scholarly journals Perubahan Tema dan Perspektif dalam Historiografi Asia Tenggara, 1955-2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-66
Author(s):  
Sugeng Prakoso
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The Social ◽  
Asian Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Asian History ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Annales School

This article examines the changes in themes and perspectives in the writing of Southeast Asian history in the period 1955 to 2010. The historiography of the 1950s tended to political history and the dominant view of the external influences of India, China, Islam, and the West on Southeast Asian history. In the 1960s the thematic focus shifted to economic and social aspects along with the emergence of the trend of social sciences approaches in historical studies which was influenced by the Annales School. In the 1980s, with the onset of the linguistic and cultural turns in the social sciences, historians in the region turned to diachronic studies of the formation of identity, mentality, representation and discourse of local knowledge. The shift in perspective also occurred with the emergence of the (Southeast) Asian-centric perspective which saw changes in Southeast Asian society as a result of the dynamic interaction between the region's internal and external forces. Since the end of the 1990s, there has been a tendency for the ‘interstices’, that is linking the history of the Southeast Asian region with its global historical context, and on the connectivity of historical disciplines with other social-humanities disciplines to build bridges of trans-disciplinary studies.Artikel ini mengkaji perubahan tema dan perspektif dalam penulisan sejarah Asia Tenggara pada periode 1955 sampai 2010. Historiografi dasawarsa 1950-an cenderung pada sejarah politik dan dominannya pandangan ihwal pengaruh eksternal India, Cina, Islam, dan Barat atas sejarah Asia Tenggara. Pada dasawarsa 1960-an fokus tematis bergeser ke aspek ekonomi dan sosial seiring dengan munculnya tren pendekatan ilmu-ilmu sosial yang dipengaruhi oleh Mazhab Annales. Pada dasawarsa 1980-an, dengan menguatnya kajian linguistik dan budaya, sejarawan di kawasan ini beralih ke studi diakronis tentang pembentukan identitas, mentalitas, representasi, dan wacana pengetahuan lokal. Pergeseran perspektif juga terjadi dengan menguatnya perspektif Asia (Tenggara)-sentris yang melihat perubahan-perubahan di dalam masyarakat Asia Tenggara sebagai hasil interaksi dinamis antara kekuatan internal dan eksternal kawasan itu. Sejak akhir dasawarsa 1990-an, muncul kecenderungan pada ‘interstisi’, yaitu menghubungkan sejarah kawasan lokal Asia Tenggara dengan konteks historis globalnya, dan pada konektivitas disiplin sejarah dengan berbagai disiplin ilmu sosial-humaniora lainnya untuk membangun jembatan kajian transdisipliner.  

Scientific realism and social science

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Keat
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Central Issue ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Realist Conception

A central issue in the philosophy of the social sciences is the possibility of naturalism: whether disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, economics and psychology can be ‘scientific’ in broadly the same sense in which this term is applied to physics, chemistry, biology and so on. In the long history of debates about this issue, both naturalists and anti-naturalists have tended to accept a particular view of the natural sciences – the ‘positivist’ conception of science. But the challenges to this previously dominant position in the philosophy of science from around the 1960s made this shared assumption increasingly problematic. It was no longer clear what would be implied by the naturalist requirement that the social sciences should be modelled on the natural sciences. It also became necessary to reconsider the arguments previously employed by anti-naturalists, to see whether these held only on the assumption of a positivist conception of science. If so, a non-positivist naturalism might be defended: a methodological unity of the social and natural sciences based on some alternative to positivism. That this is possible has been argued by scientific realists in the social sciences, drawing on a particular alternative to positivism: the realist conception of science developed in the 1970s by Harré and others.

Family and Childhood

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L. King
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Childhood And Youth ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Annales School

Scholars largely neglected the history of the family until after World War II, when they began to employ theoretical perspectives imported from the social sciences. In the 1960s, two principal figures triggered its study: Philippe Ariès, associated with the French Annales school, and Peter Laslett, cofounder at Cambridge University, England, of the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure. Since that period, studies have proliferated on the history of family and household in Europe and its subregions and on the related topics of childhood and youth.

