scholarly journals Method of Measurement Representativeness Assessment for Spatial Conductometric Sensors as Applied to Investigation of Hydrodynamics in Single Phase Flows

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-324
Author(s):  
A. A. Barinov ◽  
V. G. Glavny ◽  
S. M. Dmitriev ◽  
M. A. Legchanov ◽  
A. V. Ryazanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Electrical Circuits ◽  
Uncertainty Sources ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Measurement Cell ◽  
Tracer Methods ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
Validation Tests ◽  
Conductivity Contrast

The well-known method of spatial conductometry is widely used for hydrodynamical investigations in the frame of validation benchmarks. The aim of the work was to develop the method of representativeness substantiation for use of the conductometric sensors in single-phase applications.The paper presents aspects of wire-mesh sensors (WMS) applications in non-uniform conductivity fields. The equivalent electrical circuits for the measurement cell and WMS are proposed and investigated. The methods of translation from measured conductance to conductivity of the water are discussed. Decomposition of the uncertainty sources and their propagation through measurements are investigated.To obtain the «cross-talk» effect of the measurements the fi model of WMS fl domain was created. The results of calculations showed the dependence of the measurement results on the conductivity contrast in the cells as well as on the size of the contrast domain. The proposed method of the measurement uncertainty estimate was applied to the real WMS and it’s measurement system. The obtained results are topical for validation tests with the use of tracer methods and WMS.

Bubble-Driven Convection Around Cylinders Confined in a Channel

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Murai ◽  
Toshio Sasaki ◽  
Masa-aki Ishikawa ◽  
Fujio Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Particle Tracking Velocimetry ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Bubble Velocity ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Single Phase Flow ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Detailed Mechanism ◽  
Bubble Distribution ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Rectangular Chamber

This paper concerns with flow visualization and image measurement of bubbly flows around various shapes of cylinders. A coaxial confined double rectangular chamber is constructed in order to provide a wide two-dimensional uniform bubble distribution upstream of the obstacle. The experiment shows that a wide two-phase convection is induced around the obstacle, though such an effect is not observed in research on the single-phase flow around objects. The spatial scale of the two-phase convection depends sensitively on the shape of the obstacle. Dense arrangement of cylinders is also investigated to find the interaction among the convection. The measurement results of void fraction, bubble velocity and liquid phase flow, which are obtained by image processing including particle tracking velocimetry (PTV), explore the detailed mechanism of generating the convection.

On-Line Measurement of Fiber Temperature in the Melt-Spinning Processes

2013 ◽  
Vol 821-822 ◽  
pp. 149-152
Author(s):  
Xin Wen ◽  
Sheng Lin Yang ◽  
Guang Li
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Melt Spinning ◽  
Probe Field ◽  
Infrared Thermometer ◽  
Line Measurement ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
On Line ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
Reliable Temperature

The online temperature detections of fiber along the spinning line should be the important means for the precise controlling of fiber higher order structures as well as fiber-final performance. In this paper, a method of measurement fiber temperature has been introduced which mainly use the instrument of monochromatic infrared thermometer to measure fiber temperature in the melt-spinning processes. Due to the probe field of view of monochromatic infrared thermometer being much larger than the fiber diameter, monochrome infrared thermometers can't be used to measure temperature of fibers directly, the measurement results is an average between the fiber and backgrounds, which can't be used to indicate the temperature of fibers directly and have to calibrated. The calibrated results of monochromatic infrared thermometer are compared to the measurement results of infrared thermography. It has been found that the on-line measurement with infrared thermometer could promise high-speed and highly reliable temperature testing for the fibers.

