Diverse and insidious human herpesvirus 6A/B: how to find and neutralize it?

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-196
Author(s):  
N.O. Mishakina ◽  
◽  
O.A. Rychkova ◽  
L.V. Khanipova ◽  
D.V. Usenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Infection ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Human Herpes Virus 6 ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Convulsive Seizures ◽  
Immune Neutropenia

Herpesvirus infections are one of the most common groups of human infectious diseases. Having unique mechanisms of interaction with the human immune system, they can persist in the organism for a long time and can be reactivated by immunosuppressive factors. Human herpesvirus 6A/B (HHV-6A/B) is one of the most common but still insufficiently studied viruses affecting children. There are several variants of HHV-6 infection, including acute primary infection (primarily in young children, manifesting itself with sudden exanthema and febrile convulsive seizures), latent primary infection (manifesting itself with non-immune neutropenia), reactivation of latent infection (in children of pre-school and school age, primarily developing as respiratory infection and infectious mononucleosis), and chromosomally integrated form. This article discusses the issues of epidemiology, clinical mani-festations, diagnosis, and treatment of HHV-6A/B infection in children. Key words: herpesvirus infection, human herpes virus 6, children, diagnosis, treatment

Development of a LUX real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of human herpesvirus 7

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Bergallo ◽  
Cristina Costa ◽  
Maria Elena Terlizzi ◽  
Francesca Sidoti ◽  
Samuela Margio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
House Light ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Human herpesvirus 7 is a highly seroprevalent β-herpesvirus that, following primary infection, remains latent in CD4+ T cells and determines a persistent rather than a latent infection in various tissues and organs, including the lung and skin. This paper describes the development of an in-house light upon extension real-time PCR assay for quantification of human herpesvirus 7 DNA in clinical samples. The efficiency, sensitivity, specificity, inter- and intra-assay variability, and dynamic range have been determined. Subsequently, the assay has been validated by evaluating the human herpesvirus 7 load in bronchoalveolar lavages and skin specimens, chosen as 2 persistency sites, from healthy and pathological individuals. The real-time PCR assay developed in this study could be a useful tool to detect and quantify human herpesvirus 7 DNA in different clinical specimens to elucidate its epidemiological and pathogenic roles.

Fatal Human Herpes Virus 6 Primary Infection After Liver Transplantation

2007 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 1404-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Revest ◽  
Christophe Camus ◽  
Pierre-Nicolas D??Halluin ◽  
Sophie Cha ◽  
Philippe Compagnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Herpes Virus ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Human Herpes Virus 6 ◽  
Herpès Virus

Epstein–Barr virus

2010 ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Epstein ◽  
A.B. Rickinson
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Epstein Barr

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus with a linear double-stranded DNA genome that is carried asymptomatically by most people. Symptomless primary infection is usual in childhood, establishing a lifelong carrier state where the virus persists as a latent infection of circulating B cells. The virus replicates recurrently in oropharyngeal epithelial cells, with consequent shedding of virus in saliva transmitting infection....

scholarly journals Humanization of Murine Neutralizing Antibodies against Human Herpesvirus 6B

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bochao Wang ◽  
Mitsuhiro Nishimura ◽  
Yuji Maekawa ◽  
Toshiya Kotari ◽  
Toshiomi Okuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Febrile Seizures ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Glycoprotein Complex ◽  
Humanized Antibodies

ABSTRACTExanthem subitum is a common childhood illness caused by primary infection with human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B). It is occasionally complicated by febrile seizures and even encephalitis. HHV-6B reactivation also causes encephalitis, especially after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, no adequate antiviral treatment for HHV-6B has yet been established. Mouse-derived monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the HHV-6B envelope glycoprotein complex gH/gL/gQ1/gQ2 have been shown to neutralize the viral infection. These antibodies have the potential to become antiviral agents against HHV-6B despite their inherent immunogenicity to the human immune system. Humanization of MAbs derived from other species is one of the proven solutions to such a dilemma. In this study, we constructed chimeric forms of two neutralizing MAbs against HHV-6B to make humanized antibodies. Both showed neutralizing activities equivalent to those of their original forms. This is the first report of humanized antibodies against HHV-6B and provides a basis for the further development of HHV-6B-specific antivirals.IMPORTANCEHuman herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) establishes lifelong latent infection in most individuals after the primary infection. Encephalitis is the most severe complication caused by both the primary infection and the reactivation of HHV-6B and is the cause of considerable mortality in patients, without any established treatments to date. The humanization of the murine neutralizing antibodies described in this research provided a feasible way to reduce the inherent immunogenicity of the antibodies without changing their neutralizing activities. These newly designed chimeric antibodies against HHV-6B have the potential to be candidates for antivirals for future use.

scholarly journals Evasion of the Host Immune Response by Betaherpesviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7503
Author(s):  
Daniel Sausen ◽  
Kirstin Reed ◽  
Maimoona Bhutta ◽  
Elisa Gallo ◽  
Ronen Borenstein
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Human Immune Response ◽  
Human Immune

