L'age des principaux gisements de calcaire pisolithique [with discussion]

1948 ◽  
Vol S5-XVIII (6-7) ◽  
pp. 565-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Chavan
Keyword(s):  
Paris Basin ◽  
The West ◽  
Two Stages

Abstract Concludes that the pisolitic limestone overlying Campanian and in places Maestrichtian (Cretaceous) formations of the Paris basin, France, was formed during at least two stages and should be qualified as a Dano-Montian formation. Transgression of the sea was both from the northeast and, in the later stage, from the west, which accounts for the mixed fauna.

Towards a Renewed Vision of Imperial Authority

2019 ◽  
pp. 237-269
Author(s):  
Florin Leonte
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
The West ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Political Messages ◽  
Imperial Authority ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages

The chapter discusses how Manuel Palaiologos’ texts reveal not only the emperor’s standpoints in his attempts to answer political challenges, but also a long-term imperial project that sought to establish a system of effective political communication by exhibiting his fatherly concern for his son and co-emperor. This project involved two stages with changing approaches. In the first stage, the emperor strengthened his connections with the literati and frequently chaired theatra. The letters and the dialogic mode of his text on marriage point to the fact that during the last decade of the fourteenth century, the emperor did not have at his disposal too many possibilities of circulating his political messages except for the rather informal meetings in the framework of theatra. In a second stage, which chronologically coincided with the years following the emperor’s return from the West, Manuel attempted to consolidate his ruling position by highlighting in the Foundations and the Orations that he appointed his son, John, as successor. In the absence of a more substantial body of court rhetoricians, the emperor undertook the role of a social-political commentator and accordingly put forward a personal discourse on imperial authority.

New Early Eocene mollusks from the Orocopia Mountains, southern California

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Squires ◽  
David M. Advocate
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North American ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Submarine Canyon ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Paris Basin ◽  
The West ◽  
South Central

Five new species of mollusks are described from the early Eocene Maniobra Formation, northeastern Orocopia Mountains, southern California. The new species are from the basal part of the formation, and the fauna is indicative of the West Coast provincial molluscan early Eocene “Capay Stage.” The mollusks are shallow-marine forms that were transported a short distance into slope/upper submarine-canyon deposits.Chedevillia saltonensis n. sp. and Eocypraea? maniobraensis n. sp. resemble Eocene species from Paris Basin, France. Phalium (Semicassis) louella n. sp. is the earliest North American species of Semicassis. Volutilithes orocopiaensis n. sp. is the earliest North American species of this genus and resembles V. muricinus from Paris Basin. Glossus (Meiocardia) susukii n. sp. is the earliest reported species of Meiocardia on the West Coast of North and South America.Galeodea gallica, a species previously only known from lower Eocene strata in the Anglo-Paris Basin, is tentatively identified from the Maniobra Formation. Campanilopa dilloni, previously only known from south-central California, is present in the formation. Supplementary descriptions and illustrations are given for these two species.The Maniobra species described have a close relationship to species characteristic of the Eurasian Tethyan paleobiogeographic province. The age of the Maniobra mollusks permits greater resolution of the timing of the westward migration of the Eurasian species, indicating that much of it occurred during early Eocene and/or late Paleocene time.

scholarly journals Analysis on Decoupling between Urbanization Level and Urbanization Quality in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 6835
Author(s):  
Xueru Zhang ◽  
Wei Song ◽  
Jingtao Wang ◽  
Bo Wen ◽  
Dazhi Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
The West ◽  
Urbanization Level ◽  
Ideal State ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Relationship

