P. euphratica seedlings can adjust phenotypically in terms of root-shoot allocation and root architecture and morphology, thus promoting deep rooting. However, the root phenotypic changes undertaken by P. euphratica seedlings as a deep rooting strategy under drought conditions remain unknown. Methods We quantified deep rooting capacity by the relative root depth (RRD), which represents the ratio of taproot length to plant biomass and is controlled by root mass fraction (RMF), taproot mass fraction (TRMF), and specific taproot length (STRL). We recorded phenotypic changes in one-year-old P. euphratica seedlings under control, moderate and severe drought stress treatments and assessed the effects of RMF, TRMF, and STRL on RRD. Results Drought significantly decreased absolute root depth but substantially increased RRD via exerting positive effects on TRMF, RMF, and STRL. Under moderate drought, TRMF contributed 55%, RMF 27%, and STRL 18% to RRD variation. Under severe drought, the contribution of RMF to RRD variation increased to 37%, which was similar to the 41% for TRMF. The contribution of STRL slightly increased to 22%. Conclusion These results suggest that the adjustments in root architecture and root-shoot allocation were predominantly responsible for deep rooting in P. euphratica seedlings under drought conditions, while morphological changes played a minor role. Moreover, P. euphratica seedlings rely mostly on adjusting their root architecture to maintain root depth under moderate drought conditions, whereas root-shoot allocation responds more strongly under severe drought conditions, to the point where it plays a role as important as root architecture does on deep rooting.

scholarly journals Computational Analysis for Rainfall Characterization and Drought Vulnerability in Peninsular India

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
M. P. Akhtar ◽  
Firoz Alam Faroque ◽  
L. B. Roy ◽  
Mohd. Rizwanullah ◽  
Mukesh Didwania
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Vulnerability ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Standard Deviations

This paper analyzes the historical rainfall characterization and drought conditions in two major southern states of India, namely, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, through estimation of meteorological drought indices, namely, drought index (DI), Palmer drought index (PDI), and standardized precipitation index (SPI). Monthly and yearly rainfall data, including temperature, have been considered for 110 years. Deficient rainfall conditions have been identified and compared using annual rainfall classification thresholds. Annual rainfall variability and trend have been estimated using Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope test. Comparative study on results implies that drought characterization using SPI may amply facilitate the standardization of threshold classification for severity and frequency. Based on threshold classification, it is found that Tamil Nadu witnessed on an average 11 years of moderate drought, 4.36 years of severe drought, and 1.32 years of extreme drought conditions with standard deviations of 4.28, 1.87, and 1.63 years, respectively, during the study period, whereas Karnataka witnessed on an average 9.74 years of moderate drought, 3.91 years of severe drought, and 2.30 years of extreme drought conditions with standard deviations of 4.54, 2.04, and 2.21 years, respectively, during the study period. According to the analysis, drought vulnerability in Tamil Nadu was higher than in Karnataka, based on the number of dry and wet years in terms of SPI threshold values and area covered over 110 years. Karnataka was more susceptible in terms of severity. When compared with other indices, analysis based on drought indices indicates that a single variable-based estimation using SPI is easy to assess and may be significant and definitive in terms of decision making for prioritizing drought mitigation measures in the study area in case of inadequate available data for multiple variable-based drought analysis.

scholarly journals Low-glutathione mutants are impaired in growth but do not show an increased sensitivity to moderate water deficit

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajid A.K. Bangash ◽  
David Solbach ◽  
Marcus Jansen ◽  
Fabio Fiorani ◽  
Markus Schwarzländer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Allelic Series ◽  
Dwarf Phenotype ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

AbstractGlutathione is considered a key metabolite for stress defense and elevated levels have frequently been proposed to positively influence stress tolerance. To investigate whether glutathione affects plant performance and the drought tolerance of plants, wild-type Arabidopsis plants and an allelic series of five mutants (rax1, pad2, cad2, nrc1, and zir1) with reduced glutathione contents between 21 and 63 % compared to wild-type glutathione content were phenotypically characterized for their shoot growth under control and water-limiting conditions using a shoot phenotyping platform. Under non-stress conditions the zir1 mutant with only 21 % glutathione showed a pronounced dwarf phenotype. All other mutants with intermediate glutathione contents up to 62 % in contrast showed consistently slightly smaller shoots than the wild-type. Moderate drought stress imposed through water withdrawal until shoot growth ceased showed that wild-type plants and all mutants responded similarly in terms of chlorophyll fluorescence and growth retardation. These results lead to the conclusion that glutathione is important for general plant performance but that the glutathione content does not affect tolerance to moderate drought conditions typically experienced by crops in the field.

scholarly journals Correlating drought conservation practices and drought vulnerability in a tropical agricultural system

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora L. Álvarez-Berríos ◽  
Sandra Soto-Bayó ◽  
Eva Holupchinski ◽  
Stephen J. Fain ◽  
William A. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Spatial Databases ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought

AbstractRecent droughts in Puerto Rico and throughout the Caribbean have emphasized the region's agricultural vulnerability to this hazard and the increasing need for adaptation mechanisms to support sustainable production. In this study, we assessed the geographic extent of agricultural conservation practices incentivized by US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and evaluated their large-scale contribution to drought adaptability. We identified concentrations of drought-related practices (e.g. cover crops, ponds) applied between 2000 and 2016. Using information from spatial databases and interviews with experts, we assessed the spatial correlation between these practices and areas exposed to drought as identified by the US Drought Monitor. Between 2000 and 2016, Puerto Rico experienced seven drought episodes concentrated around the south, east and southeastern regions. The most profound drought occurred between 2014 and 2016 when the island experienced 80 consecutive weeks of moderate drought, 48 of severe drought and 33 of extreme drought conditions. A total of 44 drought-related conservation practices were applied at 6984 locations throughout 860 km2 of farmlands between 2000 and 2016 through the NRCS-Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). Practices related to water availability were statistically clustered along the coasts, whereas soil and plant health practices were clustered in the mountainous region. While these concentrations strongly correlated with areas exposed to moderate drought conditions, >80% did not coincide with areas that experienced severe or extreme drought conditions, suggesting that areas highly exposed to drought conditions generally lacked drought preparedness assisted by EQIP. Climate projections indicate an increase in the frequency and intensity of drought events, particularly in the eastern region of Puerto Rico. Our analysis highlighted the need to implement more conservation practices in these areas subject to drought intensification and exposure. Government programs intended to address vulnerabilities and enhance capacity and resilience may not be reaching areas of highest exposure. Recommendations include raising producer awareness of past and future exposure and making programs more accessible to a broader audience.

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