Control Measurements at the Manufacturing of Metallic Products

2011 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 232-237
Author(s):  
Wiesław Tarczyński ◽  
Ryszard Kopka
Keyword(s):  
Control Panel ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Single Measurement ◽  
Product Ratio ◽  
Central Computer ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Measurement Cell

This article presents the developed system for collecting, memorising and analysing of the measurements conducted in a production plant. It describes the algorithm of the software im-plemented on the control panel and managing the work of a single measurement cell. Moreover the procedure of collecting of the measurement results by two modes: automatically and manually and the procedure of estimating of product ratio quality. Mentioned are also the practices for controlling of the communication with the central computer as well as archiving of the collected measurement results.

scholarly journals Validation and Recalibration of the Solubility Models in Support of the Heater Test in Salt Formations

MRS Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
Yongliang Xiong ◽  
Kris Kuhlman ◽  
Melissa Mills ◽  
Yifeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Geochemical Modeling ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Solubility Model ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Simple Systems ◽  
Validation Tests

AbstractThe US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy is conducting a brine availability heater test to characterize the thermal, mechanical, hydrological and chemical response of salt at elevated temperatures. In the heater test, brines will be collected and analyzed for chemical compositions. In order to support the geochemical modeling of chemical evolutions of the brines during the heater test, we are recalibrating and validating the solubility models for the mineral constituents in salt formations up to 100°C, based on the solubility data in multiple component systems as well as simple systems from literature.In this work, we systematically compare the model-predicted values based on the various solubility models related to the constituents of salt formations, with the experimental data. As halite is the dominant constituent in salt formations, we first test the halite solubility model in the Na-Mg-Cl dominated brines. We find the existing halite solubility model systematically over-predict the solubility of halite. We recalibrate the halite model, which can reproduce halite solubilities in Na-Mg-Cl dominated brines well.As gypsum/anhydrite in salt formations controls the sulfate concentrations in associated brines, we test the gypsum solubility model in NaCl solutions up to 5.87 mol•kg–1 from 25°C to 50°C. The testing shows that the current gypsum solubility model reproduces the experimental data well when NaCl concentrations are less than 1 mol•kg–1. However, at NaCl concentrations higher than 1, the model systematically overpredicts the solubility of gypsum.In the Na+—Cl–—SO42–—CO32– system, the validation tests up to 100°C demonstrate that the model excellently reproduces the experimental data for the solution compositions equilibrated with one single phase such as halite (NaCl) or thenardite (Na2SO4), with deviations equal to, or less than, 1.5 %. The model is much less ideal in reproducing the compositions in equilibrium with the assemblages of halite + thenardite, and of halite + thermonatrite (Na2CO3•H2O), with deviations up to 31 %. The high deviations from the experimental data for the multiple assemblages in this system at elevated temperatures may be attributed to the facts that the database has the Pitzer interaction parameters for Cl–—CO32– and SO42–—CO32– only at 25°C.In the Na+—Ca2+—SO42–—HCO3– system, the validation tests also demonstrate that the model reproduces the equilibrium compositions for one single phase such as gypsum better than the assemblages of more than one phase.

The Calculation of Earth Capacitance Based on Least Square Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 6028-6032
Author(s):  
Heng Xu Ha ◽  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Xi Tong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Least Square Method ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Neutral System ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Capacitive Current ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Capacitance Current

The grounding capacitive current is one of the most important parameters of ungrounded neutral system. Usually this parameter is obtained with the method of additional capacitor or metal grounding. However, the former is complicated and the additional capacitor has negative effects on measurement results, and the later is dangerous when used in testing. In view of that, the paper proposes a new method to calculate grounding capacitance current based on the data of single-phase-grounding faults in power system with indirectly earthed neutral. This method reduces the error by using the least-square method .The ATP simulation results show that this method is accurate basically.

scholarly journals Vector Geometric Algebra in Power Systems: An Updated Formulation of Apparent Power under Non-Sinusoidal Conditions

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1295
Author(s):  
Francisco G. Montoya ◽  
Raúl Baños ◽  
Alfredo Alcayde ◽  
Francisco Manuel Arrabal-Campos ◽  
Javier Roldán-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Geometric Algebra ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electrical Circuits ◽  
Distorted Grid ◽  
Alternative Expression ◽  
Phase Systems

Traditional electrical power theories and one of their most important concepts—apparent power—are still a source of debate, because they present several flaws that misinterpret the power-transfer and energy-balance phenomena under distorted grid conditions. In recent years, advanced mathematical tools such as geometric algebra (GA) have been introduced to address these issues. However, the application of GA to electrical circuits requires more consensus, improvements and refinement. In this paper, electrical power theories for single-phase systems based on GA were revisited. Several drawbacks and inconsistencies of previous works were identified, and some amendments were introduced. An alternative expression is presented for the electric power in the geometric domain. Its norm is compatible with the traditional apparent power defined as the product of the RMS voltage and current. The use of this expression simplifies calculations such as those required for current decomposition. This proposal is valid even for distorted currents and voltages. Concepts are presented in a simple way so that a strong background on GA is not required. The paper included some examples and experimental results in which measurements from a utility supply were analysed.

