Clinical Legal Education and its Implication on Legal Education System in Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects

Purpose: To improve the standard of legal education, legal clinic is one of the modern techniques. Legal profession is a noble profession as it is considered to uphold the justice in a society. A law student may be taught in a such manner that he must be well equipped with professional skills. Methodology: Previous studies have been discussed with the help of current data for thorough review of challenges in Pakistan. Findings: In Pakistan, legal education system needs many reforms in order to produce good lawyers. Without professional skills and practical knowledge; a law graduate is unable to utilize his degree in a proper manner. To attain such professional skills; legal clinics are good approach. Where students may be able to seek practical knowledge and also helping the deserving people. LL. B degree awarding institutions shall make it possible to provide clinical legal education. Law clinics must be installed in law faculties where the experts may be available to educate students. Implications: In this paper, the importance of law clinic is discussed and certain issues are highlighted which are prevailing in current legal education system of Pakistan. Study can help out policy makers to identify challenges and to overcome these issues they can formulate different strategies.

An Exploration of the Key Indicators in Holistic Accountability at Public Sector Elementary Schools

To ensure sustainable progress in education system accountability comes into play, prompting the researcher to undertake qualitative exploratory study of school accountability at public sector elementary schools of ICT to gain insight into the prevailing accountability norms within public education in the Federal Capital of Pakistan as well as to gauge the applicability of a comprehensive model of Holistic Accountability. The study focused on the exploration of the four key indicators of holistic accountability at public sector elementary schools of Islamabad. Document analysis of federal accountability regulations was undertaken through an examination of the primary sources of data to cover the qualitative aspects of this research study while other primary sources of data included checklists and semi-structured interviews administered on the population sample selected through purposive sampling. Content analysis grounded on inductive reasoning revealed that the term “accountability” is quite unconnected to public elementary schools operating under the Federal Directorate of Education. School checks are more in-line with performance evaluations and monitoring exercises under the annual claim of School Development Planning. However, the four constructs of the study designed from the conceptual model of holistic accountability in alignment with the research objectives proved to have relevancy and significance in the local context as each of the four key (school-based) indicators of holistic accountability supports not just the goals of the federal board of education including student achievement, safe and secure schools but also gives freedom to schools to define their own school based strategies, practices and programs which best meet the needs of their students. Study exposed an acceptance and need for adopting holistic accountability practices at elementary schools of ICT along with transparency as regards to decision making, goal sharing and resource spending with the public.

Study of Conflict Management Styles of University Teachers at Post-graduate Level: The Impact of Gender and Marital Status

The objective of the study was to identify the conflict management styles of Pakistani teachers teaching at the post-graduate level. The study also aimed to investigate differences, if any, between male and female as well as married and un-married teachers regarding the use of conflict management styles. The sample of the study consisted of 300 male and female teachers from five public universities of Lahore district. We found that collaborating conflict management style is used most frequently by teachers who participated in this study. In this regard, the majority of teachers were found to use the avoiding technique “keep yourself away from conflict” to resolve the conflict. There was a significant difference between married and un-married teachers regarding their competing and compromising conflict management styles. However, no significant difference was found between male and female teachers regarding their conflict management styles. More research may be conducted in academic institutions regarding conflict management skills among teachers. The study suggested that educational institutions may also formulate their teams of expert teachers, which may work effectively during the times of conflicts or crisis.

Maintaining Service Quality in Remote Teaching Environment: Case of Lebanese International University

Purpose: The shift from traditional face-to-face classes to virtual classrooms in response to Covid 19 pandemic has affected the higher education sector worldwide, including Lebanon. Among all private universities in Lebanon, the Lebanese International University (LIU) is the largest in terms of enrolment, which enroll 30% of higher education students in the country. Therefore, this study evaluates the LIU experience in remote teaching. After completing three consecutive online semesters, it was essential to measure to which extent did the remote instructor performance affected the educational service quality at LIU. Methodology: By the end of the Fall 2021 semester, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted among students at the School of Business and a total of 450 usable responses pertaining to undergraduate students were considered for data analysis. Findings: Using SPSS Software, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire has been verified and results showed that remote instructors’ performance has a significant and strong positive correlation with all dimensions of service quality; highest for reliability and lowest for tangible. Moreover, regression analysis results showed that 81.5 % of the variance in service quality scores can be predicted from the remote instructors’ performance. Suggestions: Future studies could collect data in a longitudinal manner and include a more representative student sample of the university students.

Analysis of the Effect of Government Expenditures on School Enrollment in Pakistan

Purpose: No one can deny the importance of education as it not only improves living standard but also promotes self-esteem as well as improves social development. The role of the government cannot be overlooked in the development of education. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyses the role of government through national income and government expenditure on education through school enrolment in Pakistan. Design/Methodology/Approach: We have used secondary data over the period of 2000 to 2017 for empirical analysis. We used descriptive statistics analysis, and the method of least squares is used to obtain empirical results. Findings: The result shows that national income and government expenditures have positive effects on school enrollment, indicating when national and government expenditures increase, ultimately school enrolment also increases in the country. Implications/Originality/Value: Our results of this study suggest that national income needs to be increases and government spending also needs to be increases in order to improve education in the country.

