scholarly journals A Genomic and Transcriptomic Overview of MATE, ABC, and MFS Transporters in Citrus sinensis Interaction with Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria H. M. Julião ◽  
Saura R. Silva ◽  
Jesus A. Ferro ◽  
Alessandro M. Varani
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Membrane Transporters ◽  
Major Facilitator Superfamily ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Mfs Transporters

The multi-antimicrobial extrusion (MATE), ATP-binding cassette (ABC), and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) are the main plant transporters families, playing an essential role in the membrane-trafficking network and plant-defense mechanism. The citrus canker type A (CC), is a devastating disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xac), affecting all citrus species. In this work, we performed an in silico analysis of genes and transcripts from MATE, ABC, and MFS families to infer the role of membrane transporters in Citrus-Xac interaction. Using as reference, the available Citrus sinensis genome and the citrus reference transcriptome from CitrusKB database, 67 MATE, 91 MFS, and 143 ABC genes and 82 MATE, 139 MFS, and 226 ABC transcripts were identified and classified into subfamilies. Duplications, alternative-splicing, and potentially non-transcribed transporters’ genes were revealed. Interestingly, MATE I and ABC G subfamilies appear differently regulated during Xac infection. Furthermore, Citrus spp. showing distinct levels of CC susceptibility exhibited different sets of transporters transcripts, supporting dissimilar molecular patterns of membrane transporters in Citrus-Xac interaction. According to our findings, 4 MATE, 10 ABC, and 3 MFS are potentially related to plant-defense mechanisms. Overall, this work provides an extensive analysis of MATE, ABC, and MFS transporters’ in Citrus-Xac interaction, bringing new insights on membrane transporters in plant-pathogen interactions.

scholarly journals Reaction of detached leaves from different varieties of sweet orange to inoculation with Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Maria Orbolato Gonçalves-Zuliani ◽  
Kátia Aparecida Kern Cardoso ◽  
José Belasque Junior ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Zanutto ◽  
Heraldo Takao Hashiguti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Resistance To Infection

ABSTRACT Citrus genotypes show a broad range of resistance to infection with Xanthomonas citri subsp citri (Xcc), the causal agent of Asiatic citrus canker (ACC). The aim of this study was to evaluate a detached leaf inoculation method to compare nine different citrus genotypes that exhibit varied resistance levels to ACC, and to evaluate infection, colonization and symptom development of the varieties by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Inoculation of Xcc in the leaves was carried out by producing injuries with needles. Lesion diameters were measured at 7, 10 and 13 days after inoculation (DAI). The variety Pera IAC was most resistant to the pathogen and had lesions with smaller diameters, while the variety Washington was most susceptible and had the largest lesions, indicating low resistance to Xcc. SEM images were taken from the lesion development, and sections were obtained from the disease lesions in the tested varieties. The most resistant variety, Pera IAC, had smaller stomatal openings and produced greater quantity of foliar exudates, compared with the variety Washington. We hypothesize that the exudates may contain Xcc toxic compounds and thus may be a defense mechanism against infection by Xcc, but further research is required to establish any antibiotic effects of the exudates against citrus canker.

scholarly journals First report of Xanthomonas citri Subsp. Citri causing citrus canker on grape fruit (Citrus paradisi), washington naval (Citrus sinensis), kaghzi limon (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle), lemon (Citrus lim

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (04) ◽  
pp. 1373-1377
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shah Nawaz ul Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Citrus Aurantifolia ◽  
Grape Fruit ◽  
Citrus Maxima

Citrus fruit production is largely affected by different bacterial and fungal pathogens. In Pakistan bacterial diseases like citrus bacterial canker (CBC) pose severe risk to citrus economy. Diagnoses of such diseases could be helpful to avoid the epidemics in nurseries or orchids. In 2011-12, citrus canker symptoms i.e., callus-like outgrowths on leaves and fruits of grape fruit (Citrus paradisi), Washington naval (Citrus sinensis), Kaghzi Limon (Citrus aurantifolia swingle), lemon (Citrus Limon) and pomelo (Citrus maxima) were noticed in Sargodha district of Punjab, Pakistan. Bacteria i.e., yellow mucoid, Xanthomonas- like isolates, were isolated from these lesions. Bacteria isolated from these lesions were cultured and total DNA was isolated. A diagnostic fragment of 581 bp based on rpf genes of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri was amplified, cloned and completely sequenced. BLAST and evolutionary analysis revealed that these isolates show 100% sequence similarity and group with Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri from Argentina (CP023285) and Reunion (CP018858), (CP018854). To our knowledge, this is the first formal report of X. campestris pv. citri pathotypes A on Citrus paradise, Citrus sinensis, Citrus maxima, Citrus Limon and Citrus aurantifolia swingle in Pakistan

