Anti-Aging Effects of Terminalia bellirica, Phyllanthus emblica, Triphala, and Carica papaya Extracts for Sustainable Youth

As the human lifespan becomes longer, many people invest time and money in managing external beauty. However, managing external beauty has the disadvantage of causing side effects or that the effect does not last. Therefore, research and development are required to maximize effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and sustainably in beauty management. The purpose of this study was to experimentally identify the anti-aging effects, such as skin wrinkle and elasticity improvement, of extracts from Bahera, Phyllanthus emblica, Triphala, and Carica papaya, and to confirm their development as whitening and wrinkle functional cosmetic materials. In this study, a solid mixture was prepared using eco-friendly Terminalia bellirica, amla (Phyllanthus emblica), Triphala, and Carica papaya, and experimental samples were extracted. Antioxidant tests, antibacterial activity tests, polyphenol and flavonoid content, and deodorization tests were conducted to test the efficacy of experimental samples. The procedures and methods of these experiments are summarized in the following article. In this study, we found that the Bahera, Phyllanthus emblica, Triphala, and Carica papaya extracts had significant effects on whitening and wrinkle improvement, and that the effects of using ethanol-based extracts as the co-solvent were even greater. In other words, extracts of Bahera, Phyllanthus emblica, Triphala and Carica papaya showed antioxidant, whitening, and anti-wrinkle effects, and extracts that used ethanol as a co-solvent showed greater effects. In particular, we found that the optimal concentration of ethanol as a co-solvent maximizes its effectiveness at 70%.

Acetylated African Oil Bean Seed Pod For Crude Oil Spill Mop

Oil spill remediation has continued to be a challenge in the world today. Thus efforts are still been made to develop more efficient oil spill mop up techniques. Natural adsorption with agricultural wastes, which otherwise constitute environmental pollution, has become an attractive technique for oil spill mop. Acetylation using acetic anhydride with iodine catalyst was carried out to improve the hydrophobicity of African oil bean seed pod (AOBSP), which is a lignocellulosic material and as such is naturally hydrophilic. Characterization of the raw and acetylated AOBSP were done using SEM, BET and FTIR analyses. Batch crude oil sorption tests were performed using both the raw and acetylated AOBSP. Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were also carried out. FTIR analysis showed evidence of successful acetylation of AOBSP and adsorption of crude oil onto the raw and acetylated AOBSP. SEM and BET analyses showed improvement of the surface properties of AOBSP by the acetylation process. The BET surface area increased from 226.4 m2/g for the raw AOBSP to 310.0 m2/g for the acetylated AOBSP. Oil sorption was found to be by monolayer coverage, with monolayer sorption capacity of 5000mg/g and 12500mg/g for raw and acetylated AOBSP, respectively. The rate-controlling mechanism for the sorption processes was chemisorption. Negative values of ΔGo, ΔHo and ΔSo were obtained, showing that the sorption processes were feasible, spontaneous and exothermic, with a degree of orderliness at the solid–mixture interface. The results obtained from this study show that both raw and acetylated AOBSP are efficient oil sorbents with potentials for further improvement for oil spill mop.

Sulfonitrocarburizing of High-Speed Steel Cutting Tools: Kinetics and Performances

The scholarly literature records information related to the performance increase of the cutting tools covered by the superficial layers formed “in situ” when applying thermochemical processing. In this context, information is frequently reported on the carbamide role in processes aiming carbon and nitrogen surface saturation. Sulfur, together with these elements adsorbed and diffused in the cutting tools superficial layers, undoubtedly ensures an increase of their operating sustainability. The present paper discusses the process of sulfonitrocarburizing in pulverulent solid media of high-speed tools steel (AISI T1, HS18-0-1) and its consequences. The peculiarity of the considered process is that the source of nitrogen and carbon is mainly carbamide (CON2H4), which is found in solid powdery mixtures together with components that do not lead to cyan complex formation (non-toxic media), and the sulfur source is native sulfur. The kinetics of the sulfonitrocarburizing process, depending on the carbamide proportion in the powdered solid mixture and the processing temperature, was studied. The consequences of the achieved sulfonitrocarburized layers on the cutting tools’ performance are expressed by the maximum permissible cutting speed and the maximum cut length. An interesting aspect is highlighted, namely the possibility of using chemically active mixtures. Their components, by initiation of the metallothermic reduction reaction, become able to provide both elements of interest and the amount of heat needed for the ultrafast saturation of the targeted metal surfaces.

Method for the modification of graphite subsurface layer to a solid mixture of SiC and graphite

We studied the interaction of molten Si and graphite surface during annealing in different atmospheres (CO, vacuum, Ar). The studies have shown that during annealing in CO atmosphere a composite material of SiC and graphite in a thick subsurface layer of the graphite is being formed, whereas at vacuum and Ar atmosphere the modified layer is either thin or absent. The composition and structure of both the composite material itself and the interface between the composite material and the graphite matrix were investigated using the methods of scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Studies have shown that the composite material obtained by this method has a branched fibrous structure consisting of small tubular layers of silicon carbide interspersed with large monocrystalline grains of silicon carbide of the cubic polytype, which leads to significant strengthening of the material. Thus the proposed method can be used to form a thermal protective, chemically resistant coating on graphite surface.

