scholarly journals Effect of Cooking Temperature on Biochemical Characteristics, Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial Potential of Seed Extracts of Assam, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-462
Author(s):  
Sony Kumari ◽  
Rabbul Ibne A. Ahad ◽  
Mobina Ahmed ◽  
Dhanapriya Moirangthem ◽  
Drishtirupa Phukan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Extract ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Citrus Aurantifolia ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cooking Temperature ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Citrus Maxima ◽  
Citrus Limetta ◽  
Seed Extracts

The present study investigated the effects of cooking temperature on the biochemical characteristics, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of three different seeds of Citrus fruits (Citrus limon, Citrus limetta, Citrus maxima and Citrus aurantifolia) collected from Assam, India. Total soluble sugar (72 mg/mL) were highest in Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol seed extract before heating and 50 mg/mL in Citrus limon hydro-methanol, Citrus limetta hydro-methanol and Citrus maxima hydro-methanol seed extract after heating. Total soluble proteins before and after heating were highest 82 mg/mL and 88 mg/mL in Citrus limon 2 propanol seed extract. Free amino acid contents before and after heating were highest (62 µg/mL in Citrus limon hydro-propanol) and (40 µg/mL in Citrus limon hydro-methanol) and free fatty acids were 29.2 µg/mL and 23 µg/mL in Citrus maxima methanol extract, respectively. H2O2 scavenging activity before and after heating were highest in Citrus aurantifolia propanol (59%) and in Citrus limon (67%), respectively. Total antioxidant capacity was found highest in Citrus maxima hydro propanol (92.5%) before heating and in Citrus aurantifolia 2-propanol (65%) after heating. Antimicrobial activity of the seed extracts was studied on B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa and minimum inhibitory concentration of the four Citrus fruits was determined. MIC of the different seed extracts was observed for 100% (v/v), 75% (v/v), 50% (v/v) and 25% (v/v) against three test microbes viz. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. For Bacillus subtilis, the MIC was found to be at 100%, 100%, 75%, and 75% to the extract of Citrus aurantifolia hydro 2-propanol, Citrus limon methanol, Citrus limetta hydro 2 propanol and Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol, respectively. For E. coli, the MIC was found to be at 100%, 75%, 100% and 100% for Citrus aurantifolia hydro 2-propanol, Citrus limon hydro 2-propanol, Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol and Citrus limetta hydro 2 propanol, respectively. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MIC was found to be at 100%, 100%, 75% and 50% for Citrus aurantifolia methanol, Citrus limon methanol, Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol and Citrus limetta hydro 2 propanol, respectively.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Antibacterial Activity of Juice and Peel Extract of Citrus Fruits

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 82-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisha Shakya ◽  
Bhawana Luitel ◽  
Pragati Kumari ◽  
Ritu Devkota ◽  
Puspa Raj Dahal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Peel Extract

Objectives: This study was aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of peel and juice extracts of citrus fruits. Methods: The antibacterial activity of juice and peel extract of five selected citrus fruits [C1- Citrus reticulata (mandarin orange), C2- Citrus limetta (sweet lime), C3- Citrus aurantifolia (lime), C4- Citrus limon (lemon) and C5- Citrus maxima (pommelo)] on three Gram positive and five Gram negative bacterial strains were examined. The juice and peel extract of citrus fruits was obtained by using absolute ethanol. The obtained extracts were dissolved in 1ml 10% v/v DMSO which was taken to carry out the antibacterial susceptibility assay using agar well diffusion method. Results: The peel extracts of C1 and C2 were found to be more effective against the given Gram-positive bacteria than the juice extracts with maximum zone of inhibition (20.33±1.527) and (15.33±0.577) against Bacillus spp respectively. While the juice extracts of C3 and C4 were more effective against both Gram positive and negative bacteria than their peel extracts with maximum zone of inhibition (26.66±1.15) against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and (20±1) against E. coli ATCC 25922 respectively. The juice extract of C5 was found to be more effective against both Gram positive and negative bacteria than its peel extract with maximum zone of inhibition (18.66±1.154) against E. coli ATCC 25922 except for Bacillus spp in which peel extract showed maximum zone of inhibition i.e. (15±1) Conclusion: This study suggests that these juice and peel extracts may have beneficial antibacterial roles that can be exploited in controlling unwanted bacterial growth.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the role of Shodhana (Purification) process in Croton tiglium seeds for reduction of toxic content

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-575
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar Meena ◽  
Poorna Venkataraman ◽  
Ravindra Singh ◽  
Kusuma Ganji ◽  
Murali Krishna C ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Croton Tiglium ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Detoxification Process ◽  
Seed Extracts