SIM’s Directions: “Back to the Future”

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1418-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin M. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Service Award ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The University

This essay addresses directions for the Social Issues in Management (SIM) Division from the perspective of “Back to the Future.” The author was chair of the SIM Division in 1983 to 1984 and the 1989 recipient of the SIM Division’s Sumner Marcus Distinguished Service Award. The essay reviews the general history of SIM during the 1960s and 1970s in which the University of California, Berkeley, played a key role in organizing conferences. The author explains his approach as an applied empiricist to research concerning SIM. The essentials are power, legitimacy, responsibility, rationality, and values, and understanding how they impact the ongoing day-to-day interactions within, between, and among business organizations, their leadership, and other sectors of society. SIM is a field of diverse inquiry which has been the recipient of perspectives and persons drawn not only from multiple disciplines, particularly from the social sciences, law, and management, but also from the humanities and sciences. SIM is patently multi- and inter-disciplinary.

The Teaching of Southeast Asian History

1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-96
Author(s):  
G. M. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
World History ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
European Research ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Asian History

Until comparatively recent times South-East Asia hardly entered into Western historical teaching and was of marginal concern for orthodox European research. While the world's societies stood in virtual isolation from each other, records were generally unknown and unstudied beyond their domestic orbit. Where Western historians ranged outside the Graeco-Roman and Middle Eastern spheres in any depth, their interest was individual and antiquarian rather than the reflection of their civilisation's historical bias. Because the techniques and preoccupations of modern scholarship had not emerged, moreover, such enquiries were mainly devoid of near-contemporary inference or consideration of those problems to which the social sciences later directed attention. World history, whether of narrow or wide conspectus, still remained to be elicited. In the passage of human affairs, the great civilisations had travelled in separate compartments.

‘The loss of innocence’ in historical perspective

Antiquity ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (277) ◽  
pp. 694-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce G. Trigger
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Archaeological Theory ◽  
History Of Archaeology ◽  
Dual Tasks ◽  
Intrinsic Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Single Discipline ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Control

The dual tasks of this paper are to examine David Clarke’s ideas about the development of archaeology as they relate both to the era when ‘the loss of innocence’ was written and to what has happened since. In his treatment of the history of archaeology offered in that essay, Clarke subscribed to at least two of the key tenets of the behaviourist and utilitarian approaches that dominated the social sciences in the 1960s: neoevolutionism and ecological determinism.Clarke viewed the development of archaeology as following a unilinear sequence of stages from consciousness through self-consciousness to critical self-consciousness. The first stage began with archaeology defining its subject matter and what archaeologists do. As its database and the procedures required for studying it became more elaborate, self-conscious archaeology emerged as a ‘series of divergent and selfreferencing regional schools … with regionally esteemed bodies of archaeological theory and locally preferred forms of description, interpretation and explanation’ (Clarke 1973: 7). At the stage of critical self-consciousness, regionalism was replaced by a conviction that ‘archaeologists hold most of their problems in common and share large areas of general theory within a single discipline’ (1973: 7). Archaeology was now defined by ‘the characteristic forms of its reasoning, the intrinsic nature of its knowledge and information, and its competing theories of concepts and their relationships’ (1973: 7). Clarke looked forward to a fourth (and ultimate?) phase of self-critical self-consciousncss, when the new archaeology would monitor and control its own development.

Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXII. Carl Rogers' Naturalistic System of Ethics

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (3_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 1155-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy José DeCarvalho
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Carl Rogers ◽  
American Psychology ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Client Centered Therapy ◽  
Historical Contribution ◽  
Fully Functioning

This essay is an historical contribution to the current interest in values in the social sciences. It describes the humanistic system of ethics espoused by Carl Rogers (1902–1987) that in the 1960s fueled the establishment of a “third force” or humanistic movement in American psychology. This essay includes a biographical sketch of Rogers' views on values and examines how his belief in naturalism in ethics relates to his view on human nature. More specifically, it discusses the values implied in Rogerian client-centered therapy. It describes the values of the “fully functioning” person and deals with the concepts of authenticity and organismic awareness.