Learning of Islamic Law in Contemporary Universities: Case Study of Faculty of Sharīʻah & Law of International Islamic University Islamabad and Islamic Legal Studies Program of Harvard Law School

Purpose: This research paper aims to study the standing of learning of Islamic Law in contemporary universities. The present study highlights the significance of Islamic Law learning to the legal practitioners (Bar) and legal academicians in general and to the judges (Bench) in particular. This paper endeavors to conduct a case study of learning of Islamic law in contemporary universities in Muslim and Non-Muslim jurisdictions. Methodology: For the purpose of this research paper, two universities have been selected where departments of Islamic law learning are established, i.e., Faculty of Sharīʻah & Law of International Islamic University, Islamabad and Harvard Islamic Legal Studies Program of Harvard law School. This study explores that how far the above-mentioned institutions in various jurisdictions have been successful in imparting Islamic Law education among their law students. It follows discussion on the relevancy of Islamic law learning and its understanding in the solution of contemporary issues of the modern world. Findings: This paper finds that Islamic law, being based on divine guidance, is the complete code of conduct and therefore, provides guidelines to discover and find out the solutions of all issues of modern world to Bar, academicians and Bench.

Importance of Philosophical Framework of Education in Social and Economic System of the Developing Nations

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of Philosophical System of Education in the developing regions. This study emphasized on significance of learning of Scientific Research philosophies and paradigms to generate new ideas in business, education & research to meet the challenges faced by developing and growing economies. Methodology: This paper reviews the various theories, philosophies and, paradigm briefly to explore that how, effect of paradigms on the methodologies of research from selection of research topic to data analysis. Findings: The study has found that a theoretical direction of a researcher is very important in producing a creative knowledge. To improve the learning process, education, business and technical schooling and research process there is need to explore this area further. Implications: To improve education system extensive research in this area required. This system will work as an intellectual tool that provide us meaningful path towards financial and social life. Therefore, researchers should learn from previous studies to conduct further research on Educational philosophical system.

Effects of Social Media on Students at University Level During Covid-19

This study has shown to investigate the problem “effects of social media on students at university level during COVID-19”. Social media has influenced our life. The main objective of this study was to find out the influence of social networking sites on students during COVID-19 pandemic. The study was beneficial for youngster to use social media positively, informative and educational purpose and aware the youngster about the negative side of social media while they have much opportunity to stay at home and thy opportunity to get education by using social media. Study was consisted of four universities of Lahore i.e., public and two private and two department of each university. A sample of 10 female and 10 male students of each department were selected randomly. This research was descriptive in nature and information was collected by using the designed with an online technique. The questionnaire was prepared for measuring the different option of males and female about positive use of social media. The questionnaire covered both positive and negative effects of social media in pandemic period. The questionnaire based on five-pointlikert scale. Data was analyzed through independent t-test at SPSS. The result demonstrated that the social media has both negative and positive effects on students during COVID-19 pandemic.Effects of social media on students at university level during COVID-19. Students mostly use social media for connected with friends and family and they exchanged helpful data and online classes via social media networking sites. Social media enhances social skill and developed technical skill while using it during class assignment and group discussions. Social media cause health problems and affect our cultures badly because students spend more time on social media during pandemic. Youngster spends their precious time on playing games and talking on social communication sites.

Recreational and Leisure Time Activities Available for the Persons with Disabilities

Leisure time activities defined as which we perform in free time. This study aims to explore the availability of leisure and recreational activities for the persons with disabilities. The population of the study was special educationist, students of the different special school of the Lahore and the people of community live in Lahore. A number of 30 persons with disabilities were selected through convenient sampling technique from the higher educational institutes, special education institutions and from the different areas of Lahore city. This study is conducted through the questionnaire the first part of questionnaire was comprised of demographic information (Name, Age, Class, Gender and school) and the second part comprised of 22 statements with the five point Licker Scale. The scale was comprised of 5 options, 1=Yes, 2=Greater-extent, 3= Some-extent 4=Neutral and 5= No. The second part of questionnaire was comprised of 22 statements about the availability of leisure and recreational activities in Lahore. Content validity of the instrument was estimated through experts’ opinion relevant to the field of special education. Reliability was estimated through Cronbach alpha which was .75. Results showed that 86.7% of the respondents agreed upon that their school encourage their participation in leisure and recreational activities. A very good number of the respondents 90% agreed that they feel confident after leisure time activities. Conclusion: The study concluded that only few and unvaried leisure time and recreational activities are available for persons with disabilities.

Comparison of English Writing Skill between Public and Private Sector Schools Students at Secondary Level: In Pakistani Perspective

Purpose: The objective of the study was to compare the English writing skills of English in the classroom at secondary level. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was carried on sample of hundred students of secondary level drawn from simple randomly selected from five private and five public secondary schools of Lahore. Self-structured test was used to compare English writing skill at secondary level. There were two sections of test, essay type and translation of ten sentences into English. The data collected was analyzed by using percentage and results obtained were converted to descriptive findings. Findings: The result showed English writing skill of private school students is better than public schools students because majority of the private school students have correct sentence structure, Subject verb agreement in essay writing, correct Translations of Urdu sentences into English as compared to the public school students. In addition, most of the public schools student’s spelling, use of tenses and uses of auxiliaries are good and correct in essay writing rather than the private school students. Implications/Originality/Value: So it is concluded that exercises for the English writing skill may be maximized in both public and private schools by using various teaching techniques.