After the first industrial revolution, urbanization level worldwide has increased rapidly. As the largest developing country in the world, China has witnessed a rapid improvement in its urbanization level in recent years. Nevertheless, the quality of urbanization has not been improved simultaneously. The relationship between the level and the quality of urbanization has thus become a hot topic for researchers. By introducing the concept and model of decoupling in the field of resources and environment into the analysis of urbanization level and quality, this study evaluated the relationship between urbanization level and urbanization quality of 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2005 to 2014. It was found that: (1) The urbanization level and urbanization quality in China are unbalanced because the former is growing in a faster rate than the latter. The average urbanization level of China has increased by 27.40% from 42.99% in 2005 to 54.77% in 2014, while the increase of urbanization quality, however, is much slower with only 11.21% for the same period. It can be concluded that China has paid more attention to urbanization level than urbanization quality. (2) From 2005 to 2014, the relationship between China’s urbanization level and quality showed a total of eight decoupling states, of which the main ones were strong negative decoupling (non-ideal state) and growth negative decoupling (close to ideal state), accounting for 38.32% and 33.49% of the total number of samples in China, respectively. (3) The change of urbanization level and urbanization quality in China can be divided into two stages: for the first stage from 2005 to 2010, with rapid improvement in urbanization level, and the other from 2011 to 2014, with rapid improvement in urbanization quality. (4) Spatially, the areas with significant decoupling between urbanization level and urbanization quality are mainly distributed in underdeveloped areas such as the west; and the decoupling presents the spatial pattern of the highest in the west, the second in the middle, and the lowest in the east.

Reduction des masses inferieures du gypse vers l'ouest du bassin tertiaire parisien

1943 ◽  
Vol S5-XIII (7-9) ◽  
pp. 395-402
Author(s):  
Georges Deicha
Keyword(s):  
Paris Basin ◽  
The West ◽  
Solution Processes ◽  
Mechanical Weathering ◽  
Lateral Variations

Abstract Discusses lateral variations in thickness and facies of the Tertiary gypsum deposits of the Paris basin, France, and concludes that the thinning of the beds to the west may be considered due to mechanical weathering, solution processes, and a diminution in the rate of deposition rather than primarily to subsidence.

Making Sense of Regional Voting in the 1997 Canadian Federal Election: Liberal and Reform Support Outside Quebec

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Gidengil ◽  
André Blais ◽  
Richard Nadeau ◽  
Neil Nevitte
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Party ◽  
The West ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Federal Election ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
Party Support ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Regression Decomposition

AbstractThis article uses a regression decomposition approach to explore the meaning of the gaps in electoral support for the federal Liberal party between Ontario, the West and Atlantic Canada, as well as the gap in Reform party support between the West and Ontario in the 1997 federal election. The analysis proceeds in two stages. The first stage involves determining whether the regional vote gaps reflect “true” regional differences or whether they can be explained simply in terms of differences in the sociodemographic makeup of the regions. Having ascertained that the gaps are not spurious, the second stage of the analysis probes the beliefs and attitudes that underlie them. The authors conclude that the gaps are driven not just by differences in political orientations and beliefs from one region to another, but also by more fundamental differences in basic political priorities.

scholarly journals NEW MATERIALS ABOUT BURIAL MOUND OF BRONZE AGE KOZHABALA-I IN KHANTAU MOUNTAINS

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Goriachev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
New Materials ◽  
The West ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Field Season ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Two Stages

New materials of burial mound of Bronze Age Kozhabala-1, located in Kozhabala gorge in south part of Khantau mountains are introduced into scientific circulation. According to materials of researches there are 150 burial mounds and stone fencings of Bronze Age and 10 the Early Iron age burial mounds. As result of excavations of 2018 field season 4 constructions of Bronze epoch, where there were fixed 15 graves in stone boxes and cyst. 20 burial places were made according to the cremation rite and corpse-laying in a crouched form on the left side with the head to the West. Received data obtained allow us to distinguish two stages in the functioning of the burial ground – the XIX-XVI centuries BC and XV– turn of XIV/XIII centuries BC. Analysis and systematization let link them with the development of Alakul and Fedorovo cultural traditions of cultural traditions of the Andronovo cultural and historical community in Central Kazakhstan and Jetysu.

