Effects of Firefighting Activities Performed by Local Residents to Mitigate Fire Destruction Damage and Human Casualties in Large Earthquakes

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Oki ◽  
◽  
Toshihiro Osaragi
Keyword(s):  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Adjacent Building ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Prevention Activities ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Collapsed Buildings ◽  
Flame Retardation ◽  
Large Earthquakes

Fire-spread prevention activities, which are performed by local residents in an early phase of fire, play an important role in reducing the destruction damage caused by fire in large earthquakes. However, few studies have focused on the fire-spread prevention activities that are carried out in the confused situation immediately following a large earthquake. Therefore, to date, there has been no sufficiently comprehensive discussion regarding the effectiveness of such activities.In this study, we estimate the possibility that local residents can prevent the spread of fire from the building of fire origin to an adjacent building by using equipment such as stand pipes. For this purpose, we utilize the agent-based simulator of property damage and human behavior at the time of a large earthquake that we developed in an earlier study. In addition, we demonstrate the effects of some measures for increasing the success rate of preventing fire-spread by comparing the simulation results under the following assumptions: (1) The percentage of streets blocked by the rubble of collapsed buildings is decreased, (2) the number of stand pipes is increased, and (3) the time before a fire spreads to an adjacent building is lengthened by planting trees between two buildings or the implementation of flame-retardation measures inside a building. Furthermore, on the basis of the simulation results, we discuss the requirements for successful fire-spread prevention activities by analyzing some factors (structure/area of buildings, time for fire-spread, time before spraying water, etc.) related to the activities.

scholarly journals Stress relaxation arrested the mainshock rupture of the 2016 Central Tottori earthquake

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihisa Iio ◽  
Satoshi Matsumoto ◽  
Yusuke Yamashita ◽  
Shin’ichi Sakai ◽  
Kazuhide Tomisaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Focal Mechanism ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Static Stress ◽  
Focal Mechanism Solutions ◽  
Large Earthquakes

AbstractAfter a large earthquake, many small earthquakes, called aftershocks, ensue. Additional large earthquakes typically do not occur, despite the fact that the large static stress near the edges of the fault is expected to trigger further large earthquakes at these locations. Here we analyse ~10,000 highly accurate focal mechanism solutions of aftershocks of the 2016 Mw 6.2 Central Tottori earthquake in Japan. We determine the location of the horizontal edges of the mainshock fault relative to the aftershock hypocentres, with an accuracy of approximately 200 m. We find that aftershocks rarely occur near the horizontal edges and extensions of the fault. We propose that the mainshock rupture was arrested within areas characterised by substantial stress relaxation prior to the main earthquake. This stress relaxation along fault edges could explain why mainshocks are rarely followed by further large earthquakes.

scholarly journals Structure-controlled asperities of the 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 and 1927 Gulang M8 earthquakes, NE Tibet, China, revealed by high-resolution seismic tomography

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Sun ◽  
Shunping Pei ◽  
Zhongxiong Cui ◽  
Yongshun John Chen ◽  
Yanbing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Seismic Tomography ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Double Difference ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Large Earthquakes

AbstractDetailed crustal structure of large earthquake source regions is of great significance for understanding the earthquake generation mechanism. Numerous large earthquakes have occurred in the NE Tibetan Plateau, including the 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 and 1927 Gulang M8 earthquakes. In this paper, we obtained a high-resolution three-dimensional crustal velocity model around the source regions of these two large earthquakes using an improved double-difference seismic tomography method. High-velocity anomalies encompassing the seismogenic faults are observed to extend to depths of 15 km, suggesting the asperity (high-velocity area) plays an important role in the preparation process of large earthquakes. Asperities are strong in mechanical strength and could accumulate tectonic stress more easily in long frictional locking periods, large earthquakes are therefore prone to generate in these areas. If the close relationship between the aperity and high-velocity bodies is valid for most of the large earthquakes, it can be used to predict potential large earthquakes and estimate the seismogenic capability of faults in light of structure studies.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of Collaborative Humanoid Robotics

2019 ◽  
pp. 1086-1108
Author(s):  
Yujian Fu ◽  
Zhijiang Dong ◽  
Xudong He
Keyword(s):  
Petri Net ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Formal Modeling ◽  
Humanoid Robotics ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
And Control ◽  
Successful Collaboration

A humanoid robot is inherently complex due to the heterogeneity of accessory devices and to the interactions of various interfaces, which will be exponentially increased in multiple robotics collaboration. Therefore, the design and implementation of multiple humanoid robotics (MHRs) remains a very challenging issue. It is known that formal methods provide a rigorous analysis of the complexity in both design of control and implementation of systems. This article presents an agent-based framework of formal modeling on the design of communication and control strategies of a team of autonomous robotics, to attain the specified tasks in a coordinated manner. To ensure a successful collaboration of multiple robotics, this formal agent-based framework captures behaviors in Petri Net models and specifies collaboration operations in four defined operations. To validate the framework, a non-trivial soccer bot set was implemented and simulation results were discussed.