In Ayurvedic texts, Jayapala or croton tiglium seeds are well known as khumbini for its toxicity (severe purgative action) and are used for the treatment of constipation after shodhana (detoxification) of the seed with godugdha (cow milk). The oil content of the seeds was responsible for the purgative property, and its reduction enhances its medicinal usage. The presence of Crotonoside or iso-guanosine in seed extract was identified in HPTLC and quantified using high pressure liquid chromatography technique both before and after the purification process of the seed. The phytochemicals and physicochemical parameters of seeds were analyzed to find the level of changes in the processed seeds. The other chemical constituents of the seed extracts are studied using different techniques like HPTLC, HPLC, LC-MS, and GC-MS. The study has revealed that the detoxification process, as per classical texts, has shown an effective depletion in the quantity of crotonoside in processed seeds.

scholarly journals First report of Xanthomonas citri Subsp. Citri causing citrus canker on grape fruit (Citrus paradisi), washington naval (Citrus sinensis), kaghzi limon (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle), lemon (Citrus lim

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (04) ◽  
pp. 1373-1377
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shah Nawaz ul Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Citrus Aurantifolia ◽  
Grape Fruit ◽  
Citrus Maxima

Citrus fruit production is largely affected by different bacterial and fungal pathogens. In Pakistan bacterial diseases like citrus bacterial canker (CBC) pose severe risk to citrus economy. Diagnoses of such diseases could be helpful to avoid the epidemics in nurseries or orchids. In 2011-12, citrus canker symptoms i.e., callus-like outgrowths on leaves and fruits of grape fruit (Citrus paradisi), Washington naval (Citrus sinensis), Kaghzi Limon (Citrus aurantifolia swingle), lemon (Citrus Limon) and pomelo (Citrus maxima) were noticed in Sargodha district of Punjab, Pakistan. Bacteria i.e., yellow mucoid, Xanthomonas- like isolates, were isolated from these lesions. Bacteria isolated from these lesions were cultured and total DNA was isolated. A diagnostic fragment of 581 bp based on rpf genes of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri was amplified, cloned and completely sequenced. BLAST and evolutionary analysis revealed that these isolates show 100% sequence similarity and group with Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri from Argentina (CP023285) and Reunion (CP018858), (CP018854). To our knowledge, this is the first formal report of X. campestris pv. citri pathotypes A on Citrus paradise, Citrus sinensis, Citrus maxima, Citrus Limon and Citrus aurantifolia swingle in Pakistan

A Comparison of Hand Washing Techniques To Remove Escherichia coli and Caliciviruses under Natural or Artificial Fingernails

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2296-2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHIA-MIN LIN ◽  
FONE-MAO WU ◽  
HOI-KYUNG KIM ◽  
MICHAEL P. DOYLE ◽  
BARRY S. MICHAELS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Liquid Soap ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hand Sanitizer ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Escherichia Coli Jm109 ◽  
Viral Indicators

Compared with other parts of the hand, the area beneath fingernails harbors the most microorganisms and is most difficult to clean. Artificial fingernails, which are usually long and polished, reportedly harbor higher microbial populations than natural nails. Hence, the efficacy of different hand washing methods for removing microbes from natural and artificial fingernails was evaluated. Strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli JM109 and feline calicivirus (FCV) strain F9 were used as bacterial and viral indicators, respectively. Volunteers with artificial or natural nails were artificially contaminated with ground beef containing E. coli JM109 or artificial feces containing FCV. Volunteers washed their hands with tap water, regular liquid soap, antibacterial liquid soap, alcohol-based hand sanitizer gel, regular liquid soap followed by alcohol gel, or regular liquid soap plus a nailbrush. The greatest reduction of inoculated microbial populations was obtained by washing with liquid soap plus a nailbrush, and the least reduction was obtained by rubbing hands with alcohol gel. Lower but not significantly different (P > 0.05) reductions of E. coli and FCV counts were obtained from beneath artificial than from natural fingernails. However, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher E. coli and FCV counts were recovered from hands with artificial nails than from natural nails before and after hand washing. In addition, microbial cell numbers were correlated with fingernail length, with greater numbers beneath fingernails with longer nails. These results indicate that best practices for fingernail sanitation of food handlers are to maintain short fingernails and scrub fingernails with soap and a nailbrush when washing hands.

scholarly journals Screening of some Leguminosae seeds for nematicidal activity

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uma R Khurma ◽  
Anupama Mangotra
Keyword(s):  
Seed Extract ◽  
Sesbania Sesban ◽  
Nematode Control ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Cassia Fistula ◽  
Pongamia Glabra ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Seed Extracts

Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are the major nematode pests of economic crops worldwide. Use of conventional nematicides has been one of the most effective methods to reduce their populations. However, the ban on many effective nematicides in recent past has necessitated the search for alternative sources of effective and ecofriendly chemicals for nematode control. The nematicidal potential of fifteen Leguminosae seeds (wild and cultivated) was assessed, in vitro, against juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood. Each standard aqueous seed extract, 25g/100ml (w/v), was evaluated at dilutions, 1:10, 1:20, and 1:40 at 27+1�C for 24 hours. The majority of seed extracts caused high mortality rates, especially in 1:10 concentration. Trigonella foenum graceum, Sesbania sesban, Albizzia lebbak, Cassia fistula and Pongamia glabra were the most efficacious (above 90% mortality). S. sesban and P. glabra were significantly effective even in the lowest concentration (1:40).

