scholarly journals The Divine Processions and the Divine Energies

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
David Bradshaw ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Real ◽  
Dionysius The Areopagite ◽  
History Of ◽  
Real Importance ◽  
Cappadocian Fathers ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Maximus The Confessor

The concept of the divine energies (energeiai) is commonly associated with the late Byzantine theologian Gregory Palamas. In fact, however, it has biblical origins and figures prominently in Greek patristic theology from at least the fourth century. Here I briefly trace its history beginning with the Pauline usage of energeia and continuing through the Cappadocian Fathers, Dionysius the Areopagite, Maximus the Confessor, and Gregory Palamas. I argue that the divine processions in Dionysius function much as do the divine energies in the Cappadocians, although Dionysius enriches the concept by setting it within the context of a Neoplatonic pattern of procession and return. Dionysius’s own work was in need of a further synthesis in that he does not explain the relationship between the divine processions and the divine logoi, the “divine and good acts of will” by which God creates. Maximus the Confessor then introduced a further element into this complex tradition through his argument that certain “natural energies” must necessarily accompany any nature. I argue that the real importance of Palamas from the standpoint of the history of philosophy lies not in originating the concept of the divine energies, but in using it to synthesize these disparate elements from the Cappadocians, Dionysius, and Maximus.

scholarly journals La perichoresis e la grammatica teologica dei primi sette Concili ecumenici

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Maspero
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Hypostatic Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Theological Thought ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Maximus The Confessor

The article analyzes the history of the term perichoresis in the space of time embraced by the first seven ecumenical councils. After the Christological debut of the terminology in the fourth century in the work of Gregory of Nazianzus to indicate the dynamism of the relationship of the two natures of Christ in the hypostatic union, the text shows how this theological transition was the basis of the development in Maximus the Confessor. In the seventh century he applied the theological gain of Gregory of Nazianzus to divinization, making explicit the Christological foundation of Christian salvation. The journey ends in the 8th century with John Damascene, who applies perichoresis to both Christology and divinization, as already seen before him, but extends the terminology to the Trinitarian dimension, thus sealing the parable of theological thought. This makes it possible to recognize a true theological grammar which, consistently with Timothy Pawl's studies, reveals the architectural value of a Conciliar Trinitarianism, as a Trinitarian epistemology based on a Trinitarian anthropology, in turn rooted in a Trinitarian ontology.  Abstract: L'articolo analizza la storia del termine perichoresis nello spazio di tempo abbracciato dai primi sette concili ecumenici. Dopo l'esordio cristologico nel IV secolo della terminologia nell'opera di Gregorio di Nazianzo per indicare la dinamicità del rapporto delle due nature del Cristo nell'unione ipostatica, si mostra come questo passo teologico sarà la base dello sviluppo in Massimo il Confessore. Questi nel VII seccolo applicherà il guadagno teologico del Nazianzeno alla divinizzazione, esplicitando il fondamento cristologico della salvezza cristiana. Il percorso si conclude nell'VIII secolo con Giovanni Damasceno, il quale applica perichoresis sia alla cristologia, sia alla divinizzazione, come già prima di lui, ma estende la terminologia anche alla dimensione trinitaria, sigillando così la parabola del pensiero teologico. Ciò permette di riconoscere una vera e propria grammatica teologica che, coerentemente con gli studi di Timothy Pawl, rivela il valore architettonico di un Conciliar Trinitarianism, come epistemologia trinitaria che si fonda su un'antropologia trinitaria, a sua volta radicata in una ontologia trinitaria. 

scholarly journals St Maximus the confessor’s teaching on movement

2013 ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Vladimir Cvetkovic
Keyword(s):  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Christian Philosophy ◽  
Dionysius The Areopagite ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Cappadocian Fathers ◽  
Maximus The Confessor ◽  
Supreme Being

The article aims to present how the Byzantine scholar St Maximus the Confessor perceived the notion of movement (kinesis). St Maximus exposed his teaching on movement in the course of his refutation of Origenism, which regarded the movement of created beings away from God as the cause of breaking the original unity that existed between the Creation and the Creator. By reversing Origen?s triad ?rest? - ?movement? - ?becoming? into the triad ?becoming? - ?movement? - ?rest?, St Maximus viewed the movement toward God as the sole goal of created beings, finding in the supreme being the repose of their own movement. In addition to the cosmological view of the movement, St Maximus developed a psychological and an ontological view on movement, relying on previous Christian tradition. By transforming and adapting Aristotelian and Neoplatonic notions to the basic principles of Christian metaphysics, St Maximus creates a new Christian philosophy of movement which he supported primarily with the views of the Cappadocian Fathers and Dionysius the Areopagite.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ПОНУДИТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА (на материале кыргызского и турецкого языков)

