scholarly journals First report of Xanthomonas citri Subsp. Citri causing citrus canker on grape fruit (Citrus paradisi), washington naval (Citrus sinensis), kaghzi limon (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle), lemon (Citrus lim

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (04) ◽  
pp. 1373-1377
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shah Nawaz ul Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Citrus Aurantifolia ◽  
Grape Fruit ◽  
Citrus Maxima

Citrus fruit production is largely affected by different bacterial and fungal pathogens. In Pakistan bacterial diseases like citrus bacterial canker (CBC) pose severe risk to citrus economy. Diagnoses of such diseases could be helpful to avoid the epidemics in nurseries or orchids. In 2011-12, citrus canker symptoms i.e., callus-like outgrowths on leaves and fruits of grape fruit (Citrus paradisi), Washington naval (Citrus sinensis), Kaghzi Limon (Citrus aurantifolia swingle), lemon (Citrus Limon) and pomelo (Citrus maxima) were noticed in Sargodha district of Punjab, Pakistan. Bacteria i.e., yellow mucoid, Xanthomonas- like isolates, were isolated from these lesions. Bacteria isolated from these lesions were cultured and total DNA was isolated. A diagnostic fragment of 581 bp based on rpf genes of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri was amplified, cloned and completely sequenced. BLAST and evolutionary analysis revealed that these isolates show 100% sequence similarity and group with Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri from Argentina (CP023285) and Reunion (CP018858), (CP018854). To our knowledge, this is the first formal report of X. campestris pv. citri pathotypes A on Citrus paradise, Citrus sinensis, Citrus maxima, Citrus Limon and Citrus aurantifolia swingle in Pakistan

Hoạt tính kháng nấm của tinh dầu Citrus trên vi nấm Achlya sp. gây bệnh trên cá lóc

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (CĐ Thủy Sản) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
Đặng Thụy Mai Thy ◽  
Trần Thị Tuyết Hoa ◽  
Nguyễn Trọng Tuân
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Citrus Aurantifolia

Nghiên cứu nhằm khảo sát hoạt tính kháng nấm của tinh dầu Citrus trên vi nấm Achlya sp. Tinh dầu từ vỏ của chanh giấy (Citrus aurantifolia), chanh núm (Citrus limon (L.) Burn.f.1768), bưởi da xanh (Citrus grandis var. Da xanh), bưởi năm roi (Citrus grandis var. Nam roi), cam sành (Citrus nonbillis) và cam mật (Citrus sinensis) được trích ly bằng phương pháp chưng cất lôi cuốn hơi nước. Hoạt tính kháng nấm, nồng độ ức chế tối thiểu (MIC), nồng độ kháng nấm tối thiểu (MFC) của tinh dầu được thực hiện với vi nấm Achlya sp. A.1910 và Achlya sp. A1924 gây bệnh trên cá lóc. Tinh dầu vỏ chanh giấy và vỏ cam mật có hiệu quả kháng nấm Achlya sp. tốt nhất ở nồng độ 0,78 mg/mL sau 24 giờ. Nồng độ MIC của tinh dầu vỏ bưởi năm roi và vỏ chanh núm từ 1,56 – 6,3 mg/mL. Khả năng kháng nấm của các chiết xuất tinh dầu lần lượt là vỏ chanh giấy, vỏ cam mật, vỏ bưởi năm roi và vỏ chanh núm. Sợi nấm Achlya sp. không phát triển khi ngâm trong tinh dầu Citrus ở các nồng độ 100, 50, 25 và 12,5 mg/mL.

scholarly journals BOTANICAL AND GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CITRUS MAXIMA (BURM.) MERRILL. F. RUTACEAE

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. Sedeek ◽  
Farid N. Kirollos ◽  
Camilia G. Michel ◽  
Mostafa A. Abdel Kawy
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Dna Fingerprinting ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Citrus Maxima ◽  
Rapd And Issr ◽  
Combined Data

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Total investigation of the macro-and micromorphological features of <em>Citrus maxima</em> (Burm.) Merrill. In addition, DNA fingerprinting in this study was to estimate genetic polymorphism and relationships with another citrus viz: <em>Citrus paradise</em><strong> </strong>and <em>Citrus sinensis</em> based on RAPD and ISSR markers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For the establishment of macro-and micromorphological investigation and genetic estimation, this study presents a total investigation of the macro-and micromorphological features of the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of the plants through microscopical investigation of the prepared entire, transverse sections and powdered forms of different organs under study. Furthermore, the DNA of the three plants was extracted from leaf samples and two types of DNA markers RAPD and ISSR were assayed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Macro-and micromorphological features of different organs were investigated. On the other hand Genetic polymorphism and relationships among <em>Citrus maxima</em>, <em>Citrus paradisi</em> and <em>Citrus sinensis</em> was revealed. The highest genetic similarity was between <em>Citrus maxima </em>and <em>Citrus paradisi</em> while the lowest similarity was between <em>Citrus paradisi</em> and <em>Citrus sinensis</em> as revealed by RAPD, ISSR and combined data.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>For the present study, macro and micro-morphological characters, as well as, DNA fingerprinting can be considered as the identifying parameters for authentication of <em>Citrus maxima</em> (Burm.) Merrill.</p>

