The Effect of Lead Exposure through Drinking Water on Symptoms of Nervous System Disorders in Communities Around Pasir Sembung Landfill Cianjur, Indonesia, 2020

The nervous system is the system most sensitive to lead (Pb) toxicity, although the poisoning process occurs over a long period of time with a small absorption rate. Lead is a heavy metal that has toxic properties that can contaminate food, drinks, air and water. Lead exposure to the human body can go through various routes, one of which is ingestion. Lead in the environment can come naturally as well as from the results of human activities, one of which is leachate produced from waste that is not managed properly so that the leachate can pollute the environment around the landfill, especially ground water. This study aims to analyze the effect of intake of lead exposure through drinking water on the symptoms of nervous system disorders in the community around Pasir Sembung Landfill, Cianjur, Indonesia on 2020. This study used a cross sectional study design. The research sample consisted of 86 people who live in the ring around the landfill. Data collection was carried out by interview using a questionnaire and water sampling at 20 wells. The results showed that there was an influence between the intake of lead exposure through drinking water on symptoms of nervous system disorders (p value = 0.035; OR = 3.150). Based on these results, it is necessary to take quick steps and proper management efforts from the Cianjur Regency Government and the Pasir Sembung Landfill and related stakeholders in order to reduce the risk of health problems to the people living around the landfill.

An experimental study on acoustical performance of cross rib diffuser

The preset paper proposes a novel acoustic diffuser which we call cross rib diffuser (CRD) and investigates its acoustical performance in rooms experimentally. CRD consists of overlapping two one-dimensional periodic rib diffuser (OPRD) with different structural configurations. CRD can achieve high scattering coefficient with wider frequency band than OPRD. Moreover, unlike other diffusers with high scattering property such as metadiffuser and two-dimensional quadratic diffuser, CRD keeps simple and familiar design of OPRD suitable for use in various architectural spaces. In the paper, we firstly evaluated random-incidence scattering coefficient of CRD using 1/5 scaled reverberation room. Then, random-incidence absorption coefficient was measured in 1/1 reverberation room. Finally, an implementation experiment was conducted to examine applicability of CRD in improving acoustics in small meeting room with small absorption treatments. The results indicated that CRD reduced EDT and reverberation time, and increased D50 more than JND values. Additionally, CRD improved reverberation and speech intelligibility more significantly than OPRD with same installation area.

Generalized Optical Theorem and Point Sources

A simple derivation of the general form of the optical theorem (GOT) is given for the case of a conservative scatterer in a homogeneous lossless medium, suitable for describing point sources and an observation region close to the scatterer. The presentation is based on the use of the operator approach and scalar wave equation in the limit of vanishingly small absorption. This approach does not require asymptotic estimates of rapidly oscillating integrals, does not use the integration of fluxes, which leads to the loss of information about the energy conservation law, and allows a natural generalization to the case of polarized radiation, as well as more complex multi-part fields. Such GOT generalizes the results known in the mathematical literature for models to the case of any conservative (real) scattering potential and arbitrary sources.

Synthesis and Physical Properties of Tetrathiafulvalene-8-Quinolinato Zinc(II) and Nickel(II) Complexes

To develop donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) type new photo-electric conversion materials, new tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-Mq2-TTF complexes 1 and 2 were synthesized, where two bis(n-hexylthio)tetrathiafulvalene moieties were attached to the Mq2 part (1: M = Zn, 2: M = Ni, q = 8-quinolinato) through amide bonds. UV-Vis absorption spectra of these complexes showed strong and sharp absorption maxima at 268 nm and small absorption maxima around 410 nm, corresponding to those of Znq2 and Niq2 parts. Furthermore, complexes 1 and 2 exhibited absorption tails up to a much longer wavelength region of ca. 700 nm, suggesting the appearance of charge transfer absorption from TTF to the Mq2 parts. The photoelectrochemical measurements on the thin films of these complexes casted on ITO-coated glass substrates suggest that positive photocurrents can be generated by the photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer process between the TTF and Mq2 parts.

MODERN APPROACHES TO THE PREVENTION OF REO-VIRUS BIRD INFECTION

Currently, reo-virus infection causes significant economic damage to industrial poultry worldwide. Losses as a result of the disease consist of: 1) direct losses - death of chickens (5-30 %), increased culling due to lameness, low weight gain (up to 40 %), reduction of carcass categories, reduction of laying by 6-20 %; in breeding farms, a decrease in the sexual activity of poultry is observed, which is the reason for the decrease in fertilization - derivability; 2) indirect losses associated with the cost of eliminating the effects of primary losses, as well as the immune-suppressive effect of reo-viruses, which increase the risk of other infections and inhibit the formation of post-vaccine immunity. Reo-virus has an immune-suppressive effect on the sick bird, which may be the cause of such diseases as small absorption syndrome and syndrome of increased bird death. Small absorption syndrome, which can be caused by reo-virus, is characterized by slowing growth, low feed conversion index and damage to the bones of the bird, which becomes apparent until 2 weeks of age and later. The syndrome of absorption is characterized by an increase in glandular stomach, sometimes with necrosis and signs of catarrhal hemorrhagic enteritis. The incidence is on average 5 to 15 %, but can reach up to 40 %. In studying the pathogenesis of reo-virus infection, it was found that the intestine is the main target of the virus, regardless of the method of its introduction. After oral or aerogenic infection, the pathogen enters the bloodstream and, as a result of viremia, is rapidly spread to various organs and tissues. In particular, the virus can be isolated from the intestines, bursa of Fabricius, liver, pancreas, heart, kidneys, joints and tendons. When conducting serological studies in ELISA (test system company IDvet, France), the presence of antibodies in the blood of broilers to reo-virus level ranged from 40-52 days in the range from 1125 to 5138 indicates the circulation of the field virus of reo-virus infection. In the study of broiler sera for 2, 3, 7 days, the cultivation of specific antibodies to reo-virus was not detected. Starting from the 14th day, the mean titer of AO to reo-virus was 1989 and their levels ranged from 3478 to 4825 at 21, 28, 35 and 45 days. 2.3 times (35 days) and 45 days 2.4 times. These data indicate the circulation of a field strain of reo-virus infection. It was inserted that at completion of broiler fattening with reo-virus lesion, body weight was lower than the technological norm by 9.8%. When determining specific BP for reo-virus in sera from different age groups of broilers of 11 batches, including from poultry: 9 batches of non-vaccinated against reo-virus infection and 2 batches of vaccinated poultry have determined the number of BPs in serum among the 9 batches received from the unvaccinated parent stock, there is evidence of field strain circulation. The percentage of specific AOs in 2 batches received from parental herds vaccinated against reo-virus infection ranged from 87.5-100, indicating the effectiveness of the vaccination. To control reo-virus infection, serological monitoring in poultry farms should be carried out.