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Айгүл Турсунова
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Semantic Point ◽  
Linguistic Methods ◽  
The Relationship

Баарыбызга маалым болгондой аркылуу мамиле этишке мүнөздүү категория. Мамиле категорияларынын эӊ негизги өзгөчөлүгү - кыймыл-аракеттин субъектиси менен объектисинин ортосундагы мамиле, б.а. сүйлөмдө ээлик милдет аткарган сөздүн же кыймыл-аракеттин чыныгы аткаруучусунун субъект же объект экендигин аныктайт. Алардын ичинен аркылуу мамиле кыймыл-аракеттин башка бирөө тарабынан иштелгенин билдирет. Биз бул эмгегибизде кыргыз тилиндеги мамиле категорияларынан - аркылуу мамилени тарыхый жана маанилик жактан анализдемекчибиз. Маанилерди аныктоодо бул мамиленин байыркы Көктүркчөдөн азыркы убакка чейинки басып өткөн жолу талданып, кандай лигвистикалык методдор менен түзүлөрүнө да кеӊири токтолдук. Макалабызда кыргыз тили менен түрк тили негизге алынды. Категория залога - есть необходимая категория языковой мысли, присущая общению. Важнейшей особенностью категорий залога является отношение между субъектом и объектом действия. В предложении данная категория определяет, является ли реальный исполнитель слова или действия, выполняющий функцию, субъектом или объектом, и означает ли что действие было разработано кем-то другим. В этой статье мы проанализируем категорию залога с исторической и семантической точек зрения в кыргызском языке. Определяя значения, мы будем анализировать историю этих залогов от древнего Коктюрского времени до наших дней и подробно обсуждать лингвистические методы, с помощью которых они сформированы. Наша статья основана на материале кыргызского и турецкого языков. The collateral category is a necessary category of linguistic thought inherent in communication. The most important feature of the categories of collateral is the relationship between the subject and the object of the action. In a sentence, this category determines whether the real performer of a word or action performing a function is a subject or an object, and means that the action was designed by someone else. In this article, we will analyze the category of collateral from a historical and semantic point of view in the Kyrgyz language. By defining the meanings, we will analyze the history of these pledges from ancient Cocturian times to the present day and discuss in detail the linguistic methods by which they were formed. Our article is based on the material of the Kyrgyz and Turkish languages.

scholarly journals Hoe kan God dit toelaat? ’n Bibliologiese verryking van die teodiseevraagstuk uit ’n vergelyking tussen Openbaring en 4 Esra

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (2/3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Du Rand
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Book Of Revelation ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intertestamental Literature

How can God allow it? A bibliological enrichment of the theodicy issue from a comparison between the Book of Revelation and 4 EzraIn the process of understanding and defining the relationship between God and man, the theodicy issue frequently floats to the surface. A long strand in the history of philosophy and theology has addressed itself to the task of reconciling God’s omnipotence and benevolence with human suffering and the existence of evil. Some of the philosophical and theological views are represented in this article. According to reformed scholarly presentation, theodicy should seriously take into account the soteriological and eschatological hermeneutical views. This is confirmed by the Old Testament, intertestamental literature and the New Testament. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the apocryphal 4 Ezra which puts surprising views about theodicy on the table.

Al-Kindī's Commentary on Archimedes' ‘The Measurement of the Circle’

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshdi Rashed
Keyword(s):  
Real Character ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Third ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
Editio Princeps ◽  
The Relationship

The author examines the relationship between mathematics and philosophy in the works of al-Kindī, and suggests that the real character of his contribution will become clear only when we restore to mathematics their proper role in his philosophy. The recently discovered treatise of al-Kindī on the approximation of π, of which the author gives the editio princeps here, throws important new light on al-Kindī's knowledge of mathematics, and on the history of the transmission of The Measurement of the Circle of Archimedes. The author shows that al-Kindī's commentary on the third proposition of the Measurement of the Circle was written before 857, at the same time if not before that of the Banū Mūsā, and that it was one of the sources of the Florence Versions, the Latin commentary on the same proposition.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin E. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
General Overview ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Thought ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Conceptual Relationship