Survival of Xanthomonas citri in the bark tissues of citrus trees

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2629-2635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masao Goto
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Infiltration Technique ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Causal Bacterium

By leaf infiltration technique and by isolation method, the causal bacterium of citrus canker, Xanthomonas citri, was detected from discolored bark tissues of trunks, low scaffold limbs, and lateral branches of adult trees of lemon (Citrus limon, variety Lisbon), Natsudaidai (C. natsudaidai), and Unshu (C. unshu, variety Sugiyama). The pathogen was detected from 32% of the bark tissues taken from lemon trees, 15% from Natsudaidai, and 10% from Unshu. These isolation frequencies as well as the bacterial populations detected from the tissues correlated with degree of susceptibility of the twigs to citrus canker. Such discolored bark areas were considered to be the old canker lesions formed on the twigs in the seedling stage. In Unshu trees, the bacterium was also detected with high frequency but low populations from 6-month- to 3-year-old healthy-appearing green twigs, although any visible symptoms were not subsequently produced on them. In recovery experiments, large numbers of X. citri cells were isolated 3 years after inoculation, from the bark of the trunk of a 12-year-old lemon tree.

scholarly journals First Report of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri Pathotype A Causing Asiatic Citrus Canker on Grapefruit and Mexican Lime in Senegal

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1311-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Leduc ◽  
C. Vernière ◽  
C. Boyer ◽  
K. Vital ◽  
O. Pruvost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insertion Sequence ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Mexican Lime ◽  
Dna Fragment

In February 2010, grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and Mexican lime (C. aurantifolia) leaves with erumpent callus-like lesions were collected in Senegal in the Sebikotane area between Dakar and Thies. Similar symptoms have been observed by local farmers since 2008, and lesions were morphologically similar to those of citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Asiatic canker) and X. citri pv. aurantifolii (South American canker). Lesions were primarily reported from grapefruit (cv. Shambar), which is the most frequent citrus species produced in this area, and Mexican lime, which is also commonly grown. Both species are very susceptible to X. citri pv. citri pathotype A, and Mexican lime is susceptible to X. citri pv. citri pathotype A* and X. citri pv. aurantifolii (4). Fifteen Xanthomonas-like strains were isolated from disease samples using KC semiselective medium (3). PCR with primer pair 4/7 (2) revealed that all the Senegalese strains and the X. citri pv. citri strain CFBP 2525 from New Zealand, used as a positive control, generated the expected DNA fragment, whereas no fragment was observed for negative controls (distilled water instead of the template). Insertion sequence ligation-mediated (IS-LM)-PCR analysis (1) of X. citri pv. citri strains from Senegal and reference strains of X. citri pv. citri pathotypes A and A* (1), with MspI and four primer pairs (unlabelled MspI primer and four 5′-labelled insertion sequence-specific primers targeting three IS elements), indicated that the strains from Senegal were related to X. citri pv. citri but not to pv. aurantifolii. They were closely related to X. citri pv. citri pathotype A strains, with a broad host range, present in the Indian subcontinent and Mali (C. Vernière, unpublished data). Multilocus sequence analysis of four partial housekeeping gene sequences (atpD, dnaK, efp, and gyrB) confirmed that four Senegalese strains were not related to X. citri pv. aurantifolii and showed a full sequence identity to X. citri pv. citri sequence type ST3 (2), fully consistent with IS-LM-PCR. Using a detached leaf assay (4), Duncan grapefruit, Pineapple sweet orange, and Mexican lime leaves inoculated with all strains from Senegal developed typical erumpent, callus-like tissue at wound sites 2 weeks after the inoculations. Xanthomonas-like colonies were reisolated and PCR amplification with the primer pair 4/7 produced the same 468-nt DNA fragment. This represents the fourth outbreak of citrus canker reported from Africa within the last 5 years, the other documented reports were from Ethiopia (2007) and Mali and Somalia (2008). High disease prevalence was observed in Senegal with incidence exceeding 90% in the orchards where lime and grapefruit were infected for 3 years, indicating the suitability of environmental conditions in this region for the development of Asiatic citrus canker. The origin of the inoculum associated with the reported canker outbreak in Senegal is currently unknown and the precise distribution of the pathogen needs to be thoroughly assessed. To our knowledge, this is the first documented report of the presence of Asiatic citrus canker in Senegal and this occurrence increases the threat to citriculture in West Africa. References: (1) L. Bui Thi Ngoc et al. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 288:33, 2008. (2) L. Bui Thi Ngoc et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60:515, 2010. (3) O. Pruvost et al. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:803, 2005. (4) C. Vernière et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104:477, 1998.