CO2 Laser Photoacoustic Spectrometer for Measuring Acetone in the Breath of Lung Cancer Patients

A CO2 laser has the advantages of being high in power and having many laser lines in the 9–11 µm infrared region. Thus, a CO2 laser photoacoustic spectrometer (PAS) can have a multi-component measurement capability for many gas compounds that have non-zero absorption coefficients at the laser lines, and therefore can be applied for measuring several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the human breath. We have developed a CO2 laser PAS system for detecting acetone in the human breath. Although acetone has small absorption coefficients at the CO2 laser lines, our PAS system was able to obtain strong photoacoustic (PA) signals at several CO2 laser lines, with the strongest one being at the 10P20 line. Since at the 10P20 line, ethylene and ammonia also have significant absorption coefficients, these two gases have to be included in a multi-component measurement with acetone. We obtained the lowest detection limit of our system for the ethylene, acetone, and ammonia are 6 ppbv, 11 ppbv, and 31 ppbv, respectively. We applied our PAS system to measure these three VOCs in the breath of three groups of subjects, i.e., patients with lung cancer disease, patients with other lung diseases, and healthy volunteers.

Energetic Analysis using theoretical modeling and the characteristic equation method in a small absorption chiller with LiBr/H2O

This paper sets out to examine a small absorption chiller that uses the pair LiBr/ H2O with a 4.5 kW nominal capacity, using theoretical modeling and the characteristic equation method. The idea is to compare two ways of simulating and evaluating absorption systems by analyzing the temperatures and flow rates of external hot, chilled and cold water circuits, as well as the values of the overall heat transfer coefficients of each component. Energetic analysis is based on conserving mass and energy by taking into consideration the overall heat transfer coefficients and their respective areas via the UA products of the 5 components of the absorption chiller. The characteristic equation method is based on Duhring’s rule of the internal temperature which is founded on saturation mean temperatures and the Duhring coefficient (B). The results of comparing the activation of thermal power and the cooling capacity of the Rotartica absorption chiller, obtained by theoretical modeling and from the characteristic equation values, were good since the mean relative errors found were 4% lower for most of the operating conditions examined.

A Study on Solute Dispersion in a Three Layer Blood-like Liquid Flowing through a Rigid Artery

The unsteady dispersion of a solute has been discussed by the method of generalized dispersion technique in a blood-like liquid flowing through a pipe under the combined effects of finite yield stress and irreversible absorption into the wall.The solvent is enacted as a three-layered liquid by considering the center liquid as a Casson liquid (a core of red blood cell suspension) and a peripheral layer of plasma as a Newtonian liquid. An asymptotic representation for the convection and dispersion coefficients has been shown only for large values of time, which will not hamper the study of physical behavior of the system. The objective of the present study is to examine the nature of exchange coefficient, convective coefficient and in particular, dispersion coefficient together with mean concentration distribution under the effect of absorption parameter (​β)​, yield stress (​​τ​y​​​) (equivalently the plug radius (​​Rp​​​)) and peripheral layer variation (i.e., ratio of central core radius to normal artery radius (​​Ro​​​)). It is found that the presence of peripheral layer makes some important increment in dispersion coefficient compared to single phase Casson liquid for small absorption. Increase in both diffusivity (D*​​) and Peclet number (Pe) make a significant decrement in the magnitude of dispersion coefficient with respect to absorption rate. The decrease in peak of the mean concentration distribution with the increase in reaction rate is found irrespective of the nature of reaction.

Factor Analysis for Slow Budget Realization

The government of Indonesia has long experienced an uneven pattern of budget realization. Our budget realization is characterized by small absorption in the first three-quarters and then piled up in the last quarter. An increase in spending at the end of the year eventually led to the quality of work on the national economy, which is not considered optimal. Through factor analysis, the researchers reviewed what factors are causing slow realization of the budget, especially for spending unit in the working area of KPPN Jakarta II. Several studies have been conducted to determine the problem, including Herriyanto (2012), BKF, LPEM-UI and IBRD (2012), Siswanto and Rahayu (2010), Miliasih (2012), Widjanarko (2013), and Fitriany (2015). Based on the factor analysis that has been conducted, it was found six factors that often slow down the realization of central government expenditure, especially for spending unit in working area of KPPN Jakarta II. The six factors include coordination, organizational culture, competence, technical constraints, administrative, and document. These six factors are derived from 27 indicators that were processed through the standard factor analysis, i.e. correlation between variables Kaiser Mayer Olkin (KMO), variables distribution and rotation of factors.