Surface Tubing Temperature Transducers Reduce Damage to Downhole Equipment Following a Downhole Gauge Failure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Zihlmann ◽  
Mike Parker ◽  
Luke Malsam
Keyword(s):  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Small Difference ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Phase Sensor ◽  
Downhole Sensors

Abstract Downhole sensors gather vital data for the health of an ESP system. Not only do the sensor readings help indicate the flow pattern; they also help indicate further issues such as plugging and degradation of the ESP system. Once a system has grounded on a single phase, sensor readings are lost, and operators must rely on current and frequency for the system to operate efficiently. In unconventional applications of ESP, operators see a small difference between no load, no flow and gas locking conditions. This small difference is due to the de-rating of motors used in order to get the fluid to surface in the severe applications. When the sensor readings typically are lost, operators are no longer able to accurately diagnose the reason for a shutdown. Adding the Tubing Temperature Transducers (TTT's) helps regain an indication of motor temperature along with load on the system. When operators have a drop in the tubing temperature this indicates the system is not able to get as much fluid to surface either indicating gas locking or a no-load condition which results in heating of the downhole system, particularly the motor. All these possible scenarios cause degradation of the ESP equipment and can cause pre-mature failure. If the system is set up with TTT's operators can shut-in the well to avoid extended periods of excessive heating caused by either gas locking or no flow conditions. Single phase to ground conditions occur frequently, however this paper does not address the root cause of a single-phase grounds, rather it addresses what the operator can do to operate efficiently when a unit has grounded out a single phase.

Upward Vertical Two-Phase Flow Through an Annulus—Part I: Single-Phase Friction Factor, Taylor Bubble Rise Velocity, and Flow Pattern Prediction

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Caetano ◽  
O. Shoham ◽  
J. P. Brill
Keyword(s):  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Friction Factor ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Rise Velocity ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Taylor Bubble ◽  
Bubble Rise ◽  
Bubble Rise Velocity ◽  
Flow Through

Upward gas-liquid flow through vertical concentric and fully eccentric annuli was studied both experimentally and theoretically. A flow system was designed and constructed for this study. The system consists of a 16-m long vertical annulus with 76.2-mm i.d. casing and 42.2-mm o.d. tubing. A comprehensive experimental investigation was conducted for both concentric and fully eccentric annuli configurations, using air-water and air-kerosene mixtures as the flowing fluids. Included were definition and classification of the existing flow patterns and development of flow pattern maps. Measurements of volumetric average liquid holdup and average total pressure gradient were made for each flow pattern for a wide range of flow conditions. Additional data include single-phase friction factor values and Taylor bubble rise velocities in a stagnant liquid column. Data analysis revealed that application of the hydraulic diameter concept for annuli configurations is not always adequate, especially at low Reynolds number flow conditions. A more rigorous approach was thus required for accurate prediction of the flow behavior, especially for two-phase flow. Part I of the study includes experimental data and analyses of single-phase friction factor, Taylor bubble rise velocity, and flow pattern transition boundaries.

M. V. Nadkarni. Farmer's Movements in India. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1987.237 pp.,Price: (hardbound edition) Rupees (Indian) 100.00.

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-335
Author(s):  
Khwaja Sarmad
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Land Holdings ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Agricultural Price

This book is a comprehensive analysis of farmers' movements in India with a focus on the movements in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Punjab and Karnatka. It examines the economic, social and political aspects of the farmers' struggle for a better deal within regional and national perspectives and evaluates the potential impact of these struggles on economic development in general, and on rural development, in particular. In a most competent way the author has presented the current state of the debate on the subject. He deals exhaustively with the subject of agricultural price policy and argues against the proposition that favourable price-setting for farm products is adequate to alleviate rural poverty. A better way to tackle this problem is to improve the per capita output in the rural sector, since the root cause of the problem is not unfavourable terms of trade but the increasing proportion of land holdings, which are economically not viable. Agricultural price policy is analyzed within the context of class relations, which enables to establish a link between the economic and political demands of the farmers. This analysis leads the author to conclude, that in contrast with the peasants' movements in India, which helped to break up the feudal agrarian set-up, the recent farmers' movements, with a few exceptions, have little revolutionary content. Their leadership has been appropriated by the rich landowners, who have transformed the movements into a lobby for advancing their own interests, within the existing power structure, to the neglect of the poorer peasantry.

