Comprehensive Fall Velocity Study on Continuous Flow Plungers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Ozan Sayman ◽  
Eduardo Pereyra ◽  
Cem Sarica
Keyword(s):  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Wall Effect ◽  
Liquid Holdup ◽  
Fall Velocity ◽  
Influential Parameters

Summary The objective of this study is the experimental and theoretical investigation of the fall mechanics of continuous flow plungers. Fall velocity of the two-piece plungers with different sleeve and ball combinations and bypass plungers are examined in both static and dynamic conditions to develop a drag coefficient relationship. The dimensionless analysis conducted included the wall effect, inclination, and the liquid holdup correction of the fall stage. A fall model is developed to estimate fall velocities of the ball, sleeve, and bypass plungers. Sensitivity analysis is performed to reveal influential parameters to the fall velocity of continuous flow plungers. In a static facility, four sleeves with different height, weight, and outer diameter (OD); three balls made with different materials; and a bypass plunger are tested in four different mediums. The wall effect on the settling velocity is defined, and it is used to validate the ball drag coefficient results obtained from the experimental setup. Two-phase flow experiments were conducted by injecting gas into the static liquid column, and the liquid holdup effect on the drag coefficient is observed. Experiments in a dynamic facility are used for liquid holdup and deviation corrections. The fall model is developed to estimate fall velocities of the continuous flow plungers against the flow. Dimensionless parameters obtained in the experiments are combined with multiphase flow simulation to estimate the fall velocity of plungers in the field scale. Reference drag coefficient values of plungers are obtained for respective Reynolds number values. Experimental wall effect, liquid holdup, and inclination corrections are provided. The fall model results for separation time, fall velocity, total fall duration, and maximum flow rate to fall against are estimated for different cases. Sensitivity analysis showed that the drag coefficient, the weight of plungers, pressure, and gas flow rate are the most influential parameters for the fall velocity of the plungers. Furthermore, the fall model revealed that plungers fall slowest at the wellhead conditions for the range of gas flow rates experienced in field conditions. Lower pressure at the wellhead had two opposing effects; namely, reduced gas density, thereby reducing the drag and gas expansion that increased the gas velocity, which in turn increased the drag. Estimating fall velocity of continuous flow plungers is crucial to optimize ball and sleeve separation time, plunger selection, and the gas injection rate for plunger-assisted gas lift (PAGL). The fall model provides maximum flow rate to fall against, which is defined as the upper operational boundary for continuous flow plungers. This study presents a new methodology to predict fall velocity using the drag coefficient vs. Reynolds number relationship, wall effect, liquid holdup, deviation corrections, and incorporating multiphase flow simulation.

scholarly journals Experimental validation of theoretical calculation and numerical simulation for optimization of divers’s breathing apparatus

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Tamara Stanciu ◽  
Andrei Scupi ◽  
Dumitru Dinu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Theoretical Calculation ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Breathing Apparatus

Abstract In order to optimize the breathing apparatus in the open circuit for divers, theoretical calculus and numerical simulation of resistances specific to the potential flow of gas through the studied circuit were made. Respiratory gas flow simulation through three constructive versions of the second stage pressure reducer intake mechanism was done after modeling the respiratory air circuit through the two main restrictors: the first variable (between the seat and the piston) and the second fixed (the hole in the cylindrical piston). The results regarding the theoretical calculation and numerical simulation have been validated by experimental testing of two of the studied models. Experimental measurements were made on a tester at the Diving Center of Constanta's Hyperbaric Laboratory. The volume flow rate of supplied respiratory gas was recorded, together with the inspire depression that opens the mechanism, until the maximum flow rate for each constructive version. After validating the results of the theoretical calculation and numerical simulation on the two models, the conclusion is the same: the resistance decreases if the geometry of the cylindrical hole in the piston (the second fixed restrictor) changes in a conical hole

Directional Pumping Performance of an Electrostatic Checkerboard Microvalve

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanseup Kim ◽  
Aaron A. Astle ◽  
Luis P. Bernal ◽  
Khalil Najafi ◽  
Peter D. Washabaugh
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Pressure Differential ◽  
Oscillatory Motion ◽  
Sinusoidal Signal ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Gas Pumping

This paper reports experimental characterization of directional gas pumping generated by MEMS-fabricated checkerboard-type electrostatic microvalves. It is found that the oscillatory motion of the checkerboard microvalve membrane provides both the pumping and valve functions of a pump, namely: 1) to cause the volume displacement and, thus, compression and transfer of gas, and 2) to direct gas flow in one direction by closing and opening air paths in the proper sequence. Here, we describe the microvalve-only design, and report the pumping performance producing a maximum flow rate of 1.8 sccm and a maximum pressure differential of 3.0 kPa for five microvalves driven simultaneously with a sinusoidal signal of ± 100V amplitude at 5.5 kHz.

