Rheological Properties of Methane Hydrate Slurry in the Presence of Xanthan Gum

SPE Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (05) ◽  
pp. 2341-2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiqi Fu ◽  
Zhiyuan Wang ◽  
Baojiang Sun ◽  
Jianchun Xu ◽  
Litao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Newtonian Fluid ◽  
Methane Hydrate ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Blowout Preventer

Summary Methane hydrate formation in a xanthan-gum (XG) solution is an important problem for drilling in a deepwater environment. It not only alters the rheology of the drilling fluid in the wellbore but increases the risks of a hydrate blockage in the blowout preventer. The current work is performing groups of experiments to investigate the rheology of the hydrate slurry under XG concentrations of 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3%, shear rates from 10 to 480 s−1, and hydrate concentrations from 1.01 to 9.12%. The experimental results show that the hydrate slurry with XG additives exhibits an obvious shear-thinning behavior, which is because the XG solution has strong pseudoplastic characteristics, and the inner structures of the flocculated hydrate particles suspended in the hydrate slurry are broken up during the hydrate-slurry flow. The increase of hydrate concentrations in the hydrate slurry can reduce the non-Newtonian fluid index and make the rheology of the hydrate slurry become more shear-thinning. However, as the XG concentration increases in the hydrate slurry, the influence of the hydrate concentration on the rheology of the hydrate slurry gradually weakens. Empirical Herschel–Bulkley-type equations are developed to describe the rheology of the hydrate slurry with XG for the current experimental condition, considering the shear rate, hydrate concentration, and XG concentration. In the proposed equations, the non-Newtonian factor and the consistency factor are expressed as functions of XG concentration empirically. Correction Notice:The preprint version of this paper was modified from its original version to correct Figs. 8 and 9 and Eqs. 6 through 9 on page 7. Errata explaining the corrections are included below as Supporting Information.

Development of Viscosified Acid-Surfactant Solutions for Oilfield Applications: Rheological Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Talley Fogang ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad Kamal ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Rate Range ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Surfactant Solutions

Abstract Viscosified acids are desired in several oilfield applications such as in acid diversion and acid fracturing operations. The study aimed to delineate the rheological properties of a novel amine type surfactant and viscosified acid-surfactant solutions. The steady shear and dynamic rheological properties were evaluated by varying the surfactant, acid, and salt concentration. Such a study is required to gauge the suitability of the viscosifying agent in acid stimulation jobs. The surfactant solutions without acid showed shear-thinning behavior, whereas those with acid showed a Newtonian plateau over a wide shear rate range before undergoing shear thinning. This means that over a wide shear rate range, the acid-surfactant solutions become independent of applied shear. At low shear rates, the viscosity of the surfactant was higher compared with the surfactant-acid solution. However, at high shear rates, the viscosity of the surfactant was lower compared with the viscosity of the surfactant-acid solution. There was an optimal salt concentration that improved the viscosity and elasticity of the acid-surfactant solutions. Thus, the rheology of the surfactant solution can be improved by adding both acid and salt. The elastic properties of acid-surfactant solutions were also better compared with the elastic properties of pure surfactant. The addition of acid improved the elastic properties of the surfactant solutions. Constant viscosity over a range of shear rate is a suitable application for acid fracturing operations in which the acid leak-off will be minimal due to the high viscosity. Also, brines in most of the carbonate formation consist of high loading of calcium chloride which was found to have a positive effect on the viscosity. Increasing the calcium chloride leads to an increase in viscosity, and then subsequently decreases the viscosity. This shows that the acid and salt concentration plays a role in modifying the rheological properties of the surfactant solutions.

scholarly journals Effects of Xanthan gum on rheological properties of Aloe vera-Moringa leaf juice blends

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-596
Author(s):  
Victor V Matabura ◽  
Leonard MP Rweyemamu
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Newtonian Fluid ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Flow Behaviour ◽  
Bingham Model ◽  
Flow Behaviour Index ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
Leaf Juice

Understanding the impacts of hydrocolloid agents on the rheological properties of nutraceutical beverages like Aloe vera-moringa juice blend is very useful for functional properties and product stability. To this end, the effects of xanthan gum on rheological properties in Aloe vera-moringa leaf juice blends were investigated using a Brookfield rheometer. Aloe vera-moringa leaf juice blends were prepared and then incorporated with xanthan gum at different ratios (w/w) of 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1%. The results revealed that the viscosity of Aloe vera-moringa juice blend was strongly affected by the xanthan gum addition. The viscosity profiles depicted a decreasing trend in viscosity when a shear rate increased. The Aloe vera-moringa leaf juice blend changes from a Newtonian fluid to the non-Newtonian fluid as the xanthan gum fraction increases. Moreover, shear stress was observed to increase with increasing in xanthan gum concentrations. For quantitative analysis, both Power-law and Bingham model equations were fitted to experimental data to easily describe the flow behaviour of the Aloe vera-moringa leaf juice blends. The juices added with xanthan gum of 0.4% to 1% were found to show a shear-thinning behaviour, since the flow behaviour index, n < 1. This implies that the apparent viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases. Keywords: Aloe vera juice, Moringa leaf juice, Xanthan gum, Rheological property, Nutraceutical beverage