Multiplex Quantitative PCR Assays for the Detection and Quantification of the Six Major Non-O157 Escherichia coli Serogroups in Cattle Feces†

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. SHRIDHAR ◽  
L. W. NOLL ◽  
X. SHI ◽  
B. AN ◽  
N. CERNICCHIARO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cattle Feces ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, called non-O157 STEC, are important foodborne pathogens. Cattle, a major reservoir, harbor the organisms in the hindgut and shed them in the feces. Although limited data exist on fecal shedding, concentrations of non-O157 STEC in feces have not been reported. The objectives of our study were (i) to develop and validate two multiplex quantitative PCR (mqPCR) assays, targeting O-antigen genes of O26, O103, and O111 (mqPCR-1) and O45, O121, and O145 (mqPCR-2); (ii) to utilize the two assays, together with a previously developed four-plex qPCR assay (mqPCR-3) targeting the O157 antigen and three virulence genes (stx1, stx2, and eae), to quantify seven serogroups and three virulence genes in cattle feces; and (iii) to compare the three mqPCR assays to a 10-plex conventional PCR (cPCR) targeting seven serogroups and three virulence genes and culture methods to detect seven E. coli serogroups in cattle feces. The two mqPCR assays (1 and 2) were shown to be specific to the target genes, and the detection limits were 4 and 2 log CFU/g of pure culture–spiked fecal samples, before and after enrichment, respectively. A total of 576 fecal samples collected from a feedlot were enriched in E. coli broth and were subjected to quantification (before enrichment) and detection (after enrichment). Of the 576 fecal samples subjected, before enrichment, to three mqPCR assays for quantification, 175 (30.4%) were quantifiable (≥4 log CFU/g) for at least one of the seven serogroups, with O157 being the most common serogroup. The three mqPCR assays detected higher proportions of postenriched fecal samples (P < 0.01) as positive for one or more serogroups compared with cPCR and culture methods. This is the first study to assess the applicability of qPCR assays to detect and quantify six non-O157 serogroups in cattle feces and to generate data on fecal concentration of the six serogroups.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS AND METHANOLIC SEED EXTRACTS OF CITRULLUS LANATUS

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Iswariya S. ◽  
Uma T. S.
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Seed Extracts

Objective: The present study was designed to identify the bioactive phytochemicals and its antibacterial and in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous and methanolic seed extract of Citrullus lanatus.Methods: The phytochemical screening of both the aqueous and methanolic seed extract was carried out qualitatively to identify the major Phyto-constituents present in the extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated against six pathogenic bacterial strains by agar well diffusion method and the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth dilution method. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of C. lanatus seed extracts was evaluated by using human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and inhibition of albumin denaturation method.Results: The results of the study indicated that both the extracts of the seed having antimicrobial activity, while the methanolic extract showed more significant activity against the tested organism than aqueous extract. Methanol extract had the lowest MIC of 1.562 mg/ml against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, whereas in aqueous extract was highly sensitive to Bacillus subtilis, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia with MIC of 3.125 and 6.25 mg/ml, respectively. Methanolic extracts exerted comparative higher anti-inflammatory activity than aqueous extract.Conclusion: Present study provides a firm evidence to support that the synergistic effect of C. lanatus seed extracts having potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial property, which might serve as an effective drug for various microbial infections and inflammatory disorders.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Efficacy of Abrus Precatorius Seed Extracts on Hep2c Cells and its Inhibitory Efficacy with Receptors of Cervical Carcinoma

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amritpal Kaur ◽  
Yash Sharma ◽  
Kamran Waidha ◽  
Madhumita P Ghosh ◽  
Anoop Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Herbal Remedy ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Cervix Carcinoma ◽  
Abrus Precatorius ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Seed Extracts

