Enhancing Performance of High Viscosity Friction Reducers HVFRs in Brine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alhad Phatak ◽  
Brian Seymour ◽  
Ginger Ren ◽  
Isaias Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Produced Water ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Concentric Cylinder ◽  
Rectangular Slot ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Obvious Benefit ◽  
Produced Waters

Abstract High Viscosity Friction Reducers (HVFRs) are often employed in hydraulic fracturing fluids to increase the proppant carrying capacity of slickwater fluids. However, it has been widely reported that the performance of HVFR fluids drops precipitously with even small amounts of salt. This study explores and reports the use of surfactants to alleviate the loss of performance of HVFR fluids due to salinity in the mix water. Fracturing fluids were prepared in the laboratory by mixing the HVFR at concentrations between 2 and 8 gal/1,000 gal with and without surfactant formulations. The viscosities of the fluids were measured on a TA Instruments DHR-3 rheometer using a concentric cylinder geometry. Both anionic and cationic HVFRs were tested with various surfactants. As expected, we observed that HVFR fluids display dramatic loss of viscosity with the addition of as little as 1% salt to the mix water. However, certain surfactant formulations were found to provide a significant boost in viscosity of HVFR fluids in brines over a wide range of shear rates. Increases in viscosity by a factor of as much as 10 times were observed, particularly at low shear rates. The ability of the surfactant formulations to enhance fluid viscosity was observed in both monovalent and divalent model brines, as well as brines that mimicked field produced water compositions. In addition, measurements were also performed in a slot flow device to determine if the results from the rheometer translated to proppant transport characteristics of the fluids. The slot flow results were found to correlate well with fluid viscosity measurements. The fluids containing the surfactant formulation transported nearly 4 times as much proppant as fluids not containing surfactant through a 2.5 ft. long rectangular slot of 0.5 in. thickness at a proppant concentration of 2 lb/gal. An obvious benefit of the approach proposed in this study is that it can enable the use of HVFR fluids in recycled and produced waters, providing both cost and sustainability benefits. Secondly, these surfactant formulations can reduce the amount of HVFR required to obtain a certain target viscosity in brine, thereby reducing the likelihood and potential severity of formation damage from HVFR residue.

scholarly journals Revisiting the 1954 suspension experiments of R. A. Bagnold

2002 ◽  
Vol 452 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. HUNT ◽  
R. ZENIT ◽  
C. S. CAMPBELL ◽  
C. E. BRENNEN
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Outer Cylinder ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Concentric Cylinder ◽  
Stress Measurements ◽  
Solid Mixture ◽  
Normal Forces ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Experimental Findings

In 1954 R. A. Bagnold published his seminal findings on the rheological properties of a liquid–solid suspension. Although this work has been cited extensively over the last fifty years, there has not been a critical review of the experiments. The purpose of this study is to examine the work and to suggest an alternative reason for the experimental findings. The concentric cylinder rheometer was designed to measure simultaneously the shear and normal forces for a wide range of solid concentrations, fluid viscosities and shear rates. As presented by Bagnold, the analysis and experiments demonstrated that the shear and normal forces depended linearly on the shear rate in the ‘macro-viscous’ regime; as the grain-to-grain interactions increased in the ‘grain-inertia’ regime, the stresses depended on the square of the shear rate and were independent of the fluid viscosity. These results, however, appear to be dictated by the design of the experimental facility. In Bagnold’s experiments, the height (h) of the rheometer was relatively short compared to the spacing (t) between the rotating outer and stationary inner cylinder (h/t = 4.6). Since the top and bottom end plates rotated with the outer cylinder, the flow contained two axisymmetric counter-rotating cells in which flow moved outward along the end plates and inward through the central region of the annulus. At higher Reynolds numbers, these cells contributed significantly to the measured torque, as demonstrated by comparing Bagnold's pure-fluid measurements with studies on laminar-to-turbulent transitions that pre-date the 1954 study. By accounting for the torque along the end walls, Bagnold’s shear stress measurements can be estimated by modelling the liquid–solid mixture as a Newtonian fluid with a corrected viscosity that depends on the solids concentration. An analysis of the normal stress measurements was problematic because the gross measurements were not reported and could not be obtained.