Modelling of Drilling Fluid Thixotropy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Cayeux ◽  
Amare Leulseged
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Time Dependence ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Pump Flow Rate ◽  
Drilling Operations

Drilling fluids are visco-elastic materials, i.e. they behave as a viscous fluid when subject to a sufficient shear stress and like an elastic solid otherwise. Both their elastic and viscous properties are time-dependent, i.e. drilling fluids are thixotropic. Because of thixotropy, it takes a finite time before the effective viscosity of a drilling fluid attains an equilibrium when the fluid is subject to a change of shear rate. This effect is visible when one changes the applied shear rate in a rheometer, as the fluid will gradually adapt to the new shearing conditions. When the velocity of a drilling fluid changes, for instance due to a change in pump flow rate, movement of the drill string, or change of flow geometry, the fluid will exhibit a time-dependent response to the new shearing conditions, requiring a certain time to reach the new equilibrium condition. Unfortunately, the time-dependence of the rheological properties of drilling fluids are usually not measured during drilling operations and therefore it is difficult to estimate how thixotropy impacts pressure losses in drilling operations. For that reason, we have systematically measured the time-dependence of the rheological properties of several samples of water-based, oil-based and micronized drilling fluids with a scientific rheometer in order to capture how drilling fluids systems respond to variations of shear rates. Based on these measurements, we propose to investigate how one existing thixotropic model manages to predict the shear stress as a function of the shear rate while accounting for the shear history and gelling conditions. Then we propose a modified model that fits better, overall, with the measurements even though there are still noticeable discrepancies, especially when switching back to low shear rates.

Investigation on Methane Hydrate Formation in Water-based Drilling Fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 5264-5270
Author(s):  
Yong He ◽  
Zhen Long ◽  
Jingsheng Lu ◽  
Lingli Shi ◽  
Wen Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Hydrate ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Water Based

scholarly journals Rheological properties of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose/sodium dodecylsulfate mixtures

2014 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Katona ◽  
Sandra Njaradi ◽  
Verica Sovilj ◽  
Lidija Petrovic ◽  
Brankica Marceta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Sodium Dodecylsulfate ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Cellulose Ether ◽  
Flow Profile ◽  
Hydroxypropylmethyl Cellulose ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Newtonian Liquids ◽  
Shear Induced Structure ◽  
Induced Structure

Rheological properties of mixtures of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), a nonionic associative cellulose ether, and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, were investigated by viscosity measurements performed at different shear rates (0.1-6000 s-1). HPMC/SDS mixtures containing different concentrations of SDS (CSDS=0.00-3.50 % w/w) and HPMC concentrations which corresponded to the overlap parameter c/c*=3, 6, and 12 were prepared. All HPMC/SDS mixtures were found to be shear-thinning when examined in a low-end-to mid-range of the applied shear rates. The degree of shear-thinning, n, and viscosity of the mixtures were influenced by composition of HPMC/SDS mixtures and HPMC-SDS complex formation. The changes in n ranged from values typical for highly shear thinning to almost perfectly Newtonian liquids, and were more pronounced as c/c* was increased from 3 to 6 and 12. A change in flow profile and a buildup of the first normal stress difference (N1) was observed in HPMC/SDS mixtures with c/c*=6 and 12 and CSDS 0.55-1.00 % and 0.55-2.50 %, respectively, when a critical shear rate, crit. was exceeded, suggesting that a shear-induced structure formation in the mixtures took place.

Methane hydrate formation in a water-continuous vertical flow loop with xanthan gum

Fuel ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 116963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiqi Fu ◽  
Zhiyuan Wang ◽  
Jianbo Zhang ◽  
Baojiang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Methane Hydrate ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Flow Loop

scholarly journals Use of helical ribbon mixer for measurement of rheological properties of fruit pulps

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Novotná ◽  
A. Landfeld ◽  
K. Kýhos ◽  
M. Houška ◽  
J. Strohalm
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Flow Behaviour ◽  
Rotational Rheometer ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Coaxial Cylinders ◽  
Helical Ribbon ◽  
Flow Behaviour Index ◽  
Average Shear ◽  
Behaviour Index