scholarly journals Effect of Cooking Temperature on Biochemical Characteristics, Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial Potential of Seed Extracts of Assam, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-462
Author(s):  
Sony Kumari ◽  
Rabbul Ibne A. Ahad ◽  
Mobina Ahmed ◽  
Dhanapriya Moirangthem ◽  
Drishtirupa Phukan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Extract ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Citrus Aurantifolia ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cooking Temperature ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Citrus Maxima ◽  
Citrus Limetta ◽  
Seed Extracts

The present study investigated the effects of cooking temperature on the biochemical characteristics, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of three different seeds of Citrus fruits (Citrus limon, Citrus limetta, Citrus maxima and Citrus aurantifolia) collected from Assam, India. Total soluble sugar (72 mg/mL) were highest in Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol seed extract before heating and 50 mg/mL in Citrus limon hydro-methanol, Citrus limetta hydro-methanol and Citrus maxima hydro-methanol seed extract after heating. Total soluble proteins before and after heating were highest 82 mg/mL and 88 mg/mL in Citrus limon 2 propanol seed extract. Free amino acid contents before and after heating were highest (62 µg/mL in Citrus limon hydro-propanol) and (40 µg/mL in Citrus limon hydro-methanol) and free fatty acids were 29.2 µg/mL and 23 µg/mL in Citrus maxima methanol extract, respectively. H2O2 scavenging activity before and after heating were highest in Citrus aurantifolia propanol (59%) and in Citrus limon (67%), respectively. Total antioxidant capacity was found highest in Citrus maxima hydro propanol (92.5%) before heating and in Citrus aurantifolia 2-propanol (65%) after heating. Antimicrobial activity of the seed extracts was studied on B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa and minimum inhibitory concentration of the four Citrus fruits was determined. MIC of the different seed extracts was observed for 100% (v/v), 75% (v/v), 50% (v/v) and 25% (v/v) against three test microbes viz. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. For Bacillus subtilis, the MIC was found to be at 100%, 100%, 75%, and 75% to the extract of Citrus aurantifolia hydro 2-propanol, Citrus limon methanol, Citrus limetta hydro 2 propanol and Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol, respectively. For E. coli, the MIC was found to be at 100%, 75%, 100% and 100% for Citrus aurantifolia hydro 2-propanol, Citrus limon hydro 2-propanol, Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol and Citrus limetta hydro 2 propanol, respectively. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MIC was found to be at 100%, 100%, 75% and 50% for Citrus aurantifolia methanol, Citrus limon methanol, Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol and Citrus limetta hydro 2 propanol, respectively.

scholarly journals Citrus Essential Oils: A Suite of Insecticidal Compounds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bulbuli Khanikor ◽  
Kamal Adhikari ◽  
Bikash Rabha
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Fumigant Toxicity ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Citrus Maxima ◽  
Citrus Essential Oils ◽  
North Eastern Part

Citrus essential oils (CEOs) and their constituent compounds are being reported to have multifarious activities. In this chapter an attempt is made to discuss the insecticidal activities, as well as CEO profile of different vegetative part of Citrus species and biocidal potentiality of their constituent compounds against diverse insect pests. It is observed that in most of the CEO constituent profile, limonene is the major constituent compound. Other important constituents present in different percentages in different CEOs are β-citronellal, linalool, pinene, β- caryophyllene, β-myrcene, terpinene, citral etc. These plant EO constituents are reported to have insecticidal effects against diverse insect species. Taking the four peel EOs of Citrus limon, Citrus paradisi, Citrus medica, Citrus maxima commonly grown in North Eastern part of India, study on their insecticidal effects against Dolichoderus affinis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) was made and result is presented showing higher fumigant toxicity of C. medica and C. limon oil against the ant sp. With the increasing awareness for using safe insecticidal products among consumers, the citrus EOs with their attracting terpene compounds having good insecticidal potency bear all attributes to be used as commercial green pesticides in coming days both in indoor and outdoor management of insect pests.

scholarly journals A Genomic and Transcriptomic Overview of MATE, ABC, and MFS Transporters in Citrus sinensis Interaction with Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria H. M. Julião ◽  
Saura R. Silva ◽  
Jesus A. Ferro ◽  
Alessandro M. Varani
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Membrane Transporters ◽  
Major Facilitator Superfamily ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Mfs Transporters

