scholarly journals Jazyk a krajina v antropologickém výzkumu

Český lid ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-430
Author(s):  
Přemysl Mácha
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Cognition ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Linguistic Terms ◽  
Group Boundaries ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Grammatical Structures ◽  
Collective Dimension

Language is a key element in the perception, formation, and reproduc- tion of landscapes and group boundaries. It is effective in at least three dimensions, namely, the inner/cognitive, the outward/appropriative, and the collective/identitarian. The inner dimension refers to the fact that our perception of landscape and our spatial cognition are determined, to a large extent, by the linguistic terms and grammatical structures specific to our language. The outward dimension refers to the capacity of language to project linguistically- and culturally-determined understandings into the physical world and create and appropriate places and landscapes by the act of naming. Finally, the collective dimension points to the importance of the linguistic delimitation of landscapes and their association with group identities. The article summarizes crucial recent findings in all three of the aforementioned dimensions and suggests possibilities for further research

scholarly journals Christian America in Black and White: Racial Identity, Religious-National Group Boundaries, and Explanations for Racial Inequality

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel L Perry ◽  
Andrew L Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Racial Inequality ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Racial Justice ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Group Boundaries ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Group Identities

Abstract Recent research suggests that, for white Americans, conflating national and religious group identities is strongly associated with racism, xenophobia, and Islamophobia, prompting some to argue that claims about Christianity being central to American identity are essentially about reinforcing white supremacy. Prior work has not considered, however, whether such beliefs may influence the racial views of nonwhite Americans differently from white Americans. Drawing on a representative sample of black and white Americans from the 2014 General Social Survey, and focusing on explanations for racial inequality as the outcome, we show that, contrary to white Americans, black Americans who view being a Christian as essential to being an American are actually more likely to attribute black–white inequality to structural issues and less to blacks’ individual shortcomings. Our findings suggest that, for black Americans, connecting being American to being Christian does not necessarily bolster white supremacy, but may instead evoke and sustain ideals of racial justice.

scholarly journals Christian America in Black and White: Racial Identity, Religious-National Group Boundaries, and Explanations for Racial Inequality

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Perry ◽  
Andrew L Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Racial Inequality ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Racial Justice ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Group Boundaries ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Group Identities

Recent research suggests that, for white Americans, conflating national and religious group identities is strongly associated with racism, xenophobia, and Islamophobia, prompting some to argue that claims about Christianity being central to American identity are essentially about reinforcing white supremacy. Prior work has not considered, however, whether such beliefs may influence the racial views of nonwhite Americans differently from white Americans. Drawing on a representative sample of black and white Americans from the 2014 General Social Survey, and focusing on explanations for racial inequality as the outcome, we show that, contrary to white Americans, black Americans who view being a Christian as essential to being an American are actually more likely to attribute black–white inequality to structural issues and less to blacks’ individual shortcomings. Our findings suggest that, for black Americans, connecting being American to being Christian does not necessarily bolster white supremacy, but may instead evoke and sustain ideals of racial justice.

scholarly journals Navigating in a three-dimensional world

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn J. Jeffery ◽  
Aleksandar Jovalekic ◽  
Madeleine Verriotis ◽  
Robin Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Cognition ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Complex Topography ◽  
Orthogonal Axis ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Considerable Insight

AbstractThe study of spatial cognition has provided considerable insight into how animals (including humans) navigate on the horizontal plane. However, the real world is three-dimensional, having a complex topography including both horizontal and vertical features, which presents additional challenges for representation and navigation. The present article reviews the emerging behavioral and neurobiological literature on spatial cognition in non-horizontal environments. We suggest that three-dimensional spaces are represented in a quasi-planar fashion, with space in the plane of locomotion being computed separately and represented differently from space in the orthogonal axis – a representational structure we have termed “bicoded.” We argue that the mammalian spatial representation in surface-travelling animals comprises a mosaic of these locally planar fragments, rather than a fully integrated volumetric map. More generally, this may be true even for species that can move freely in all three dimensions, such as birds and fish. We outline the evidence supporting this view, together with the adaptive advantages of such a scheme.

scholarly journals How “Us” and “Them” Relates to Voting Behavior—Social Structure, Social Identities, and Electoral Choice

2021 ◽  
pp. 001041402199750
Author(s):  
Simon Bornschier ◽  
Silja Häusermann ◽  
Delia Zollinger ◽  
Céline Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
New Left ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Group Boundaries ◽  
Electoral Choice ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Original Survey