scholarly journals Revisiting the Specificity of PCR Primers for Diagnostics of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri by Experimental and In Silico Analyses

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzy Delcourt ◽  
Christian Vernière ◽  
Claudine Boyer ◽  
Olivier Pruvost ◽  
Bruno Hostachy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Strain Collection ◽  
New Findings

Asiatic citrus canker disease, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, seriously impacts citrus production worldwide. Two pathogenic variants, A and A*/Aw, have been described within this pathovar. Two additional pathovars of X. citri with a limited geographic distribution and reduced pathogenicity, namely X. citri pvs. aurantifolii and bilvae, are also pathogenic to citrus and some rutaceous species. Rapid and reliable identification is required for these citrus pathogens, which are classified as a quarantine organism in citrus-producing countries. The specificity of nine polymerase chain reaction primers previously designed for the identification of X. citri pv. citri or citrus bacterial canker strains (both pvs. citri and aurantifolii) was assayed on a large strain collection (n = 87), including the two pathotypes of X. citri pv. citri, other genetic related or unrelated pathogenic xanthomonads, and saprophytic xanthomonads. This study gave congruent results with the original articles when testing the same strains or pathovars but the use of a broad inclusivity and exclusivity panel of strains highlighted new findings. Particularly, primers 2/3, 4/7, and KingF/R failed to provide amplification for three strains from the pathotype A*/Aw. Moreover, all pairs of primers detected at least one non-target strain. These data were supported by in silico analysis of the DNA sequences available from National Center for Biotechnology Information databases.

scholarly journals Expression of Xylella fastidiosa RpfF in Citrus Disrupts Signaling in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and Thereby Its Virulence

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1241-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Caserta ◽  
S. C. Picchi ◽  
M. A. Takita ◽  
J. P. Tomaz ◽  
W. E. L. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Diffusible Signal Factor ◽  
Transgenic Citrus

Xylella fastidiosa and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, that cause citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) and citrus canker diseases, respectively, utilize diffusible signal factor (DSF) for quorum sensing. DSF, produced by RpfF, are similar fatty acids in both organisms, although a different set of genes is regulated by DSF in each species. Because of this similarity, Xylella fastidiosa DSF might be recognized and affect the biology of Xanthomonas citri. Therefore, transgenic Citrus sinensis and Carrizo citrange plants overexpressing the Xylella fastidiosa rpfF were inoculated with Xanthomonas citri and changes in symptoms of citrus canker were observed. X. citri biofilms formed only at wound sites on transgenic leaves and were thicker; however, bacteria were unable to break through the tissue and form pustules elsewhere. Although abundant growth of X. citri occurred at wound sites on inoculated transgenic leaves, little growth was observed on unwounded tissue. Genes in the DFS-responsive core in X. citri were downregulated in bacteria isolated from transgenic leaves. DSF-dependent expression of engA was suppressed in cells exposed to xylem sap from transgenic plants. Thus, altered symptom development appears to be due to reduced expression of virulence genes because of the presence of antagonists of DSF signaling in X. citri in rpfF-expressing plants.