scholarly journals Ryle’s “Intellectualist Legend” in Historical Context

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kremer
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Third Way ◽  
Philosophical Inquiry ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Timothy Williamson ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Gilbert Ryle’s distinction between knowledge-how and knowledge-that emerged from his criticism of the “intellectualist legend” that to do something intelligently is “to do a bit of theory and then to do a bit of practice,” and became a philosophical commonplace in the second half of the last century. In this century Jason Stanley (initially with Timothy Williamson) has attacked Ryle’s distinction, arguing that “knowing-how is a species of knowing-that,” and accusing Ryle of setting up a straw man in his critique of “intellectualism.” Examining the use of the terms “intellectualism” and “anti-intellectualism” in the first half of the 20th century, in a wide-ranging debate in the social sciences as well as in philosophy, I show that Ryle was not criticizing a straw man, but a live historical position. In the context of this controversy, Ryle’s position represents a third way between “intellectualism” and “anti-intellectualism,” an option that has largely gone missing in the 21st century discussion. This argument illustrates how history can inform the history of philosophy, and how the history of philosophy can inform contemporary philosophical inquiry.

The Enclosure of English Social History

Rural History ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Wrightson
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social History ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relative Neglect ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sociological History ◽  
The 1960S

It is now roughly a quarter of a century since the proponents of a new social history of early modern England offered students of the period a novel agenda and an unprecedented opportunity. Prior to the 1960s social history had been variously understood as the history of everyday life, of the lower classes and popular movements, or as a junior partner in the relatively recently-established firm of economic and social history (occupied in the main with the study of social institutions and social policy). As such, it had produced more than a few pioneering works of outstanding quality and lasting value (some of them about to enjoy a revived recognition after decades of relative neglect). But it was not a field close to the centre of historical preoccupation. It was at best contextual, at worst residual.From the early 1960s, however, came a call for a social history of a new type, one conceived as the history of social relationships and of the culture which informs them and gives them meaning. The new agenda was deeply influenced by the social sciences and envisaged an ever closer relationship with sociology, social anthropology and demography. Peter Laslett wrote of ‘sociological history’ or ‘historical sociology’ and Keith Thomas of the need for a ‘more systematic indoctrination’ in the concepts and methodologies of the social sciences. As applied to history, all this was both radical and liberating. In the face of an established curriculum which appeared in many respects restrictive and in some dessicated, it proposed a massive and necessary broadening and deepening of historical concern: the creation of a range of historical enquiry appropriate to the preoccupations and understandings of the late twentieth century.

scholarly journals Thinking like a State - Embodied intelligence in the deep history of our collective minds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avel GUÉNIN--CARLUT
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Minimal Form ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Embodied Intelligence

This article aims to show how the deep history of early State societies entails the development of a collective form of cognitive agency. It relates classical works in the anthropology of States (in particular Scott’s Seeing like a State) with the enactive account of biological and cognitive organisation, thanks to the unified ontology for self-organisation dynamics across scales offered by the Active Inference framework. Active Inference conceives of cognition as synchronisation across individuated sensorimotor states. It entails that biological or sociocultural constraints display a minimal form of cognition by shaping the behaviour of faster dynamics in a certain way. When such constraints collectively define a basic life form (an integrated, operationally closed system), they can therefore be said to embody adaptive knowledge properly speaking.The (en)Active Inference account I articulate here strongly motivates and methodologically grounds a holist approach in the social sciences. Indeed, it grounds the study of human societies in the role of structural constraints, whose “meaning” depends both on the broader system’s activity and in the historical context of their emergence. The present account of the dynamics of early urbanisation and State genesis aims to illustrate this approach.

The Problem

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats Alvesson ◽  
Yiannis Gabriel ◽  
Roland Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Prestigious Journal ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wide Gap

This chapter introduces ‘the problem’ of meaningless research in the social sciences. Over the past twenty years there has been an enormous growth in research publications, but never before in the history of humanity have so many social scientists written so much to so little effect. Academic research in the social sciences is often inward looking, addressed to small tribes of fellow researchers, and its purpose in what is increasingly a game is that of getting published in a prestigious journal. A wide gap has emerged between the esoteric concerns of social science researchers and the pressing issues facing today’s societies. The chapter critiques the inaccessibility of the language used by academic researchers, and the formulaic qualities of most research papers, fostered by the demands of the publishing game. It calls for a radical move from research for the sake of publishing to research that has something meaningful to say.

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