The multi-antimicrobial extrusion (MATE), ATP-binding cassette (ABC), and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) are the main plant transporters families, playing an essential role in the membrane-trafficking network and plant-defense mechanism. The citrus canker type A (CC), is a devastating disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xac), affecting all citrus species. In this work, we performed an in silico analysis of genes and transcripts from MATE, ABC, and MFS families to infer the role of membrane transporters in Citrus-Xac interaction. Using as reference, the available Citrus sinensis genome and the citrus reference transcriptome from CitrusKB database, 67 MATE, 91 MFS, and 143 ABC genes and 82 MATE, 139 MFS, and 226 ABC transcripts were identified and classified into subfamilies. Duplications, alternative-splicing, and potentially non-transcribed transporters’ genes were revealed. Interestingly, MATE I and ABC G subfamilies appear differently regulated during Xac infection. Furthermore, Citrus spp. showing distinct levels of CC susceptibility exhibited different sets of transporters transcripts, supporting dissimilar molecular patterns of membrane transporters in Citrus-Xac interaction. According to our findings, 4 MATE, 10 ABC, and 3 MFS are potentially related to plant-defense mechanisms. Overall, this work provides an extensive analysis of MATE, ABC, and MFS transporters’ in Citrus-Xac interaction, bringing new insights on membrane transporters in plant-pathogen interactions.

scholarly journals Composição mineral de frutos cítricos na colheita

Bragantia ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondino C. Bataglia ◽  
Ody Rodriguez ◽  
Rúter Hiroce ◽  
José Romano Gallo ◽  
Pedro Roberto Furlani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Citrus Aurantifolia

Foram amostrados à época de colheita, na Estação Experimental de Limeira, do Instituto Agronômico, frutos cítricos de nove cultivares comerciais pertencentes a diferentes espécies: Citrus sinensis - "baianinha", "hamlin", "pêra", "natal" e "valência"; Citrus reticulata -"cravo"; Citrus paradisi - "marsh-seedless"; Citrus aurantifolia - "taiti"; híbrido Citrus sinensis X Citrus reticnlata -"murcote". Os frutos foram fracionados em casca, polpa mais suco, e sementes. No material seco e moído, procederam-se às determinações dos treze elementos essenciais às plantas e mais sódio, alumínio e cobalto. As quantidades de nutrientes extraídas por tonelada de fruto fresco foram calculadas com base nas proporções e teores de umidade das partes dos frutos. Os nove cultivares estudados extraíram as seguintes quantidades médias de elementos em gramas por tonelada de fruto fresco: N-1.906; P-173; K-1.513; Ca-526; Mg-127; S-137; B-2,2; Cl-24,7; Cu-1,2; Fé-6,6; Mn-2,8; Mo-0,008; Zn-0,9; Co-0,003; Na-43,5; Al-7,6. Os dados obtidos são semelhantes aos encontrados na literatura de outros países para os citros em geral. Há, no entanto, quase sempre, uma inversão na relação nitrogênio-potássio. Os cultivares com maior capacidade de extração de macro e micronutrientes foram as laranjas natal e valência, e o de menor capacidade, o limoeiro taiti. As sementes em geral contiveram os maiores teores de nutrientes, porém a sua ocorrência nos frutos é em pequena proporção, atingindo o máximo de 3% na tangerina-cravo.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KEKERABATAN FENETIK 7 SPESIES JERUK DI DATARAN TINGGI BENER MERIAH

Jurnal Jeumpa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 545-553
Author(s):  
Aulia Agustina ◽  
Hasanuddin Hasanuddin
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Dissimilarity Index ◽  
Citrus Aurantifolia ◽  
Citrus Maxima ◽  
Phenetic Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of

The study about “Phenetic Relationship of 7 Species of Orange Plants in BenerMeriah Highlands” was inducted back in August until September 2017. The aim of this study is to describe the morphological characterization of 7 species of orange plants in BenerMeriah highlands and to understand the phenetic relationship of 7 species of oranges plant in BenerMeriah highlands. The method used in this study was observation with the type of mixture between qualitative and quantitative. The subjects of this study are 7 species of orange plants, namely: a) Citrus reticulata; b) Citrus amblycarpa; c) Citrus hystrix; d) Citrus nobilis; e) Citrus maxima; f) Citrus sinensis; and g) Citrus aurantifolia. The parameters of this study were the morphological characteristic of stems, leaves, fruits and flowers. The collected data were analyzed descriptively, where the similarities were measured using Similarity Index (SI) and the dissimilarities were measured using Dissimilarity Index (DI) to classify the total of 7 species of orange plants using cluster analysis. According to the morphological characteristics, it could be concluded that there are several differences and similarities among the 7 species of orange plants found in BenerMeriah Regency. The combination of Citrus hystrix with Citrus aurantifolia have the closest phenetic relationship, which have 66 of SI. The other combinations that also have close phenetic relationship are Citrus hystrix with Citrus maxima and Citrus nobilis with Citrus sinensis. The pheneticrelationship that have the highest DI is the combination of Citrus amblycarpa with Citrus maxima, which have 88 of DI

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