This Introduction takes a broadly focused, global, and comparative view of the concept of embodiment, focusing particularly on some of the ways it has been interpreted outside of the history of European thought. It also provides a general overview of the central concerns and questions of the volume as a whole, such as: What is the historical and conceptual relationship between the idea of embodiment and the idea of subjecthood? Am I who I am principally in virtue of the fact that I have the body I have? Relatedly, what is the relationship of embodiment to being and to individuality? Is embodiment a necessary condition of being? Of being an individual? What are the theological dimensions of embodiment? To what extent has the concept of embodiment been deployed in the history of philosophy to contrast the created world with the state of existence enjoyed by God? What are the normative dimensions of theories of embodiment? To what extent is the problem of embodiment a distinctly western preoccupation?

Basil of Caesarea, Marcellus of Ancyra, and “Sabellius”

1989 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Lienhard
Keyword(s):  
Early Christianity ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cappadocian Fathers

In textbooks on the history of early Christianity Marcellus of Ancyra usually merits one footnote, as the fourth-century oddity refuted by the Creed of Constantinople in the clause “and his kingdom will have no end,” since Marcellus taught that Christ's kingdom would end. But his significance is greater than that. Marcellus enjoyed notoriety in the 330s. Four decades later, in the 370s, opposition to Marcellus had all but ceased. But Basil of Caesarea, the first of the three Cappadocian fathers, campaigned relentlessly against Marcellus and his followers. Basil's virulent opposition to Marcellus still needs interpretation.

Demokratia and Arete in Ancient Greek Political Thought

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Wallach
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Athenian Democracy ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Relationship

This article interprets demokratia and arete as dynamically related terms of political thought in ancient Greek culture, from Homeric times to the end of the classical era. It does so selectively, identifying three stages in which this relationship is developed: (1) from the Homeric to archaic eras; (2) fifth-century Athenian democracy, in which demokratia and arete are posed as complementary terms; and (3) the fourth century era in which philosophers used virtue to critique democracy. Relying mostly on evidence from writers who have become benchmarks in the history of Western political thought, the argument emphasizes the inherently political dimension of arete during this period of ancient Greek culture. Noting different ways in which arete is related to political power in general and democracy in particular, it also illustrates the manner in which arete is neither philosophically pristine nor merely an instrument of practical power. The effect of the research contradicts traditional and recent readings of democracy and virtue as inherently antagonistic. The aim of the article is to identify ancient Greek contributions to understanding the potential, contingencies and dangers of the relationship between democracy (as a form of power) and virtue (as a form of ethics) — one which may benefit both democracy and virtue.

scholarly journals Augustine's Paradigm 'ab exterioribus ad interiora, ab inferioribus ad superiora' in the Western and Eastern Christian Mysticism

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-107
Author(s):  
Alexey Fokin
Keyword(s):  
Christian Spirituality ◽  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
Christian Mysticism ◽  
Eastern Christianity ◽  
Dionysius The Areopagite ◽  
Inner Self ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Theological Thought ◽  
Maximus The Confessor

I argue that St. Augustine of Hippo was the first in the history of Christian spirituality who expressed a key tendency of Christian mysticism, which implies a gradual intellectual ascent of the human soul to God, consisting of the three main stages: external, internal, and supernal. In this ascent a Christian mystic proceeds from the knowledge of external beings to self-knowledge (from outward to inward), and from his inner self to direct mystical contemplation of God (from inward to higher). Similar doctrines may be found in the writings of the Greek Fathers (Great Cappadocians, Dionysius the Areopagite, Maximus the Confessor, etc.). Although there are many similarities in the overall doctrine and in particular details between them, it does not imply the direct impact of Augustine’s theological thought on the Greek Fathers but rather the influence of the Neoplatonic philosophy on both Western and Eastern Christianity, in particular, of Plotinus’ theory of intellectual cognition.

Socrates: A Very Short Introduction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. W. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

Socrates has a unique position in the history of philosophy; had it not been for his influence on Plato, the whole development of Western philosophy might have been unimaginably different. Socrates wrote nothing himself so our knowledge of him is derived primarily from the engaging and infuriating figure who appears in Plato’s dialogues. Socrates: A Very Short Introduction explores Socrates’ life and his philosophical activity, before considering the responses his philosophical doctrines have evoked in the centuries since his death. It examines the relationship between the historical Socrates and the Platonic character, and explores the enduring image of Socrates as the ideal exemplar of the philosophic life.

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