The last decades have seen the emergence of a divide pitting the new left against the far right in advanced democracies. We study how this universalism-particularism divide is crystallizing into a full-blown cleavage, complete with structural, political and identity elements. So far, little research exists on the identities that voters themselves perceive as relevant for drawing in- and out-group boundaries along this divide. Based on an original survey from Switzerland, a paradigmatic case of electoral realignment, we show that voters’ “objective” socio-demographic characteristics relate to distinctive, primarily culturally connoted identities. We then inquire into the degree to which these group identities have been politicized, that is, whether they divide new left and far right voters. Our results strongly suggest that the universalism-particularism “cleavage” not only bundles issues, but shapes how people think about who they are and where they stand in a group conflict that meshes economics and culture.

scholarly journals Rongomātau – ‘sensing the knowing’: An Indigenous Methodology Utilising Sensed Knowledge From the Researcher

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 160940692110624
Author(s):  
Kiri Dell
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Indigenous Methodology ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Spiritual Consciousness ◽  
Genuine Knowledge ◽  
Do So

The paper offers a methodology, stimulated by an Indigenous-Māori context, called rongomātau, or ‘sensing the knowing’. Rongomātau recognises the researcher as an absorbent being, with capabilities to feel into the energetic lives of others. More specifically, participant energies can be sensed and imprinted onto researchers. Sensing and identifying the felt world of another is done through recognising the researcher’s own embodied emotions. The intention of this paper is to provide a methodology for interpreting the ‘imprinted’ sensing onto the researcher and for its meaningful analysis. Traditional Western philosophies of knowledge creation have tended to regard bodily ways of knowing other than the five traditional (in Western terms) bodily senses as incapable of contributing to genuine knowledge. However, Indigenous communities have not marginalised their bodies from the generation of knowledge and have paradigms that reflect sensing and its integration into knowledge. The paper demonstrates how Indigenous concepts and language can be utilised to bring new perspectives to sensing in research. To do so, the author provides an insider account of her own imprinted sensed experiences in conducting a specific research project and how these contributed to her findings. The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data through a frame of three dimensions: connecting in (self-inner world), connecting out (external physical world) and connecting to the whole (higher/spiritual consciousness), to achieve holistic ways of theorising. The rongomātau methodology is applicable in non-Indigenous contexts and can help researchers integrate their senses into research. Methodologies that help researchers interpret and give meaning to their sensing experiences remain largely unavailable. This paper begins to address that gap.

Communicating Religious Identities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate Ysseldyk
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Religious Group ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Group Boundaries ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Group Members ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Physical Spaces

Religion encompasses many forms of communication: between groups, within groups, and with God (or other deities). Such communication can be especially powerful when group members highly identify with their religious group and the beliefs therein. Equally, it can be divisive, as evidenced by religion-based intergroup conflict and intolerance (which often overlaps along ethnic or political lines). However, not all religious communication is verbal or explicit. Religious individuals also commonly transmit their beliefs, values, and identities through symbols, physical spaces, and music. Likewise, communication with God is often pursued with silent prayer, meditation, or ritual, which also serve to reinforce one’s spirituality alongside religious group boundaries. Taken together, these varying forms of communication have implications not only for religious intergroup relations (e.g., intergroup contact or conflict), but also for intragroup relations (e.g., the strengthening of social ties) and individual health outcomes (e.g., effective communication with health care providers and coping practices). Given the importance of religious identity for many individuals, the benefits for individual well-being and intragroup relations, and yet the intergroup strife that religious group divisions can incite, the ways in which we communicate our religious group identities deserve closer attention.

Morphosyntactic inconsistency in cross-linguistic transfer: Pedagogical implications for teaching English questions to Chinese EFL learners

2021 ◽  
pp. 136216882110294
Author(s):  
Qiaoling He ◽  
Isabel Oltra-Massuet
Keyword(s):  
English Learners ◽  
First Language ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Design Production ◽  
Question Formation ◽  
Linguistic Transfer ◽  
Written Test ◽  
Grammatical Structures

