Research on Pre-Modern Earthquakes Based on Fusion of Humanities and Sciences

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Ebara ◽  
Akihito Nishiyama ◽  
Taisuke Murata ◽  
Reiko Sugimori ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Historical Resources ◽  
Relief Efforts ◽  
Post Disaster

The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami has reawakened people to the reality of large-scale earthquakes that recur in cycles of several hundred to a thousand years. The historical resources and archeology research group, which was established in 2014 within the Coordinating Committee of Earthquake and Volcanic Eruption Prediction Researches, is collaborating with researchers of seismology, history, archeology, and information science to investigate infrequent earthquakes using historical documents that record earthquakes and traces of disasters at archeological sites. To this end, we are creating a database of published historical sources of earthquakes to make the data readily accessible, and reexamining these sources and uncovering new historical material to investigate earthquakes that occurred in pre-modern times. We are also engaged in research on relief efforts for victims of past earthquakes and the post-disaster reconstruction process.

Aid Accountability and Participatory Approaches in Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Daly ◽  
Patrick Daly ◽  
Caroline Brassard
Keyword(s):  
Community Involvement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Aid Effectiveness ◽  
Housing Sector ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Housing Reconstruction ◽  
Post Disaster

Abstract In the last decade, housing has become one of the most prominent and best funded sectors in large-scale post-disaster reconstruction efforts. This has especially been the case in Asian developing countries where both official and private aid helped finance a significant amount of the housing reconstruction. Despite the emphasis upon community involvement, inclusive and participatory processes for housing reconstruction by international non-governmental organizations, recent experiences show that such ideas often do not readily translate in practice on the ground. This paper analyses the necessary conditions for successful involvement by local beneficiaries in rebuilding their homes following natural disasters. The analysis is situated within the context of community recovery, and the trade-off between centralized donor planning, and community driven initiatives, using primary and secondary data collected from post-tsunami Aceh, Indonesia. The paper also discusses how various stakeholders (including recipient government and donors) evaluate and make use of the practical capacities of affected persons and communities to be involved in planning, building and monitoring processes in the housing sector. Our research focused on the level and types of roles played by the aid beneficiaries in the housing reconstruction process in Aceh. In spite of considerable rhetoric about participation and inclusive reconstruction accompanying the post-tsunami reconstruction by various donors, a number of systemic barriers created considerable distance between beneficiaries and NGOs in Aceh in the housing sector. The drive for efficiency and need to produce tangible results quickly, mixed with the sheer number of stakeholders and resources involved, created a largely top-down environment in which decisions were centralized, and arbitrary standards imposed. This was exacerbated by an extensive chain of sub-contractors, a large supply of lower-cost imported labor, and highlighted the importance of local political affiliations, leading to weak accountability and reduced aid effectiveness.

scholarly journals Creation of a Model for Estimating the Home-return Rate of Evacuees Using Mobile Phone Movement Histories and Its Application to the Nankai Trough Earthquake

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Yoshiki Ogawa ◽  
Taisei Sato ◽  
Yoshihide Sekimoto
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Nankai Trough ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Tsunami Disaster ◽  
Gis Data ◽  
Spatial Information Science ◽  
Post Disaster

Abstract. Considering the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, by utilizing GPS based large-scale people flow data, we developed a home-return model considering city variables that can estimate the rate of people who will have returned home on any number of days after an earthquake tsunami disaster. We obtained high accuracy with the sparse logit model in this study. The model can be applied in estimating a disaster only by using grid-based city variables of GIS data and existing damage estimation models. In addition, we used the model in the case of the Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake and simulated the transition of post-disaster home-return ratio. The estimation result can help local governments plan the management of evacuation centers in terms of the management of supplies and goods for disasters. The study could help a new understanding of the quantitative relationship between people returning home after evacuation and city variables with regard to earthquake and tsunami hazards based on spatial information science.

scholarly journals Geographies of Doing Nothing–Internal Displacement and Practices of Post-Disaster Recovery in Urban Areas of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Alexandra Titz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Secondary Displacement ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Post Disaster

Disaster-related internal displacement is on the rise in many countries and is increasingly becoming an urban phenomenon. For many people, as in the case of the earthquake disaster 2015 in Nepal, protracted or multiple disaster displacements are a lived reality. While the drivers of displacement are relatively well understood, significant uncertainties remain regarding the factors that trigger prolonged or secondary displacement and impede ending of displacement or achieving durable solutions. The purpose of this article is to illustrate and theorise the discourse of reconstruction and return that shapes experiences, strategies, and policies in order to gain a better understanding of the obstacles to pursuing durable solutions that are still shaping the reality of life for urban internally displaced people (IDPs) in Kathmandu Valley. I use the concepts of ‘fields of practice’ and ‘disaster justice’ to provide insights into the theorisation of the links between social inequality, structural forms of governance, and the reconstruction process itself. Findings demonstrate that the application of these concepts has great potential to expand our understanding of ‘realities of life’ and practices of IDPs, and thus contribute to a more differentiated evidence base for the development and implementation of appropriate disaster risk reduction policies and practices.

