Estimated Daily Intake of Benzoic Acid through Food Additives in Adult Population of South East Serbia

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM), Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids, Materials in Contact with Food and Cosmetics, has at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet) conducted a risk assessment of the intense sweeteners aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose and the preservative benzoic acid from soft drinks, “saft”, nectar and flavoured water. The risk assessment includes exposure assessments and the calculated exposures are compared to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for the respective sweeteners and benzoic acid. VKM was also requested to compare the current calculated intake of aspartame, acesulfame K and benzoic acid to the calculated intake reported by VKM in 2007 (from the VKM report «Impact on health when sugar is replaced with intense sweeteners in soft drinks, «saft» and nectar») (VKM, 2007). Exposure calculations were made for four different scenarios with varying concentrations of added sweeteners (either the average concentration or the highest reported concentration for the respective sweetener) and varying consumption of beverages with sweeteners (either the actual reported consumption of beverages added sweetener or the assumption that all reported beverages were added sweeteners). Scenario 1 gives the best estimate of the current situation in the population (average content of sweeteners/benzoic acid, actual reported consumption), scenarios 2-4 is based on one or both of the following assumptions: only beverages added sweeteners are consumed, the beverages consumed are added the highest reported value of the sweeteners (scenario 2: average content of sweeteners/benzoic acid, all consumed beverages contain sweeteners; scenario 3: highest reported content of sweeteners/benzoic acid, actual reported consumption; scenario 4: highest reported content of sweeteners/benzoic acid, all consumed beverages contain sweeteners). In the current risk assessment, the intake of sweeteners and benzoic acid for two-year-old children and 18-70 year old men and women were calculated. Due to lack of new dietary surveys, the other age groups of children and adolescents were excluded. The estimated intake of aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose was below the ADI for all age groups, both for mean and high consumers in all scenarios. When it comes to benzoic acid, the calculated mean and high intake for adults was below the ADI in all scenarios. The mean intake for 2year-olds was below ADI in all scenarios, as was the intake for high consumers among the 2year-olds in scenarios 1 and 2. However, high consumers among the two-year-old children in scenario 3 and 4 reached the ADI. Due to differences in the way the calculations were done in the current opinion and in 2007, it was not possible to compare the current calculated intake of aspartame, acesulfame K and benzoic acid to the calculated intakes reported by VKM in 2007. VKM concludes that for all age groups in all scenarios the intake of sweeteners is well below the established ADI values, thus, there is no concern related to the intake of the sweeteners aspartame, acesulfame K or sucralose. VKM further concludes that the benzoic acid intake in 2-year-old-children, in scenarios 3 and 4, is of concern as it reaches ADI for high consumers of soft drinks, “saft” and flavoured water, although the ADI is not a threshold for toxicity. For the other age groups, there is no concern related to the intake of benzoic acid from beverages. However, it should be noted that a considerable intake of benzoic acid also is expected from other sources such as food and cosmetics. High consumers of soft drinks, “saft” or flavoured water in all age groups could be at risk for approaching or exceeding ADI if the exposures from foods are taken into account. This is especially of concern for 2-year-old children, since high consumers of soft drinks and “saft” already have reached the ADI.

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Assessment of Estimated Daily Intake of Sorbic Acid and Benzoic Acid in the Korean Population

Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety ◽

10.13103/jfhs.2013.28.4.293 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 293-298

Author(s):

Kyung-Hyun Lee ◽

Ae-Young Kim ◽

Sung-Hee Choi ◽

Ho-Soo Lim ◽

Jae-Chun Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Benzoic Acid ◽

Sorbic Acid ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Korean Population ◽

Estimated Daily Intake

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Separation of Sucralose in Food Samples using Amines as Background Electrolyte Supported with DFT Calculations

Current Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573411016666200123143516 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Bathinapatla Ayyappa ◽

Suvardhan Kanchi ◽

Myalowenkosi I. Sabela ◽

Krishna Bisetty

Keyword(s):

Background Electrolyte ◽

Food Additives ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Food Samples ◽