As one type of the most extensively used sentences, English questions are must-learn grammatical structures for learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). However, it is commonly seen that English learners across proficiency levels produce ungrammatical English questions. To determine the source of learners’ erroneous production, we conducted a written test to collect hands-on data of four types of English questions produced by 81 Chinese EFL preliminary learners. Learners’ achievement scores showed that learners from both higher and lower proficiency groups had similar difficulty producing questions. The statistics also showed morphosyntactic inconsistencies in learners’ production were congregating on auxiliaries’ choice and tense variation. Cross-linguistic transfer from first language (L1) in English question acquisition for Chinese EFL learners was measured against the three dimensions of Jarvis’ (2000) methodological model. Influence from learners’ L1 was found to be related to preliminary learners’ morphosyntactic inconsistencies. The findings suggest that practitioners in an EFL context should raise learners’ grammatical consciousness, and design production-oriented tasks, to improve learners’ morphosyntactic accuracy in English question formation.

scholarly journals Elements of a stochastic 3D prediction engine in larval zebrafish prey capture

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D Bolton ◽  
Martin Haesemeyer ◽  
Josua Jordi ◽  
Ulrich Schaechtle ◽  
Feras Saad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Recursive Algorithm ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Hunting Behavior ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Behavioral Rules ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACTMany predatory animals rely on accurate sensory perception, predictive models, and precise pursuits to catch moving prey. Larval zebrafish intercept paramecia during their hunting behavior, but the precise trajectories of their prey have never been recorded in relation to fish movements in three dimensions.As a means of uncovering what a simple organism understands about its physical world, we have constructed a 3D-imaging setup to simultaneously record the behavior of larval zebrafish, as well as their moving prey, during hunting. We show that zebrafish robustly transform their 3D displacement and rotation according to the position of their prey while modulating both of these variables depending on prey velocity. This is true for both azimuth and altitude, but particulars of the hunting algorithm in the two planes are slightly different to accommodate an asymmetric strike zone. We show that the combination of position and velocity perception provides the fish with a preferred future positional estimate, indicating an ability to project trajectories forward in time. Using computational models, we show that this projection ability is critical for prey capture efficiency and success. Further, we demonstrate that fish use a graded stochasticity algorithm where the variance around the mean result of each swim scales with distance from the target. Notably, this strategy provides the animal with a considerable improvement over equivalent noise-free strategies.In sum, our quantitative and probabilistic modeling shows that zebrafish are equipped with a stochastic recursive algorithm that embodies an implicit predictive model of the world. This algorithm, built by a simple set of behavioral rules, allows the fish to optimize their hunting strategy in a naturalistic three-dimensional environment.

scholarly journals Mathematical Tools to Understand the Field Theories of the Standard Model and Beyond

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Philippe Durand
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Loop Quantum Gravity ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Spectral Geometry ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Topological Invariants ◽  
Lorentzian Space ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
The Standard Model

Since Isaac Newton the understanding of the physical world is more and more complex. The Euclidean space of three dimensions , independent of time is replaced in Enstein’s vision by the Lorentzian space-time at first, then by four dimensions manifold to unify space and matter. String theorists add to space more dimensions to make their theory consistent. Complex topological invariants which characterize different kind of spaces are developed. Space is discretized at the quantum scale in the loop quantum gravity theory. A non-commutative and spectral geometry is defined from the theory of operator algebra by Alain Connes. In this review, our goal is to enumerate different approaches implementing algebra and topology in order to understand the standard model of particles and beyond

So You Think Your System Is Complex?: Why and How Existing Complexity Measures Rarely Agree

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
Anthony I Hennig ◽  
Taylan G. Topcu ◽  
Zoe Szajnfarber
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Complexity Measures ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
System Characteristics

Abstract In an increasingly interconnected & cyber-physical world, the ability to coherently measure and manage complexity is vital for the engineering design and systems engineering community. While numerous complexity measures (CMs) have been promulgated over the years, these greatly disagree about “how” complexity should be measured and so far, there has been no comparison across these CMs. In this paper, we propose a framework for benchmarking CMs in terms of their alignment with commonly-held beliefs in the literature; that a measure of complexity should detect increases in complexity with increasing size or level of interconnections, and should decrease through structuring of the architecture. We adopt a design of experiments approach and synthetically create system architectures to systematically vary across these three dimensions. We use this framework as a shared test-bed to document the response of six CMs that are representative of the predominant perspectives of the literature. We find that none of the measures fully satisfy the commonly-held beliefs of the literature. We also find that there is a dichotomy in the literature regarding the archetype of systems that are considered as complex: physics-based (e.g. aircraft) or flow-based (e.g. the power grid), and the intellectual origin of a CM often determines which system characteristics are considered as more complex. Our findings show that we are far from convergence. Our framework provides a path to enable better cross-validation as the community progresses towards a more complete understanding of the complexity phenomena.

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