Fruit pulps contain fine particles of the flesh of the original fruit that are suspended in the fruit juice. This suspension has a tendency to settling or separation during measurements of its rheological properties in the rotational rheometer with coaxial cylinders (especially if the greater gap is used). In this case the use of a mixer is convenient. The mixer can serve as a tool for measurement of rheological properties and at the same time it can prevent the settling and it is not sensitive to the occurrence of greater particles in the measured fluid. The helical ribbon mixer was used in this work for measurement of five samples of fruit pulp. The mixer was calibrated by the use of Newtonian fluid of known viscosity (honey). The radius of the inner cylinder of hypothetical rotational rheometer was predicted from the assumption that mixer and cylinder exhibit the same torque necessary for the rotation at the same rotational speed. The average shear rate in the mixed pulp was predicted by using the relation valid for power law fluids and rheometer with coaxial cylinders. The radius (where the average shear rate was calculated) was chosen by the requirement that the shear rate would be almost independent of changes in the flow behaviour index valid for measured pulps. Firstly the flow behaviour index was predicted as a slope of torque vs. rotational speed dependence in log-log co-ordinates. It was found that the flow behaviour index varies in the range 0.2&ndash;0.3. The radius was predicted from a graph where shear rates for 0.2 and 0.3 are the same. Then the average shear rates were calculated from rotational speeds for individual flow behaviour indexes. Rheological properties measured by using a mixer correspond to those measured with a rotational rheometer with coaxial cylinders satisfactorily only in the case that the creeping flow regime was kept in the mixed fluid. The fruit pulps are strongly non-Newtonian fluids with very low values of the flow behaviour index around 0.2.

scholarly journals Soft channel formation and symmetry breaking in exotic active emulsions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Carenza ◽  
G. Gonnella ◽  
A. Lamura ◽  
D. Marenduzzo ◽  
G. Negro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Isotropic Fluid

Abstract We use computer simulations to study the morphology and rheological properties of a bidimensional emulsion resulting from a mixture of a passive isotropic fluid and an active contractile polar gel, in the presence of a surfactant that favours the emulsification of the two phases. By varying the intensity of the contractile activity and of an externally imposed shear flow, we find three possible morphologies. For low shear rates, a simple lamellar state is obtained. For intermediate activity and shear rate, an asymmetric state emerges, which is characterized by shear and concentration banding at the polar/isotropic interface. A further increment in the active forcing leads to the self-assembly of a soft channel where an isotropic fluid flows between two layers of active material. We characterize the stability of this state by performing a dynamical test varying the intensity of the active forcing and shear rate. Finally, we address the rheological properties of the system by measuring the effective shear viscosity, finding that this increases as active forcing is increased—so that the fluid thickens with activity.

The Simulation of Aggregated Colloids Under Flow

1992 ◽  
Vol 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Melrose
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
High Shear ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Rouse Model ◽  
High Shear Rates ◽  
Structural Breakdown ◽  
Large Scale Simulations ◽  
Low Shear

AbstractAn overview is given of theories of aggregates under flow. These generally assume some sort of structural breakdown as the shear rate is increased. Models vary with both the rigidity of the bonding and the level of treatment of hydrodynamics. Results are presented for simulations of a Rouse model of non-rigid, (i.e. central force) weakly bonded aggregates. In large scale simulations different structures are observed at low and high shear rates. The change from one structure to another is associated with a change in the rate of shear thinning. The model captures low shear rate features of real systems absent in previous models: this feature is ascribed to agglomerate deformations. Quantitatively, the model is two orders of magnitude out from experiment but some scaling is possible.

Characterization of the Rheological Behavior of Drilling Fluids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Cayeux ◽  
Amare Leulseged
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Behavior ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Fluid Systems ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The One ◽  
Shear Stress Response

Abstract It is nowadays well accepted that the steady state rheological behavior of drilling fluids must be modelled by at least three parameters. One of the most often used models is the yield power law, also referred as the Herschel-Bulkley model. Other models have been proposed like the one from Robertson-Stiff, while other industries have used other three-parameter models such as the one from Heinz-Casson. Some studies have been made to compare the degree of agreement between different rheological models and rheometer measurements but in most cases, already published works have only used mechanical rheometers that have a limited number of speeds and precision. For this paper, we have taken measurements with a scientific rheometer in well-controlled conditions of temperature and evaporation, and for relevant shear rates that are representative to normally encountered drilling operation conditions. Care has been made to minimize the effect of thixotropy on measurements, as the shear stress response of drilling fluids depends on its shear history. Measurements have been made at different temperatures, for various drilling fluid systems (both water and oil-based), and with variable levels of solid contents. Also, the shear rate reported by the rheometer itself, is corrected to account for the fact that the rheometer estimates the wall shear rate on the assumption that the tested fluid is Newtonian. A measure of proximity between the measurements and a rheological model is defined, thereby allowing the ranking of different rheological behavior model candidates. Based on the 469 rheograms of various drilling fluids that have been analyzed, it appears that the Heinz-Casson model describes most accurately the rheological behavior of the fluid samples, followed by the model of Carreau, Herschel-Bulkley and Robertson-Stiff, in decreasing order of fidelity.

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