Effect of shielding gas flow rate on arc behaviors in GMAW with single cable-typed wire

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (01n03) ◽  
pp. 2040059
Author(s):  
Qingxian Hu ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Juan Pu ◽  
Caichen Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Gas Metal Arc Welding ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Arc Plasma ◽  
Shielding Gas ◽  
Gas Flow Rate

A three-dimensional numerical model of arc in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with single cable-typed wire was established based on the theory of arc physics. The influences of different shielding gas flow rates on the features of temperature field, velocity field and pressure field were investigated. The results showed that the maximum velocity of arc plasma along radial direction and the arc pressure on the surface of workpieces were increased obviously with the increase of the shielding gas flow rate, while the arc temperature was changed little. This phenomenon was mainly attributed to the increasing collisions between arc plasmas and the self-rotation action of cable-typed wires. The arc temperature at the tip of the cable-typed wire reached the maximum. The maximum flow velocity of arc plasma was located at the tip of wire (2–8 mm). The arc pressures in the central axis reached the maximum pressure. The simulation results were in agreement with the experimental results.

A miniaturized gas flow energy harvester using diamagnetically stabilized levitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 10903
Author(s):  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Qi Gong ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Yufeng Su ◽  
Zhiyong Duan
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Pyrolytic Graphite ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Induced Voltage ◽  
Flow Energy ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Maximum Voltage

In this paper, a miniaturized energy harvester is presented to scavenge gas flow energy. A magnet rotor with three teeth evenly distributed on the edge was introduced into the energy harvester, and it is frictionlessly levitated between two highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) sheets. The energy harvester is designed to operate at a single stable equilibrium, so as to improve the stability of the rotor. The optimal incident angle of the gas flow was determined to be 83°. On the basis of the optimal angle, two different configurations of the energy harvester were proposed. Configuration A includes one nozzle, while Configuration B has two centrosymmetric nozzles. The maximum flow rate that enables Configurations A to work stably is limited, which can be increased by thickening the magnet rotor. The maximum voltage of configuration A was 0.28 V at a flow rate of 1500 sccm for the 4.5 mm thick rotor. Configuration B can run stably at any flow rate bigger than 250 sccm and the induced voltage increases with the driving flow rate. At the flow rate of 3000 sccm, the energy harvester of Configuration B can generate a maximum voltage of 3 V and light up tens of light-emitting-diodes (LEDs).

Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of a Continuous Flow Micropump System

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ala'aldeen T. Al-Halhouli ◽  
Stefanie Demming ◽  
Andreas Dietzel ◽  
Stephanus Büttgenbach
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Maximum Flow Rate ◽  
Flexible Membrane ◽  
Smoothing Factor ◽  
Pump Chamber ◽  
Air Chamber ◽  
Fabrication And Characterization

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a continuous flow micropump system. The system comprises two single pneumatic micropumps connected in parallel and a fluidic capacitor. It has been made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Each of the pneumatic pumps features a pump chamber, a flexible membrane, and an air chamber. The fluidic capacitor equals a single micropump without air chamber. A maximum flow rate of 496 μL/min is obtained. The influence of the fluidic capacitor is investigated at frequencies of 1 Hz and 3 Hz. The flow rate is considerably smoothened with a smoothing factor of about 0.6.

Effect of Surfactant (Foamer) Delivery Location on Horizontal Wells Deliquification

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina V. Barreto ◽  
Hamidreza Karami ◽  
Eduardo Pereyra ◽  
Cem Sarica
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Vertical Section ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Static Mixer ◽  
Liquid Holdup ◽  
Liquid Loading ◽  
Delivery Location

One of the methods to unload liquid from gas wells is foam-assisted lift. The applied surfactant reduces the liquid surface tension facilitating foam stability, and consequently, reducing mixture density and gas slippage. In this experimental study, a 2-in ID facility consisting of a 64-ft lateral section followed by a 41-ft vertical section is used to determine the optimum surfactant delivery location in horizontal wells. Water and compressed air are the liquid and gas phases, and an anionic surfactant is applied continuously with fixed concentration. Lateral section inclination is varied between ±1°, and four injection points are tested, including one with a static mixer, used as an external source of agitation. Recorded parameters are flow pattern, pressure gradient, liquid holdup, and foam quality. In the lateral section, the highest efficiency is obtained by using a static mixer causing significant drop in liquid holdup and increase in pressure drop due to frictional losses. All other injection points show similar behavior to the air-water case, due to negligible generated foam amid the existing flow pattern agitation. In the vertical section, all injection points show similar and significant drops in liquid holdup and delays in liquid loading onset compared to air-water case, and foam quality decreases as gas flow rate is reduced. Increasing the liquid flow rate causes increases in liquid holdup and pressure drop and shifts liquid loading onset to higher gas flow rates. The experimentally observed liquid loading onset is compared to the predictions of Turner et al. (1969), and a modification is proposed in this correlation to consider the effects of surfactant injection. The number of experimental studies investigating foam effects on liquid loading is limited especially for off-vertical configurations. The results of this study provide an experimental source to optimize foam lift in deviated wells.