Optimal Patent Design

2013 ◽  
pp. 280-302
Author(s):  
Anthony Brabazon
Keyword(s):  
Product Space ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Agent Based Modeling ◽  
Technological Advance ◽  
Patent Policy ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Patent Design ◽  
Patent Breadth

Patents provide a patentee with a degree of monopoly power over a region of product space. The “breadth” and “duration” of patents are policy choices. Increasing patent breadth and duration will ceteris paribus increase the rent, which an individual inventor could earn from a commercially successful invention. However, the precise nature of the relationship between patent policy and the rate of societal technical advance, which is stimulated by a given patent design, is not well understood. In this chapter, the authors novelly investigate this issue using an agent-based modeling approach. The simulation results obtained raise questions about the real utility of patent policy in promoting technological advance and suggest that other policy instruments are actually more important.

Endogenous Uncertainty and the Dynamics of Constraints

2019 ◽  
pp. 246-260
Author(s):  
Paul Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Utility Maximization ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Fitness Landscape ◽  
Agent Based Model ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Endogenous Uncertainty ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Special Case

An agent- based model of social dynamics is introduced using a deformable fitness landscape, and it is shown that in certain clearly specifiable situations, strategies that are different from utility maximization outperform utility maximizers. Simulation results are presented and intuitive interpretations of the results provided. The situations considered occur when individuals' actions affect the outcomes for other agents and endogenous effects are dominant. The Tragedy of the Commons is merely a special case of this. Arguments are given that constraints are to be encouraged in some circumstances. The appropriate role of constraints in various types of society is assessed and their use justified in identifiable types of situations.

Examining the Myth of Money with Agent-Based Modelling

2008 ◽  
pp. 252-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Yamadera
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Agent Based Modeling ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
Agent Based Modelling ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Classical Economic ◽  
Theories Of Money

This chapter presents an agent-based computational model of the emergence of money. It is based on classical economic theories of money, advocating that money is a symbol of credibility. The most interesting and mysterious feature of money is a departure of its face value from its intrinsic value. People accept and appreciate a piece of paper because it is believed as money. The model examines how such belief creates money in a society. Further more, by incorporating spatial activities of agents into the simulations, the model can examine various hypotheses which were difficult to be examined in previous approaches. The simulation results show that parameters such as credibility and communication between agents will affect the outcomes. The model not only provides the foundation for more generalized theory of money, but also demonstrates that agent-based modeling can be an effective tool to examine various hypotheses of social sciences.

scholarly journals Closed-mindedness and insulation in groupthink: their effects and the devil’s advocacy as a preventive measure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muqtafi Akhmad ◽  
Shuang Chang ◽  
Hiroshi Deguchi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Agent Based Model ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Prevention Measure ◽  
Simulation Results

Abstract This paper’s purpose is to clarify groupthink phenomena and to assess the devil’s advocacy as a groupthink prevention measure. An agent-based model is presented to formalize group closed-mindedness and insulation in a group decision making setting. The model was validated by showing that groupthink results in the decision with low quality and the group’s inability to explore more alternatives. Besides that, the devil’s advocacy also formulated in the model. The simulation results of different conditions of the devil’s advocacy support Janis’ suggestion to utilize the devil’s advocacy to alleviate groupthink. It is also found that the utilization of devil’s advocacy depends on the group’s condition and the desired amount of conflict to produce the best decision.

scholarly journals Relatively small earthquakes of Javakheti Highland as the precursors of large earthquakes occuring in the Caucasus

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kachakhidze ◽  
N. Kachakhidze ◽  
R. Kiladze ◽  
V. Kukhianidze ◽  
G. Ramishvili
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Anomalous Change ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Geophysical Processes ◽  
Large Earthquakes

Abstract. Javakheti Highland is one of the most seismic active regions of the Caucasus. The majority of earthquakes observed throughout the region occur within this small area (f = 40.8° – 41.8° ; l = 43.3° – 44.3°). One can expect that exclusive seismic activity of Javakheti Highland testifies to global geophysical processes which take place throughout the Caucasus region. Based on the above-mentioned, of interest was to study variation with time of the number of earthquakes occurring in Javakheti region. We analysed some 695 relatively small earthquakes (2.5 < M < 6.0) observed in Javalkheti Highland within the period of 1961–1992 with regard to large earthquakes M > 6.0 of the region which occurred in the same period. It was found that each large earthquake of the Caucasus is anticipated by clear precursor in a form of an anomalous change in the number of relatively small earthquakes in Javakheti Highland.

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