Chlorine dioxide, peroxyacetic acid, and calcium oxychloride for post-harvest decontamination of citrus fruit against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, causal agent of citrus canker

2021 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 105679
Author(s):  
Franklin Behlau ◽  
Alexandre Paloschi ◽  
Tamiris G.S. Marin ◽  
Talita A. Santos ◽  
Henrique Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Peroxyacetic Acid ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Post Harvest

scholarly journals Transcription Factors as the “Blitzkrieg” of Plant Defense: A Pragmatic View of Nitric Oxide’s Role in Gene Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Noreen Falak ◽  
Qari Muhammad Imran ◽  
Adil Hussain ◽  
Byung-Wook Yun
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Transcriptional Changes

Plants are in continuous conflict with the environmental constraints and their sessile nature demands a fine-tuned, well-designed defense mechanism that can cope with a multitude of biotic and abiotic assaults. Therefore, plants have developed innate immunity, R-gene-mediated resistance, and systemic acquired resistance to ensure their survival. Transcription factors (TFs) are among the most important genetic components for the regulation of gene expression and several other biological processes. They bind to specific sequences in the DNA called transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that are present in the regulatory regions of genes. Depending on the environmental conditions, TFs can either enhance or suppress transcriptional processes. In the last couple of decades, nitric oxide (NO) emerged as a crucial molecule for signaling and regulating biological processes. Here, we have overviewed the plant defense system, the role of TFs in mediating the defense response, and that how NO can manipulate transcriptional changes including direct post-translational modifications of TFs. We also propose that NO might regulate gene expression by regulating the recruitment of RNA polymerase during transcription.

scholarly journals Modified Monosaccharides Content of Xanthan Gum Impairs Citrus Canker Disease by Affecting the Epiphytic Lifestyle of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1176
Author(s):  
Simone Cristina Picchi ◽  
Laís Moreira Granato ◽  
Maria Júlia Festa Franzini ◽  
Maxuel Oliveira Andrade ◽  
Marco Aurélio Takita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Citrus Canker Disease

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri) is a plant pathogenic bacterium causing citrus canker disease. The xanA gene encodes a phosphoglucomutase/phosphomannomutase protein that is a key enzyme required for the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides and exopolysaccharides in Xanthomonads. In this work, firstly we isolated a xanA transposon mutant (xanA::Tn5) and analyzed its phenotypes as biofilm formation, xanthan gum production, and pathogenesis on the sweet orange host. Moreover, to confirm the xanA role in the impaired phenotypes we further produced a non-polar deletion mutant (ΔxanA) and performed the complementation of both xanA mutants. In addition, we analyzed the percentages of the xanthan gum monosaccharides produced by X. citri wild-type and xanA mutant. The mutant strain had higher ratios of mannose, galactose, and xylose and lower ratios of rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and glucose than the wild-type strain. Such changes in the saccharide composition led to the reduction of xanthan yield in the xanA deficient strain, affecting also other important features in X. citri, such as biofilm formation and sliding motility. Moreover, we showed that xanA::Tn5 caused no symptoms on host leaves after spraying, a method that mimetics the natural infection condition. These results suggest that xanA plays an important role in the epiphytical stage on the leaves that is essential for the successful interaction with the host, including adaptive advantage for bacterial X. citri survival and host invasion, which culminates in pathogenicity.

scholarly journals GC-TOF/MS-based metabolomics analysis to investigate the changes driven by N-Acetylcysteine in the plant-pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Cristina Picchi ◽  
Mariana de Souza e Silva ◽  
Luiz Leonardo Saldanha ◽  
Henrique Ferreira ◽  
Marco Aurélio Takita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Potential Use

AbstractN-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant, anti-adhesive, and antimicrobial compound. Even though there is much information regarding the role of NAC as an antioxidant and anti-adhesive agent, little is known about its antimicrobial activity. In order to assess its mode of action in bacterial cells, we investigated the metabolic responses triggered by NAC at neutral pH. As a model organism, we chose the Gram-negative plant pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri), the causal agent of citrus canker disease, due to the potential use of NAC as a sustainable molecule against phytopathogens dissemination in citrus cultivated areas. In presence of NAC, cell proliferation was affected after 4 h, but damages to the cell membrane were observed only after 24 h. Targeted metabolite profiling analysis using GC–MS/TOF unravelled that NAC seems to be metabolized by the cells affecting cysteine metabolism. Intriguingly, glutamine, a marker for nitrogen status, was not detected among the cells treated with NAC. The absence of glutamine was followed by a decrease in the levels of the majority of the proteinogenic amino acids, suggesting that the reduced availability of amino acids affect protein synthesis and consequently cell proliferation.

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