Uv Detection ◽

Migration Time ◽

Artificial Sweetener ◽

Buffer Concentration ◽

Electrophoretic Method ◽

Amine Buffers

BACKGROUND: Sucralose is a high intensity artificial sweetener sucralose and chemically known as 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside. It is used as a sweetener and flavour enhancer in foods and beverages. Due to its high stability at wider temperatures and pH, made its applicability in various food products throughout the world. As per Joint FAO/WHO Expert Group on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1990, the daily intake of sucralose is 0-15 mg/kg body weight. The literature reports suggest that sucralose has a possible health threat due to the presence of chlorine groups, thereby leading to the several illnesses. The growing interest on the use of SUC in the foods, makes it necessary in developing a fast, reliable, cost effective and reproducible analytical method to determine SUC in food samples. The detection of sucralose and other carbohydrates like fructose, glucose and sucrose is a challenging task owing to its: (i) unavailability of the charged functions and (ii) lack of absorption of strong chromophoric nature in the UV region. Therefore, separation of non-absorbing neutral molecules needs a careful procedure with the suitable electrolyte systems. METHODOLOGY: An indirect UV detection capillary electrophoretic method is described for the separation of sucralose in different food samples. It was achieved by nucleophile substitution (SN2) in the presence of amine as background electrolytes. The morpholine buffer showed good buffering capacity in terms of migration time (< 8.0 min) and baseline stability when compared to other amine buffers (ethylamine, piperidine, triethylamine). The analytical applications of proposed method showed by recovery percentages of sucralose in real and spiked samples on intra and inter-day basis at optimum experimental conditions of 0.2 M buffer concentration and pH 12.0 at 230 nm UV detection. RESULTS: The selection of BGE, UV detection wavelength, buffer concentration, buffer pH, cassette temperature and applied voltage were optimized to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of the separation method. Recoveries obtained were ranging from 96.87 to 98.82 % for real samples and 94.45 to 98.06 % for spiked samples respectively. Linearity was studied in the range of 2-10 mM, and showed a correlation coefficients of 0.9942 with LOD and LOQ found to be 0.3804 mg L-1 and 1.5215 mg L-1 with % RSD (n = 5) ± 1.27 and 1.19 % with respect to migration time and peak area. Furthermore, to better understand the separation of sucralose with amine buffers were investigated computationally using HOMO-LUMO calculations. The obtained results showed that the band gap decreases in the presence of amine moiety irrespective of its nature. CONCLUSION: In the study, novel background electrolytic system was successfully applied to separate sucralose using indirect UV detector with capillary electrophoresis. The FT-IR results confirmed that the interaction of sucralose with different amine buffers to better understand the separation chemistry behind sucralose and amine complexes. Moreover, computational results indicate that the direction of charge transfer from the amine functionality to the glucofuranosyl ring in each amine derivative of sucralose confirms the strong interaction between sucralose and amines, which led in the baseline separation of sucralose in different food samples.

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Portable solid-state potentiometric sensor based on polymeric ion-exchanger for the assay of the controversial food colorant (sunset yellow)

Analytical Methods ◽

10.1039/d1ay01212f ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Manar Omar Heragy ◽

Azza Mustafa ◽

Eman Elzanfaly ◽

Ahmed Sayed Saad

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Food Additives ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Food Products ◽

Potentiometric Sensor ◽

Ion Exchanger ◽

Sunset Yellow ◽

Food Colorant

Food additives are chemicals added to enhance appearance, taste, or lifetime of food products. Authorities continuously update lists of the allowed additives and their daily intake limits. Thus, authorities and...

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Mercuric pollution of surface water, superficial sediments, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica Linnaeus 1758 [Cichlidae]) and yams (Dioscorea alata) in auriferous areas of Namukombe stream, Syanyonja, Busia, Uganda

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.7919 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. e7919 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Timothy Omara ◽

Shakilah Karungi ◽

Raymond Kalukusu ◽

BrendaVictoria Nakabuye ◽

Sarah Kagoya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Detection Limit ◽

Health Risk ◽

Gold Mining ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Dioscorea Alata ◽

Estimated Daily Intake ◽

Piscivorous Fish ◽

Risk Indices ◽

Us Epa ◽

Adults And Children

The mercury content and the contamination characteristics of water, sediments, edible muscles of a non-piscivorous fish (Oreochromis nilotica Linnaeus 1758 [Cichlidae]) and yams (Dioscorea alata) from Namukombe stream in Busia gold district of Uganda were evaluated. Human health risk assessment from consumption of contaminated fish and yams as well as contact with contaminated sediments from the stream were performed. Forty-eight (48) samples of water (n = 12), sediments (n = 12), fish (n = 12) and yams (n = 12) were taken at intervals of 10 m from three gold recovery sites located at up, middle and down sluices of the stream and analyzed for total mercury (THg) using US EPA method 1631. Results (presented as means ± standard deviations) showed that water in the stream is polluted with mercury in the range of < detection limit to 1.21 ± 0.040 mg/L while sediments contain mean THg from < detection limit to 0.14 ± 0.040 ugg−1. Mean THg content of the edible muscles of O. nilotica ranged from < detection limit to 0.11 ± 0.014 ugg−1while D. alata contained from < detection limit to 0.30 ± 0.173 ugg−1mean THg. The estimated daily intake ranged from 0.0049 ugg−1day−1 to 0.0183 ugg−1day−1 and 0.0200 ugg−1day−1 to 0.0730 ugg−1day−1 for fish consumed by adults and children respectively. The corresponding health risk indices ranged from 0.0123 to 0.0458 and 0.0500 to 0.1830. Estimated daily intake was from 0.0042 ugg−1day−1 to 0.1279 ugg−1day−1 and 0.0130 ugg−1day−1 to 0.3940 ugg−1day−1 for D. alata consumed by adults and children respectively. The health risk indices recorded were from 0.011 to 0.320 and 0.033 to 0.985 for adults and children respectively. The mean THg content of the sediments, edible muscles of O. nilotica and D. alata were within acceptable WHO/US EPA limits. About 91.7% of the water samples had mean THg above US EPA maximum permissible limit for mercury in drinking water. Consumption of D. alata grown within 5 m radius up sluice of Namukombe stream may pose deleterious health risks as reflected by the health risk index of 0.985 being very close to one. From the pollution and risk assessments, mercury use should be delimited in Syanyonja artisanal gold mining areas. A solution to abolish mercury-based gold mining in the area needs to be sought as soon as possible to avert the accentuating health, economic and ecological disaster arising from the continuous discharge of mercury into the surrounding areas. Other mercury-free gold recovering methods such as use of borax, sluice boxes and direct panning should be encouraged. Waste management system for contaminated wastewater, used mercury bottles and tailings should be centralized.