Abstract Abrus precatorius is a widely distributed tropical medicinal plant with several therapeutic properties, however its seed extract has not been studied against cervical cancer (CaCx) till date. Herein, we have assessed the antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of A. precatorius seed extracts (ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol) prepared from different extraction methods (Soxhlet and maceration) against human cervix carcinoma cells (Hep2C). We observed a significantly higher total flavonoid content of APE (sox) i.e.,112.7±0.127 mg Quercetin Equivalent/g of extract than others; total phenolic content of APA (mac) seed extract was higher i.e.,108.53±0.089 mg Quercetin Equivalent/g of extract and total tannin content of APA (sox) was higher i.e., 98.98± 0.011 mg tannic acid equivalents/g of extract. In addition, tannic acid, rutin and piperine were identified in extracts by HPLC. Furthermore, APA (sox) exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 14.49±0.93µg/ml. APE (mac) showed the most significant antiproliferative activity with IC50 value of 85.90±0.93µg/mL against Hep2c cells. SOD and GST activity was observed as highest in the APA(Mac) extract whereas the catalase activity and GSH content was maximum in the APE(Mac) extract. Further, the MDA content was observed to be the least in APE(Mac) extracts. Docking results suggested maximum binding energy between tannic acid and Her2 receptor compared to doxorubicin (standard). This study provides evidence that A. precatorius seed extracts possess promising bioactive compounds with probable anticancer and antioxidant properties against CaCx which might be utilized as a possible herbal remedy aimed at restricting tumor growth.

scholarly journals Blue light is a universal tactic signal forEscherichia coli

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana Perlova ◽  
Martin Gruebele ◽  
Yann R. Chemla
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Proton Motive Force ◽  
Motive Force ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Swimming Bacteria

AbstractBlue light has been shown to elicit a tumbling response inE. coli, a non-phototrophic bacterium. The exact mechanism of this phototactic response is still unknown, and its biological significance remains unclear. Here, we quantify phototaxis inE. coliby analyzing single-cell trajectories in populations of free-swimming bacteria before and after light exposure. Bacterial strains expressing only one type of chemoreceptor reveal that all fiveE. colireceptors - Aer, Tar, Tsr, Tap and Trg - are capable of mediating a response to light. In particular, light exposure elicits a running response in Tap-only strain, the opposite of the tumbling response observed for all other strains. Light therefore emerges as a universal stimulus for allE. colichemoreceptors. We also show that blue light exposure causes a reversible decrease in swimming velocity, a proxy for proton motive force. We hypothesize that rather than sensing light directly, chemoreceptors sense light-induced perturbations in proton motive force.ImportanceOur findings provide new insights on the mechanism ofE. coliphototaxis, showing that all five chemoreceptor types respond to light and that their interactions play an important role in cell behavior. Our results also open up new avenues for examining and manipulatingE. colitaxis. Since light is a universal stimulus, it may provide a way to quantify interactions between different types of receptors. Since light is easier to control spatially and temporally than chemicals, it may be used to study swimming behavior in complex environments. Since phototaxis can cause migration ofE. colibacteria in light gradients, light may be used to control bacterial density for studying density-dependent processes in bacteria.

scholarly journals In vitro antioxidant and antidiarrheal activities of aqueous and n-hexane extracts of Cucurbita maxima seed in castor oil-induced diarrheal rats

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habibu Tijjani ◽  
Adamu Matinja ◽  
Marwanatu Yahya ◽  
Emmanuel Aondofa ◽  
Akibu Sani
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Seed Extracts

Diarrhea is a common health complaint occurring with mild, temporary conditions to a potentially life-threatening condition. <i>Cucurbita maxima</i> (Cucurbitaceae) seed is reportedly used traditionally for the treatment of diarrheal and thus this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidants, total tannins, phenolics contents, and antidiarrheal potentials of <i>n</i>-hexane and aqueous <i>C. maxima</i> seed extracts in castor oil induced diarrheal rats. The <i>n</i>-hexane extract mainly contains oils while the aqueous extract was thick, brown solid. The aqueous and <i>n</i>-hexane seed extract of <i>C. maxima</i> expressed significant 2,2, diphenyl-1-picrythdrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities at 6.25 – 1000 mg/mL with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 104.01 mg/mL, 29.27 mg/mL and 26.78 mg/mL for <i>n</i>-hexane, aqueous and vitamin C respectively. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of the <i>n</i>-hexane and aqueous seed extract of <i>C. maxima</i> were significantly lower at higher concentrations compared with that of vitamin C. Furthermore, the total antioxidant capacities of <i>n</i>-hexane (22.08mg/mL) and aqueous seed extract (11.03 mg/mL) of <i>C. maxima</i> were found to be higher than that of vitamin C (134.46 mg/mL). The aqueous extracts (658.33±380.08 mg QE/g) total tannins were not significantly different from the <i>n</i>-hexane extract (468.33±102.55 mg QE/g) while the <i>n</i>-hexane extract contains significantly higher total phenolics (2.93±1.25 mg GAE/g) compared with the aqueous extract (0.19±0.04 mg GAE/g). Percentage inhibition of stooling was found to be 57±22%, 41±16%, and 46±11% for loperamide, <i>n</i>-hexane, and aqueous respectively. The study concludes that aqueous and n-hexane seed extracts of <i>C. maxima</i> (pumpkin) possess in vitro antioxidant activities and antidiarrheal properties.

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