Modeling flow pattern transitions in electrical submersible pump under gassy flow conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 471-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjun Zhu ◽  
Jiecheng Zhang ◽  
Guangqiang Cao ◽  
Qingqi Zhao ◽  
Jianlin Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Submersible Pump ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Electrical Submersible Pump ◽  
Modeling Flow

Flow conditions in the grooves of a Low-Consistency refiner

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Prahl Wittberg ◽  
Magnus Björkman ◽  
Gohar Khokhar ◽  
Ulla-Britt Mohlin ◽  
Anders Dahlkild
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Flow Pattern ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Shear Forces ◽  
High Speed Imaging ◽  
Newtonian Flows ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Vortical Motion

Abstract The flow pattern in the grooves plays a major role for the homogeneity of refining as well as for the transfer and loading of fiber flocs in refining position on the bar edges. However, it is an area where very little information is available. In the present study, flow conditions in the grooves in a Low-Consistency (LC) - disc refiner were studied both experimentally and numerically. The experimental study involved high-speed imaging through a 3 cm peephole into a commercial refiner. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation focused on the flow condition in a radial groove, considering both Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows. Flow conditions for stator and rotor grooves were modeled along the groove at different angular speeds and pressure differences over the refiner. Both the experimental and the modeling results show a dual flow pattern in the grooves; a rotational/spiral movement at the top of the groove and a flow in the direction of the groove at the bottom, which to the authors knowledge has not been reported in literature. The strong vortical motion at the top of the grooves observed both for the rotor and the stator are believed to be important for placing the fibers onto the bar edges and to induce shear forces in such a way that the fibers get treated. Moreover, a large sensitivity to suspension properties in terms of the development of flow pattern was detected.

Single Phase Compressible Steady Flow in Pipes

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hullender ◽  
Robert Woods ◽  
Yi-Wei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Mass Velocity ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Iterative Solution ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Explicit Equation ◽  
Adiabatic Flow ◽  
Transfer Ratio

In general, the computation of single phase subsonic mass velocity of gas flowing through a pipe requires a computerized iterative analysis. The equations for the friction factor for laminar and turbulent flow are used to obtain explicit equations for the subsonic mass velocity as a function of the pressures at the ends of a pipe. Explicit equations for mass velocity are presented. Included within the equations is a heat transfer ratio, which can vary between 0 for adiabatic flow conditions to 1 for isothermal flow conditions. The use of this heat transfer ratio also enables the formulation of an explicit equation for the gas temperature along the pipe for nonisothermal flow conditions. The explicit equations eliminate the need for an iterative solution. Laboratory data are used to support the accuracy of the model.

Investigation of Flow in a Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood With/Without Turbine Exit Conditions Simulated

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjun Liu ◽  
Yongqiang Cui ◽  
Hongde Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Static Pressure ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Exhaust Hood ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
3D Flow ◽  
Typical Design ◽  
Turbine Exhaust ◽  
Good Agreement

Experimental and numerical investigations for the flow in an exhaust hood model of large steam turbines have been carried out in order to understand the complex 3D flow pattern existing in the hood and also to validate the CFD solver. The model is a typical design for 300/600 MW steam turbines currently in operation. Static pressure at the diffuser tip and hub endwalls and at hood outer casing is measured and nonuniform circumferential distributions of static pressure are noticed. Velocity field at the model exit is measured and compared with the numerical prediction. The multigrid multiblock 3D Navier-Stokes solver used for the simulations is based upon the TVD Lax-Wendroff scheme and the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. Good agreement between numerical results and experimental data is demonstrated. It is found that the flow pattern and hood performance are very different with or without the turbine exit flow conditions simulated.

Study of the Pressure Distribution between the Piston Rings in Reciprocating Compressors

2011 ◽  
Vol 383-390 ◽  
pp. 6048-6052
Author(s):  
Dian Bo Xin ◽  
Jian Mei Feng ◽  
Yan Jing Xu ◽  
Xue Yuan Peng
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Premature Failure ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Set Up

Piston ring is one of the most important sealing components that can be easily damaged in reciprocating compressors. The severe non-uniformity of the pressure distribution was suggested to be the essential reason for the premature failure of the piston rings. Therefore, a test rig was set up to measure the pressure distributions as well as the build-up of the dynamic pressure difference, which could reveal the root cause for the non-uniformity of the pressure distributions. The results showed that the build-ups of the pressure differences between different rings were not simultaneous; there existed a threshold pressure, and the latter ring could work only when the pressure before the former ring reached to the threshold value. The pressure distributions were also investigated at the start-up and shut-down of the compressor, which further validated the cause of the premature failure of the first ring.

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