scholarly journals Pemantauan Energi Listrik pada Satu kWH-meter Fase Tunggal untuk Empat Kelompok Beban Berbasis Metode Payload Data Handling

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhendri Suhendri ◽  
Arief Goeritno
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Data Handling ◽  
Group A ◽  
Verification Test ◽  
Validation Tests ◽  
Minimum System

A minimum system has been made for monitoring the electric energy in a single phase kWh-meter for four load groups based on the Data Handling Payload (PDH) method. The purpose of this study, namely to obtain an integrated system based on Arduino MEGA2560 R3 microcontroller and measurement of the system performance. Method of obtaining the system is carried out through (i) making boards for sensor modules and relays; (ii) making boards for module of the driving the system; (iii) wiring integration of a number of boards and modules; and (iv) programming against the microcontroller system assisted by the Arduino IDE based on the PDH method. Method of measuring the system performance is carried out through verification and validation tests. Sensors and relays module consist of a voltage sensor, four current sensors, four relays, and a supporting electronic circuit. The integration module of a number of pins is functioned as an integration of all pins associated with pins on the microcontroller system with regard to input and output. Programming the microcontroller system is based on the determination of algorithms and the preparation of syntax. The verification test assisted by the Proteus application is carried out in the form of simulation of the provision of artificial conditions in the form of the value of voltage, current, and the amount of time for the acquisition of energy values. Simulations are carried out on each path of the load group. A verification test is the determination of the linearity of current and voltage values. Based on the validation test, it is obtained the kWh values and the amount of electric energy costs (in rupiah) that are monitored at any time and can be printed every time or monthly.

scholarly journals METHOD OF COMPLEX REFLECTION PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT OF TRANSISTOR LOADS USING A SIMULATOR-ANALYZER OF MICROWAVE AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-162
Author(s):  
Sergei V. Savelkaev ◽  
◽  
Nadezhda A. Vikhareva ◽  
Natalia V. Chekotun ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Reflection Coefficients ◽  
Complex Load ◽  
Complex Reflection ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Parameters Measurement

The article considers a simulator/analyzer that provides simulation modeling of microwave ampli-fiers and oscillators in accordance with their technical specifications, followed by the measurement of complex load reflection coefficients of the active component of these devices for their design. It also considers a method of measurement of these parameters and a method of calibration of the simula-tor/analyzer providing transfer of measurement results from the coaxial measuring line of the simula-tor-analyzer to the microstrip line. In addition, the article considers a method for analyzing the stability of the active component in the space of complex reflection coefficients of its loads, which facilitates their selection in the simulation of amplifiers and oscillators.

scholarly journals Design, Analysis and Measurement Results of a Fully-Integrated Low-power LNA Presenting Faults

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
Paulo M. Moreira e Silva ◽  
Fernando Rangel de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Noise Figure ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Uncertainty Sources ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Noise Amplifier ◽  
A Current ◽  
Measured Input

We present in this paper the analysis, design and measurement results of a low noise amplifier (LNA) operating in the ISM band at 2.45 GHz. The circuit topology adopted was based on a current reuse technique to minimize the power consumption. A prototype was fabricated in a 0.18-μm standard CMOS technology and the measured power consumption was 1.1 mW. The measured input reflection coefficient was below -10 dB and the reverse isolation was higher than 20 dB. The measured insertion gain and noise figure were 5.6 dB and 4.8 dB respectively, with divergences from the simulated values of 5 dB and 2 dB, respectively. To explain these discrepancies, we devised an analysis on the circuit, including sources of uncertainties. Moreover, we characterized a transistor included in the LNA die, that helped to explain part of the disagreements. After including the uncertainty sources, we wereaable to explain a deviation of 3.9 dB in the insertion gain with respect to the simulated result.

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