Optimizing Seawater Based Fracture Fluids Rheology Utilizing Chelating Agents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amro Othman ◽  
Murtada Saleh Aljawad ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad Kamal ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud ◽  
Shirish Patil
Keyword(s):  
Chelating Agents ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
Ph Level

Abstract Due to the scarcity and high cost of freshwater, especially in the Gulf region, utilization of seawater as a fracturing fluid gained noticeable interest. However, seawater contains high total dissolved solids (TDS) that may damage the formation and degrade the performance of the fracturing fluids. Numerous additives are required to reduce the damaging effect and improve the viscosity resulting in an expensive and non-eco-friendly fracturing fluid system. Chelating agents, which are environmentally benign, are proposed in this study as the replacement of many additives for seawater fracturing fluids. This study focuses on optimizing chelating agents to achieve high viscosity employing the standard industry rheometers. Carboxymethyl Hydroxypropyl Guar Gum (CMHPG) polymer, which is effective in hydraulic fracturing, was used in this research with 0.5 and 1.0 wt% in deionized water (DW) as well as seawater (SW). It was first tested as a standalone additive at different conditions to provide a benchmark then combined with different concentrations, and pH level chelating agents. In this study the hydration test was conducted through different conditions. It was observed that CMHPG, when tested as a standalone additive, provided slightly higher viscosity in SW compared to DW. Also, increasing polymer concentration from 0.5 to 1.0 wt% provided three folds of viscosity. The viscosity did not show time dependence behavior at room temperature for the aforementioned experiments where all hydration tests were run at 511 1/s shear rate. Temperature, however, had a significant impact on both viscosity magnitude and behavior. At 70 °C, the fluid viscosity increased with time where low viscosity was achieved early on but kept increasing with shearing time. Similarly, high pH chelating agents provided time dependant viscosity behavior when mixed with CMHPG. This behavior is important as low viscosity is favorable during pumping but high viscosity when the fluids hit the formation. The study investigates the possibility of utilizing chelating agents with seawater to replace numerous additives. It acts as a crosslinker at early shearing times, where a gradual increase in viscosity was observed and a breaker in the reservoir harsh conditions. It also captures the divalent ions that are common in seawater, which replaces the need for scale inhibitors. The viscosity increase behavior can be controlled by adjusting the pH level, which could be desirable during operations.

scholarly journals Water–rock interaction and the concentrations of major, trace, and rare earth elements in hydrocarbon-associated produced waters of the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carleton R. Bern ◽  
Justin E. Birdwell ◽  
Aaron M. Jubb
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Produced Waters ◽  
Water Rock Interaction

Comparisons of hydrocarbon-produced waters from multiple basins and experiments using multiple shales illustrate water–rock interaction influence on produced water chemistry.

scholarly journals Characterization of Polysaccharidic Associations for Cosmetic Use: Rheology and Texture Analysis

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Giovanni Tafuro ◽  
Alessia Costantini ◽  
Giovanni Baratto ◽  
Stefano Francescato ◽  
Laura Busata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Textural Parameters ◽  
Complementary Techniques

As public attention on sustainability is increasing, the use of polysaccharides as rheological modifiers in skin-care products is becoming the first choice. Polysaccharide associations can be used to increase the spreading properties of products and to optimize their sensorial profile. Since the choice of natural raw materials for cosmetics is wide, instrumental methodologies are useful for formulators to easily characterize the materials and to create mixtures with specific applicative properties. In this work, we performed rheological and texture analyses on samples formulated with binary and ternary associations of polysaccharides to investigate their structural and mechanical features as a function of the concentration ratios. The rheological measurements were conducted under continuous and oscillatory flow conditions using a rotational rheometer. An immersion/de-immersion test conducted with a texture analyzer allowed us to measure some textural parameters. Sclerotium gum and iota-carrageenan imparted high viscosity, elasticity, and firmness in the system; carob gum and pectin influenced the viscoelastic properties and determined high adhesiveness and cohesiveness. The results indicated that these natural polymers combined in appropriate ratios can provide a wide range of different textures and that the use of these two complementary techniques represents a valid pre-screening tool for the formulation of green products.