scholarly journals Eucharistology of St. Nicholas Kabasilas: An Overview and Evaluation of Current Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 174-204
Author(s):  
Вадим Евгеньевич Елиманов
Keyword(s):  
Critical Edition ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
French Translation ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Introductory Part ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Данная статья представляет собой краткий обзор научных исследований об учении св. Николая Кавасилы о Евхаристии за последние 20 лет. Во вступительной части статьи кратко представлены первые два этапа изучения творчества Кавасилы: на первом этапе (XVI-XVII вв.), впервые именно на Западе католические богословы обращаются к наследию Кавасилы и переводят на латинский язык его важнейшие труды; второй этап, охватывающий XX в., характеризуется интенсивным, всесторонним изучением наследия Кавасилы, в первую очередь, западными учеными; осуществляется критическое издание основных трудов Кавасилы с переводом на французский язык. Основной объём статьи посвящен третьему этапу изучения наследия Кавасилы (XXI в.), который отмечен повышенным интересом к его евхаристологии. Мы наблюдаем многочисленные попытки синтезировать, обобщить все научные достижения учёных, изучавших творчество Кавасилы в XX в., и в системном виде изложить его учение о Евхаристии, а также определить его место в контексте паламитских споров. Изучение евхаристологии Кавасилы в современной историографии представлено следующими ключевыми темам: Евхаристия как Жертва; Евхаристия, томизм и паламизм; символизм Евхаристии. This article is a brief review of the scientific research on the teaching of St. Nicholas Kabasilas about the Eucharist over the past twenty years. In the introductory part of the article summarizes the first two stages of study of the works Kabasilas: in the first stage (XVI-XVII century),first in the West Catholic theologians appeal to the heritage Kabasilas and translate into Latin his most important works; the second phase, covering the XX century, is characterized by intense, comprehensive study of the heritage Kabasilas in the first place by Western scientists; a critical edition of Kabasilas’s main works is being carried out with a French translation. The main volume of the article is devoted to the third stage of the study of the heritage of Kabasilas (XXI century), which is marked by increased interest in its eucharistology. At this stage, we observe numerous attempts to synthesize, summarize all the achievements of scientists who studied the work of Kabasilas in the XX century, and in a systematic way to present its doctrine about the Eucharist, as well as to determine its place in the context of the Palamite disputes. The presentation of the doctrine of the Eucharist is presented by the following key themes: the Eucharist as a Sacrifice; the Eucharist, Thomism and Palamism; the symbolism of the Eucharist.

Reformed Theology and Global Christianity

2020 ◽  
pp. 170-186
Author(s):  
D. G. Hart
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
American Missionaries ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
European Expansion ◽  
Global Christianity ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Land ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Stages

From its inception, Reformed Protestantism was an international phenomenon. Invariably, the places where European and American missionaries went were the very same locations where European powers operated a vast set of economic and political enterprises. Furthermore, because the missionaries themselves were the product of Christian developments in the West—whether the Protestant opposition to Roman Catholicism or intra-Protestant squabbles (Lutheran vs. Reformed, pietist vs. confessional)—missionaries faced a considerable challenge in trying to adapt a faith heavily bound up with Western civilization for people for whom Europe’s history, language, and culture were alien. In other words, the challenge of foreign missions was how to decouple the simple Christian message from a set of understandings and practices thoroughly situated for over a millennium in the West. The globalization of Reformed Protestantism, then, was a by-product of European expansion around the world chiefly for the purpose of commerce and conquest. This process happened in two stages. The first, as exemplified by the experience of Dutch Reformed Protestants in Africa, involved the creation and establishment of European-styled churches for Western settlers in a foreign land. The second, as the history of Presbyterianism in Korea shows, occurred through the modern missionary movement where Protestants of European descent sought to evangelize and disciple an indigenous population. In both cases, despite the best of intentions eventually to rid Christianity of its cultural assumptions, European-based patterns of theology and church life continue to set the standard for Christians around the world who constitute what some scholars refer to as ‘global Christianity’.

Return Westward

2019 ◽  
pp. 204-219
Author(s):  
Robert Chazan
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
European Population ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Population Movement ◽  
The West ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Two Stages

This chapter details Jewish voluntary population movement back toward the west. This movement took place in two stages, as the states of northwestern Europe, especially the Protestant states, began to adopt new and more positive perspectives on population diversity. During the first stage, from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, there was slow and grudging de facto acceptance of greater religious diversity in the European population. During the second stage, from the late eighteenth century on, a new theory of the state emerged, a theory that formally endorsed the separation of church and state, and thus the de jure acceptability of diverse religious groupings, including Jews, within European and eventually Atlantic society.

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