scholarly journals Low-pressure nozzle with aerodynamic fuel atomization

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-364
Author(s):  
S. S. Tihonchik ◽  
N. I. Puchko
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Internal Flow ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Computer Design ◽  
Fuel Atomization ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Pressure Nozzle

A research was carried out with the construction of a model of a low-pressure nozzle with aerodynamic fuel atomization, which shows the advantages of nozzles of this type. In order to reduce the time at the stage of development and calculations, modern computer design systems were used. The research was carried out in the Flow Simulation module of the SolidWorks software package, which allows you to calculate and build a model of the internal flow around the nozzle using already known parameters. These parameters were set through the program conditions panel: fuel consumption per second; air flow rate at the inlet to the nozzle; static pressure in the combustion chamber. The calculations performed by the module made it possible to evaluate the manufacturability of the design, as well as the internal processes of mixing fuel with air. To determine the quality of fine dispersion of the fuel atomization, a model of the velocity field was calculated over the entire section of the nozzle, from which it can be seen that the maximum flow rate of the fuel is achieved in the outlet channels of the fuel atomizer of the nozzle. The results obtained indicate the operation of the low-pressure principle while maintaining high-quality fuel atomization. The use of low-pressure nozzle with aerodynamic fuel atomization is possible in modern gas turbine engines of civil aircraft, as well as in gas turbine.

SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES OF EFFICIENT FUEL USE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY GAS COMBUSTION IN STOVE PLATES. PART 1. MODERN STATE-OF-THE-ART AND DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT THE GAS BURNING IN DOMESTIC GAS COOKERS

2017 ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Soroka ◽  
V.V. Horupa
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Orifice Diameter ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Combustion ◽  
Gas Stoves

Natural gas NG consumption in industry and energy of Ukraine, in recent years falls down as a result of the crisis in the country’s economy, to a certain extent due to the introduction of renewable energy sources along with alternative technologies, while in the utility sector the consumption of fuel gas flow rate enhancing because of an increase the number of consumers. The natural gas is mostly using by domestic purpose for heating of premises and for cooking. These items of the gas utilization in Ukraine are already exceeding the NG consumption in industry. Cooking is proceeding directly in the living quarters, those usually do not meet the requirements of the Ukrainian norms DBN for the ventilation procedures. NG use in household gas stoves is of great importance from the standpoint of controlling the emissions of harmful components of combustion products along with maintenance the satisfactory energy efficiency characteristics of NG using. The main environment pollutants when burning the natural gas in gas stoves are including the nitrogen oxides NOx (to a greater extent — highly toxic NO2 component), carbon oxide CO, formaldehyde CH2O as well as hydrocarbons (unburned UHC and polyaromatic PAH). An overview of environmental documents to control CO and NOx emissions in comparison with the proper norms by USA, EU, Russian Federation, Australia and China, has been completed. The modern designs of the burners for gas stoves are considered along with defining the main characteristics: heat power, the natural gas flow rate, diameter of gas orifice, diameter and spacing the firing openings and other parameters. The modern physical and chemical principles of gas combustion by means of atmospheric ejection burners of gas cookers have been analyzed from the standpoints of combustion process stabilization and of ensuring the stability of flares. Among the factors of the firing process destabilization within the framework of analysis above mentioned, the following forms of unstable combustion/flame unstabilities have been considered: flashback, blow out or flame lifting, and the appearance of flame yellow tips. Bibl. 37, Fig. 11, Tab. 7.

Outcome of Buccal Mucosal Graft Urethroplasty in Long Segment Anterior Urethral Stricture

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Mrinmoy Biswas ◽  
Sudip Das Gupta ◽  
Mohammed Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Sharif Mohammad Wasimuddin
Keyword(s):  
Urethral Stricture ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Surgical Outcome ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Anastomotic Site ◽  
Buccal Mucosal Graft ◽  
Male Patients

Objective: To assess the success of BMG urethroplasty in long segment anterior urethral stricture. Method: From January 2014 to December 2015, twenty male patients with long anterior segment urethral stricture were managed by BMG urethroplasty. After voiding trial they were followed up at 3 month with Uroflowmetry, RGU & MCU and PVR measurement by USG. Patients were further followed up with Uroflowmetry and PVR at 6 months interval.Successful outcome was defined as normal voiding with a maximum flow rate >15ml /sec and PVR<50 ml with consideration of maximum one attempt of OIU after catheter removal. Results: Mean stricture length was 5.2 cm (range 3-9 cm) and mean follow-up was 15.55 months (range 6-23 months). Only two patients developed stricture at proximal anastomotic site during follow-up. One of them voided normally after single attempt of OIU. Other one required second attempt of OIU and was considered as failure (5%). Conclusion: BMG urethroplasty is a simple technique with good surgical outcome. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 19, No. 2, July 2016 p.64-68

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