VISCOSITY OF NATURAL RUBBER SOLUTIONS AT VERY LOW RATES OF SHEAR

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton A. Golub
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Pressure Head ◽  
Viscosity Data ◽  
Theoretical Relation ◽  
Newtonian Flow ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Reduced Viscosity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Composite Data

The shear dependence of viscosity of benzene solutions of natural rubber was studied at rates of shear from about 500 down to less than 1 sec.−1. Measurements involved following the change of pressure head with time of the various solutions flowing in a capillary, U-tube viscometer. Curvature in the plots of the logarithm of pressure head versus time indicated non-Newtonian flow. From such curves, reduced viscosity data over the above-mentioned shear range were readily derived. As a check, data over the range 100–500 sec.−1 were also obtained with a five-bulb viscometer of the Krigbaum–Flory type, and these data overlapped those obtained with the U tube. The reduced viscosity increased very sharply with decrease in gradient, making extrapolation to the viscosity axis quite unreliable. However, a theoretical relation proposed by Bueche fitted the composite data rather well. This work furnished a nice technique for determining the zero shear reduced viscosity (ηap/c)0 without the necessity of performing an uncertain extrapolation: evaluate the parameters of the Bueche formula which best satisfies the experimental data over a fairly wide range of shear rates, and then calculate (ηap/c)0 directly.

Study of the physical, chemical and rheological properties of oil mixtures transported through the Uzen - Atyrau - Samara pipeline

2021 ◽  
pp. 420-427
Author(s):  
Берик Картанбаевич Саяхов ◽  
Александр Геннадьевич Дидух ◽  
Гульнара Амангельдиевна Габсаттарова ◽  
Марат Давлетович Насибулин ◽  
Жасулан Канатович Наурузбеков
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Polarization Microscopy ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oil Mixtures

На начальных участках магистрального нефтепровода Узень - Атырау - Самара формируются партии низкозастывающих бузачинских и высокозастывающих мангышлакских нефтей. По маршруту транспортировки осуществляются дополнительные подкачки нефтей с различными физико-химическими и реологическими характеристиками, что может оказывать существенное влияние на свойства перекачиваемых нефтесмесей. Цель настоящей работы - исследование физико-химических и реологических свойств бузачинской и мангышлакской нефтесмесей на маршруте поставки Узень - Атырау, а также диапазона и причин изменений характеристик бузачинской нефти (основной в компонентном составе нефтесмесей, перекачиваемых по нефтепроводу Узень - Атырау - Самара). По результатам исследований установлено, что свойства мангышлакской нефтесмеси изменяются в незначительных пределах. Для бузачинской нефтесмеси свойственна нестабильность реологических параметров, которые могут изменяться в широком диапазоне в результате путевой подкачки на различных участках нефтепровода. Колебания реологических параметров наиболее показательных проб партий бузачинской нефтесмеси рекомендуется учитывать для решения задач повышения текучести высоковязких нефтей и оптимизации технологических режимов работы трубопроводов, по которым осуществляется перекачка таких нефтей. Методами газохроматографического анализа молекулярно-массового распределения тугоплавких парафинов и поляризационной микроскопии определена температура нагрева бузачинской и мангышлакской нефтесмесей, оптимальная для ввода депрессорной присадки. At the initial sections of the Uzen - Atyrau - Samara main oil pipeline, batches of low pour point Buzachinsky and high pour point Mangyshlak oils are formed. Additional pumping of oils with different physical, chemical and rheological characteristics is carried out along the transportation route, which can have a significant effect on the properties of the pumped oil mixtures. The purpose of this study is to examine the physical, chemical and rheological properties of Buzachi and Mangyshlak oil mixtures on the Uzen - Atyrau supply route, as well as the range and causes of changes in the characteristics of Buzachinsky oil (the main oil mixture in the blend composition pumped through the Uzen - Atyrau - Samara pipeline). According to the research results, it was found that the properties of the Mangyshlak oil mixture vary within insignificant limits. The Buzachinsky oil mixture is characterized by instability of rheological parameters, which can vary in a wide range as a result of route pumping at different pipeline sections. Fluctuations of the rheological parameters of the most indicative samples of batches of the Buzachinsky oil mixture are recommended to be taken into account in order to increase the fluidity of high-viscosity oils and optimize the process modes of operation of pipelines through which such oils are pumped. Using the methods of gas chromatographic analysis of the molecular weight distribution of high-melting-point paraffins, as well as polarization microscopy, the optimal heating temperature for the introduction of a pour point depressant into the Buzachinsky and Mangyshlak oil mixtures has been determined.