The human immune system boasts a diverse array of strategies for recognizing and eradicating invading pathogens. Human betaherpesviruses, a highly prevalent subfamily of viruses, include human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus (HHV) 6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7. These viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms for evading the host response. In this review, we will highlight the complex interplay between betaherpesviruses and the human immune response, focusing on protein function. We will explore methods by which the immune system first responds to betaherpesvirus infection as well as mechanisms by which viruses subvert normal cellular functions to evade the immune system and facilitate viral latency, persistence, and reactivation. Lastly, we will briefly discuss recent advances in vaccine technology targeting betaherpesviruses. This review aims to further elucidate the dynamic interactions between betaherpesviruses and the human immune system.

scholarly journals Mini review article. Human herpesvirus-6 and the etiology of multiple sclerosis: a literature review

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-313
Author(s):  
Gloudina M. Hon ◽  
Rajiv T. Erasmus ◽  
Tandi E. Matsha
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Herpes Virus ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Human Herpes Virus 6 ◽  
Herpès Virus

AbstractBackground: There is no consensus in the literature on the role of human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) in multiple sclerosis (MS) onset or progression.Objective: We evaluated a possible role for HHV-6 in MS onset and progression.Methods: We conducted a literature search of PubMed and Google scholar with the following search terms: (“multiple sclerosis” OR “MS”) and (“Human Herpes Virus-6” OR “HHV-6”).Results: A total 21 publications were retrieved, of which 19 case-control studies were included. A further 25 articles were retrieved for background information.Conclusion: There was insufficient evidence to support a role of HHV-6 in MS onset and progression.

scholarly journals Delayed aminopenicillin reaction associated to human herpes virus 6 infection mimicking DRESS syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Míguez-Martín ◽  
Helena Higelmo-Gómez ◽  
Ángela Gómez-Farpón ◽  
Francisco Álvarez-Caro
Keyword(s):  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Dress Syndrome ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Delayed Reaction ◽  
Malar Rash ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Human Herpes Virus 6 ◽  
Delayed Reactions ◽  
Systemic Symptoms ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion

Background: DRESS syndrome (rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) is an uncommon and severe drug-induced reaction.Case report: An 8-year-old boy was diagnosed with tonsillopharyngitis, and treatment with amoxicillin was started. One day later, he presented bilateral malar rash which evolved to generalized erythroderma in two days. He was referred to the emergency room and then he was discharged after the treatment with amoxicillin was discontinued. Five days later, he still had fever, progressive facial and acral edema, and ecchymotic lesions. The laboratory studies showed 6220 leukocytes/mm3 (970 eosinophils/mm3). The pharyngeal culture tested positive to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). The fever, rash and edema disappeared with supportive measures. Based on the results of the allergy tests, a diagnosis of delayed reaction to aminopenicillin associated to HHV-6 mimicking DRESS syndrome was made, with the recommendation to avoid penicillin antibiotics.Conclusions: The diagnosis of delayed reactions to aminopenicillin and DRESS syndrome requires a high index of suspicion in order to promptly withdraw the offending medication and to avoid delays in the diagnosis.

scholarly journals Temporal lobe epilepsy associated with human herpes virus 6

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Wang ◽  
Jinmei Li
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Herpes Virus ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Human Herpes Virus 6 ◽  
Herpès Virus

AbstractHuman herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous and most common pathogen that affects humans. Human herpes virus 6B (HHV-6B) is a wide spread human herpesvirus that infects most people when they are children, establishes latent infections in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in the hippocampus and amygdala, and induces neurologic diseases. HHV-6 can establish a latent infection and be reactivated by various stimuli. Recently, viral genomic DNA of HHV-6B has been detected in surgically removed brain tissues of intractable epilepsy patients, suggesting the involvement of HHV-6B in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has been shown to be closely related with HHV-6B. TLE patients with HHV-6B in their brains suffer from reiterative attacks of febrile seizures and hippocampal sclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the contribution of this virus to the development of TLE remains unknown. The direct damage and immune activation caused by the virus are involved in the process of neuron damage, abnormal neural circuit formation and glial cell proliferation. In addition, some cytokines like interleukin-17A (IL-17A), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κb), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phospholipase A2 are up-regulated and involved in the pathological process of TLE. More studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the link between HHV-6B and epilepsy, and identify biomarkers to recognize different patient groups for anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory therapies.

scholarly journals HCMV Antivirals and Strategies to Target the Latent Reservoir

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 817
Author(s):  
Marianne R. Perera ◽  
Mark R. Wills ◽  
John H. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Viral Resistance ◽  
Latent Reservoir ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Hcmv Disease

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus. In healthy people, primary infection is generally asymptomatic, and the virus can go on to establish lifelong latency in cells of the myeloid lineage. However, HCMV often causes severe disease in the immunosuppressed: transplant recipients and people living with AIDS, and also in the immunonaive foetus. At present, there are several antiviral drugs licensed to control HCMV disease. However, these are all faced with problems of poor bioavailability, toxicity and rapidly emerging viral resistance. Furthermore, none of them are capable of fully clearing the virus from the host, as they do not target latent infection. Consequently, reactivation from latency is a significant source of disease, and there remains an unmet need for treatments that also target latent infection. This review briefly summarises the most common HCMV antivirals used in clinic at present and discusses current research into targeting the latent HCMV reservoir.

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