scholarly journals Building Damage Detection Using U-Net with Attention Mechanism from Pre- and Post-Disaster Remote Sensing Datasets

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 905
Author(s):  
Chuyi Wu ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Junshi Xia ◽  
Yichen Xu ◽  
Guoqing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Attention Mechanism ◽  
Large Scale Dataset ◽  
Data Program ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Post Disaster

The building damage status is vital to plan rescue and reconstruction after a disaster and is also hard to detect and judge its level. Most existing studies focus on binary classification, and the attention of the model is distracted. In this study, we proposed a Siamese neural network that can localize and classify damaged buildings at one time. The main parts of this network are a variety of attention U-Nets using different backbones. The attention mechanism enables the network to pay more attention to the effective features and channels, so as to reduce the impact of useless features. We train them using the xBD dataset, which is a large-scale dataset for the advancement of building damage assessment, and compare their result balanced F (F1) scores. The score demonstrates that the performance of SEresNeXt with an attention mechanism gives the best performance, with the F1 score reaching 0.787. To improve the accuracy, we fused the results and got the best overall F1 score of 0.792. To verify the transferability and robustness of the model, we selected the dataset on the Maxar Open Data Program of two recent disasters to investigate the performance. By visual comparison, the results show that our model is robust and transferable.

Synthetic Environments for Investigating Collaborative Information Seeking: An Application in Emergency Restoration of Critical Infrastructures

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mendonça ◽  
William A. Wallace ◽  
Barbara Cutler ◽  
James Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
Close Collaboration ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Collaborative Information Seeking ◽  
Post Disaster

AbstractLarge-scale disasters can produce profound disruptions in the fabric of interdependent critical infrastructure systems such as water, telecommunications and electric power. The work of post-disaster infrastructure restoration typically requires information sharing and close collaboration across these sectors; yet – due to a number of factors – the means to investigate decision making phenomena associated with these activities are limited. This paper motivates and describes the design and implementation of a computer-based synthetic environment for investigating collaborative information seeking in the performance of a (simulated) infrastructure restoration task. The main contributions of this work are twofold. First, it develops a set of theoretically grounded measures of collaborative information seeking processes and embeds them within a computer-based system. Second, it suggests how these data may be organized and modeled to yield insights into information seeking processes in the performance of a complex, collaborative task. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications of this work for practice and for future research.

From Divergence to Convergence in Hungarian Librarianship: Towards a Common Digital Platform

Libri ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-329
Author(s):  
Péter Kiszl ◽  
Rita Radó ◽  
Miklós Péter Hubay
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Community Organisation ◽  
Digital Development ◽  
Library Network ◽  
Development Plans

Abstract Hungarian librarianship and related research are sadly underrepresented in international literature. With this article we intend to fill this gap and inform the experts of library and information science of some of the most recent Hungarian innovations. After showcasing the international professional connections of Hungarian librarianship, we present the structure of the Hungarian public library network and its mode of operation. We also analyse current and future main digital development plans, projects and the most important related professional activities of Hungarian libraries. Emphasis is placed on information systems promoting cooperation between libraries and the issues of the National Library System Project, which is a large-scale modernisation programme carried out between 2016 and 2018, designed to develop the IT system of the National Széchényi Library. After introducing the information systems of academic and specialised libraries and the access models of scientific databases provided by multinational and Hungarian content services, we also discuss the endeavours of public libraries aiming for multifunctionality and community organisation. The paper ends by providing insights into how the outcomes of the recent initiatives have been fed back into Hungarian LIS training courses offered in higher education.

scholarly journals Practice Framework for the Management of Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction Programmes

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulquadri Bilau ◽  
Emlyn Witt ◽  
Irene Lill
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Beneficiary Community ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Housing Reconstruction ◽  
Practice Framework ◽  
Post Disaster

Despite an international consensus for housing to be “built back better” (BBB) following disasters, and the considerable resources expended on reconstruction efforts globally, the management of post-disaster housing reconstruction programmes often leaves much to be desired. This research presents a framework for the management of post-disaster housing reconstruction in developing countries based on a comprehensive identification of the issues affecting the management of reconstruction programmes and the management measures which have proved effective in mitigating these issues and achieving the desired BBB outcomes. The framework highlights the strategic importance of preparedness measures that should be taken before the next disaster strikes and the cross-cutting nature of capacity building and beneficiary community engagement measures that are essential to all stages of the post-disaster reconstruction process. The research findings are limited to developing countries, as the evidence on which they are based is almost entirely from post-disaster housing experiences in the developing world. The framework may, however, be adapted to different, specific post-disaster reconstruction contexts. This research has compiled, extended and up-dated current knowledge regarding the management of housing reconstruction programmes and it provides practical guidance for policy makers and practitioners.