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Associations of eating and drinking habits with cardiovascular disease and diabetes in the adult population: data from the ESSE-RF epidemiological study

CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY AND PREVENTION ◽

10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2982 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 2982

Author(s):

N. S. Karamnova ◽

A. I. Rytova ◽

O. B. Shvabskaya ◽

Yu. K. Makarova ◽

S. A. Maksimov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Intake ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Adult Population ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Population Data ◽

Processed Meat ◽

Daily Consumption ◽

Frequency Method ◽

Animal Fats ◽

Drinking Habits

The presence of a disease, the prognosis of which can be improved by dietary modification, motivates a patient to change their eating habits.Aim. To study the associations of dietary patterns and alcohol consumption with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke in the adult population.Material and methods. The analysis was carried out using data from representative samples of population from 13 Russian regions aged 2564 years (n=19520; men, 7329; women, 12191). The response rate was ~80%. Dietary characteristics were assessed by frequency method.Results. In the diet of people with CVDs, the daily intake of vegetables/ fruits increases by 84% in men and by 19% in women, while the use of animal fats in cooking decreases by 28% and 20%m respectively (p<0,0001). Women with CVDs reduce the consumption of processed meat and sweets by 16 and 19%, respectively (p<0,005). Persons with prior MI reduce the consumption of sweets in the diet: men by 38% and women by 30%. Men with prior MI have higher daily consumption of cereals by 31%, vegetables and fruits by 46%, low-fat dairy products — 2,4 times. In addition, they are more adherent to a healthy and cardioprotective diet by 3,65 and 1,75 times, respectively. Dietary changes in those with prior stroke were noted only in women in the form of a 29% decrease in excess salt intake (p=0,0075). In the diet of people with diabetes, there is decreased consumption of sweets and an increased intake of vegetables/fruits: by 77 and 69% in men and by 79 and 69% in women, respectively (p<0,0001). Men with diabetes are 3 times more likely to adhere to a healthy diet, and women — 2,3 times (p=0,0039 and p<0,0001, respectively).Conclusion. Patients with CVDs, MI, and diabetes have a healthier diet than healthy persons.

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The impact of certain flavourings and preservatives on the survivability of eggs of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis

Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems ◽

10.15421/022053 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 344-348

Author(s):

O. O. Boyko ◽

V. V. Brygadyrenko

Keyword(s):

Benzoic Acid ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Ascaris Suum ◽

Food Additives ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Trichuris Suis ◽

The Impact ◽

Eggs And Larvae

The article describes a laboratory study of nematocidal properties of flavourings with antibacterial effect against Ascaris suum (Goeze, 1782) and Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788. In the experiments, eight concentrations of food additives with antibacterial properties were used: cinnamaldehyde, benzoic acid, formic acid, linalool, citral, β-ionone. Minimum LC50 value for eggs of A. suum was observed while using cinnamaldehyde and benzoic acid – 1.62 ± 0.37% and 1.69 ± 0.14%, and for eggs of T. suis – 0.57 ± 0.03% and 1.80 ± 0.11% respectively. The lowest influence on the development of eggs of nematodes of pigs’ A. suum and T. suis was exerted by formic acid, linalool, citral and β-ionone. In eggs of A. suum and T. suis, larvae formed in 21 and 50 days even during exposure to 3% emulsions of these substances. The strongest negative impact on the eggs of parasitic nematodes was displayed by cinnamaldehyde flavouring. Further study on nematocidal properties of flavourings, as well as their mixtures, would contribute to the development of preparations which would have a strong effect on eggs and larvae of nematodes of animals and humans.

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