Analysis of Complex Solid-Gas Flow under the Influence of Gravity through Inclined Channel and Comparison with Real-Time Dual-Sensor System

Gas-solid flow is used in the chemical industry, food industry, pharmaceuticals, vehicles, and power generation. The calculation of flow has aroused great interest in contemporary industry. In recent decades, researchers have been seeking to build an effective system to monitor and calculate gas-solid flow. Attempts have been extended from computational modeling to the creation of flow pattern visualization methods and mass flow (MFR) quantification. MFR is usually studied by volume flow concentration (VFC) and velocity distribution of solid particles. A non-invasive device is used for testing MFR, in which electronic and mechanical sensors are used to balance the shortcomings related to each other. This study investigates the simulation of flow patterns to demonstrate the behavior of solid particles as they pass through the channel. The particles are allowed to slide longitudinally in the insulated tending channel. This slippage is due to the influence of natural gravity. Electronic sensor components are used to measure the velocity distribution and concentration of volumetric flow. The load cell is used as an auxiliary sensor for measuring MFR. In addition, ANSYS fluent is used to analyze streaming queries. The experimental results are related to evaluating the accuracy and relative error of the data collected from various sensors under different conditions. However, the simulation results can help explain the movement of the gas-solid mixture and can understand the cause of pipeline blockage during the slow movement of solid particles.

AN ALTERNATIVE FOR VALORIZATION OF WASTES AS ENERGY SOURCE

The efficient use of renewable energy resources is one of the most important elements of energy sustainability at the European Union level. The growing demand for energy will continue to support the use of other materials as resources of energy than conventional ones, coal, crude oil and natural gas. This paper investigates the feasibility of valorizing wastes with energetic potential in a multi-component alternative solid fuel. Biomass - vegetable waste (BW), meat and bone meal (MBM) and slag/bottom ash from lignite combustion, in combination with a low-rank, lignite, was used to prepare tri-component mixtures (MBM+Lignite +Slag and MBM+BW+Lignite) indifferent variable proportions, and further characterized to assess their potential for use as energy source. The thermal behavior of the mixtures was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis; the resulting ashes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy.Also, the environmental impact as emissions level after their combustion was considered. In terms of an effective way of removing wastes (e.g. slag/bottom ash and MBM), the most promising proposed solid mixture was the combination MBM(50%): Lignite(25%): Slag (25%), with a high energetic value, > 2700 kcal/kg, a volatile matter content > 35 %wt, and the ash in half amount compared to its initial mass. Thestudy’s findings illustrate the possibility of turning solid waste to raw material by converting them into energy, and promote the development of long-term waste management and recovery solutions.

The Impact of Swirls on Slurry Flows in Horizontal Pipelines

In deep ocean transportation pipeline, the swirling internal flow has a significant impact on the marine minerals transportation efficiency and safety. Therefore, the present work investigates various swirl flow motions for the slurry transport characteristics of the multi-sized particulate flow in a horizontal pipeline. Since the internal flow is a liquid-solid-solid mixture, a steady-state three-dimensional Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase approach in conjunction with the k-ω SST turbulence model is implemented for numerical simulation in the commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT 17.0. Numerical predictions of the mixture solid concentration distributions are generally in good conformance with experimental measurements. It is clearly revealed the transition of flow regime from heterogeneous to pseudo-homogeneous with the increasing level of swirl intensity at inlet. Compared to non-swirling flow, the swirling flow is of benefit to the multi-sized solid suspension capacity and the transportation efficiency. Moreover, the intense swirling vortex results in a strong influence on the characteristics of the lubrication layer formed by fine solid particles near the bottom of the pipe. These results provide valuable insights regarding the influence of swirl flow on the transport process for deep ocean mining.

A CFD Porous Materials Model to Test Soil Enriched with Nanostructured Zeolite Using ANSYS-Fluent(™)

Soil health is a great concern worldwide due to the huge variety of pollutants and human activities that may cause damage. There are different ways to remediate and make a better use of soil and a choice may be using zeolite in activities like gardening, farming, environment amending, among others. In this work is proposed a model to simulate how mixing zeolite with soil may be beneficial in different ways, we are especially interested in interactions of mixed soil-zeolite with water. This model is based in different flow regimes where water interacts with two layers formed by nanostructured zeolite and soil in a vertical arrangement. The analysis is approached as a bi-layer porous material model resolved by using the mathematical model implemented in ANSYS-Fluent. Such model uses a multi-fluid granular model to describe the flow behavior of a fluid–solid mixture where all the available interphase exchange coefficient models are empirically based. Despite the great capabilities of numerical simulation tools, it is known that at present time, the literature lacks a generalized formulation specific to resolve this kind of phenomena where a porous media is analyzed. This model is developed to obtain a systematic methodology to test nanomaterials with porous features produced in our laboratory which is the next step for near future work within our research group.

Highly Selective Anion Recognition, Extraction and Deep Removal Using a Superphane

Highly selective anion recognition and extraction are critical and challenging to deep removal of pollutants from the environment and effective recovery of valuable chemicals from low–content (at sub–ppm or ppb level) sources. Herein, we detail the gram–scale synthesis of a superphane 2, a new supramolecular host that was found capable of encapsulating ReO4– with high selectivity, as suggested by the single–crystal structures, NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Under solid–liquid extraction condidtions, 2 proved able to extract perrhenate from the solid mixture containing trace ReO4– (as low as 200 ppb) with near 100% selectivity over other 7 competing anions. Under liquid–liquid extraction conditions, using 2 as the supramolecular extractant, over 99.99% of ReO4– could be separated from the complex simulated aqueous waste streams containing ppm–level perrhenate and large excess of competing ions. Notably, after extraction, 2 could be recycled and reused by simple treatment with NaHCO3. This study opens up the door to development of superphane–based advanced materials for deep elimination of pollutants from the envirenment and purification of chemicals of interest with high efficiency and selectivity.