scholarly journals Text Analysis and Visualization Research on the Hetu Dangse During the Qing Dynasty of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyu Wang ◽  
Jingyu Wu ◽  
Guang Yu ◽  
Zhiping Song
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
The Government

In traditional historical research, interpreting historical documents subjectively and manually causes problems such as one-sided understanding, selective analysis, and one-way knowledge connection. In this study, we aim to use machine learning to automatically analyze and explore historical documents from a text analysis and visualization perspective. This technology solves the problem of large-scale historical data analysis that is difficult for humans to read and intuitively understand. In this study, we use the historical documents of the Qing Dynasty Hetu Dangse,preserved in the Archives of Liaoning Province, as data analysis samples. China’s Hetu Dangse is the largest Qing Dynasty thematic archive with Manchu and Chinese characters in the world. Through word frequency analysis, correlation analysis, co-word clustering, word2vec model, and SVM (Support Vector Machines) algorithms, we visualize historical documents, reveal the relationships between functions of the government departments in the Shengjing area of the Qing Dynasty, achieve the automatic classification of historical archives, improve the efficient use of historical materials as well as build connections between historical knowledge. Through this, archivists can be guided practically in historical materials’ management and compilation.

scholarly journals Przyczynek do obrazu szlachty Inflant Polskich w łotewskich źródłach i opracowaniach historycznych początku XX w.

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
Beata Biesiadowska-Magdziarz
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
General Development ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Native Culture ◽  
Village People ◽  
Rich Material ◽  
Polish Culture

A contribution to the image of Polish Livonia nobility in the Latvian historical sources and studies of the early Twentieth CenturyPolish literature devoted to the role of the Poles in shaping Latvian culture presents unanimity as far as the positive role and results of this influence are concerned. However diametrically opposite Latvian perspective particularly clear in the first years of the existence of independent Latvia needs to be highlighted here.Contacts between the Latvians and Poles and their cultures  differed in different parts of Latvia since the beginning of the Polish presence in this country. The period called ‘the Polish times in Latvia’ in Latvian historical sources lasted the longest in Latgale (1561-1772), i.e. in the so called Polish Livonia. The Polish influence on Latvian folk culture was the strongest there.This period, especially the scale of the influence of Polish culture on Latvian native culture as well as general development of this region, was strongly criticized by numerous Latvian historians.The interest of the Polish noblemen in developing Latgale was subjected to criticism, too. Considering these lands as their own the Poles were not interested in propagating national ideas among  local village people who, according to the Polish nobles, were to succumb to complete polonisation.Great influence of the Polish nobility on culture, economy and creating the national identity of the Latgalian Latvians, the policy of the Polish clergy and polonisation of the local people resulted in a negative opinion of the Polish influence in the Latvian lands.The study is an attempt to outline the issue which Polish researchers have not paid attention to so far. Nevertheless, regarding rich material it needs detailed research on a large scale. Przyczynek do obrazu szlachty Inflant Polskich w łotewskich źródłach i opracowaniach historycznych początku XX w.W literaturze polskiej poświęconej roli Polaków w kształtowaniu kultury Łotwy panuje jednomyślność co do pozytywnej roli i skutków tych wpływów. Nie można jednak pomijać milczeniem istnienia diametralnie różnej perspektywy łotewskiej, która szczególnie wyraźnie zarysowała się w pierwszych latach istnienia niepodległego państwa łotewskiego.Od początku obecności Polaków na Łotwie kontakty Łotyszy z Polakami i ich kulturą różnie wyglądały w poszczególnych regionach Łotwy. Okres, nazywany w historycznych źródłach łotewskich „polskimi czasami na Łotwie”, najdłużej trwał właśnie w Łatgalii (1561–1772), czyli w tzw. Inflantach Polskich. Tam też zauważalny był największy wpływ kultury polskiej na ludową kulturę łotewską.Okres ten był negatywnie oceniany przez wielu historyków łotewskich. Krytyce poddawana była skala oddziaływania kultury polskiej na rodzimą kulturę łotewską, a także na ogólny rozwój ziem dawnych Inflant Polskich.Negatywnie był też oceniany udział szlachty polskiej w rozwoju Łatgalii. Uważając te ziemie za swoje, nie była ona zainteresowana krzewieniem idei narodowych wśród miejscowej ludności chłopskiej, która, według możnowładztwa polskiego, już w niedługim czasie miała ulec całkowitej polonizacji.Ogromny wpływ inflanckiej szlachty polskiej na kulturę, gospodarkę, a także na kreowanie tożsamości narodowej łatgalskich Łotyszy, programowe działania duchowieństwa polskiego oraz polonizacja miejscowej ludności przyczyniły się do negatywnej oceny wpływów polskich na ziemiach łotewskich.Przedstawione opracowanie jest próbą naszkicowania zagadnienia, któremu dotychczas badacze polscy nie poświęcili większej uwagi, a które to ze względu na bogaty materiał wymaga szczegółowych i szeroko zakrojonych badań.

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