Metagenomics Microbial Characterization of Production and Process Fluids in the Powder River Basin: Identification and Sources of Problematic Microorganisms Associated with SWD Facilities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Enzien ◽  
Sadie Starustka ◽  
Michael Gurecki ◽  
Trinity Fincher-Miller ◽  
Bryce Kuhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Produced Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Well Performance ◽  
Field Sample ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Produced Waters ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

Abstract Inconsistent bacterial control and monitoring led to variability in Salt Water Disposal (SWD) well performance and injectivity creating excess costs in biocide applications and remedial work. A metagenomics study using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) was conducted to determine the source(s) of problematic microorganisms throughout the process life cycle: Freshwater> Drilling> Completion> Flowback> Produced water> SWD. A total of 30 metagenomes were collected from the 6 process stages and identification and quantification of the major microbial taxa from each of these stages were identified. "Taxonomy to Function" associations were identified for all the major taxa found in the SWD fluids. WGS was performed on positive Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) and Acid Producing Bacteria (APB) media bottles inoculated in the field for a Flowback sample. Four of the six major taxa found in SWD samples are considered groups of microorganisms known to cause microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC): Clostridia, methanogens, SRB and Iron Reducing bacteria. Thermovirga and Thermotagae, were the two most abundant taxa found in SWD samples, both thermophilic halophilic fermenting bacteria. The Fe reducing bacteria Shewanella was only detected in Drilling and SWD fluids suggesting its source was Drilling fluids. Completion fluid metagenome profiles from two separate sites followed similar patterns. During middle of completions Proteobacteria phyla were dominant taxa represented mostly by Pseudomonas. Other abundant phyla were all characteristic of polymer degrading bacteria. None of these taxa were dominant populations identified in SWD waters. Fresh water only shared similar taxa with Drilling and Completion fluids. A few minor taxa from Drilling and Completion stages show up as significant taxa in SWD fluids. The majority of taxa found in SWD samples appear to originate from Flowback and Produced waters, although at lower abundances than found in SWD samples. It cannot be determined if the microorganisms found in Flowback and Produced waters were endemic to the formation or come from contaminated source waters, i.e. process equipment used to store and transport water sources. Petrotoga mobilis was the dominant population of bacteria that grew in both media bottles, 96% and 77% for SRB and APB, respectively, while Petrotoga was detected at 14% in the field sample. The most abundant bacteria detected in field sample were Clostridia (38%) while only 2.7% were detected in APB media. SRB media bottle had 0.18% SRB detected by WGS; APB media had 9% SRB population abundance. No SRB were detected in corresponding field sample or below detectable limits (BDL) for WGS methods (<0.01%). WGS was forensically used to successfully identify type and source of problematic microorganism in SWD facilities. Results from media bottle and field sample comparisons stress the importance of developing improved field monitoring techniques that more accurately detect the dominant microorganisms.

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