Experimental Results to Design Lactic Acid for Carbonate Acidizing

Abstract Acidizing deep carbonate formations by Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a complex task due to high reaction and corrosion rates. Mixing organic acids with HCl is a typical method to reduce the acid's reactivity and corrosivity. Lactic acid has not been investigated completely in the area of carbonate acidizing. Lactic acid has a dissociation constant similar to formic acid, which is approximately 10 times larger than acetic acid. Therefore, the objective of this work is to compare lactic/HCl blends with plain HCl and formic/HCl blends. Corrosion tests were conducted at high temperature on C-95 steel coupons to investigate associated corrosion damage. Coreflood tests were performed on Indiana limestone cores to mimic matrix acidizing treatment and to investigate amount of pore volumes required to breakthrough. All blends were prepared to be equivalent to 15 wt% (4.4 M) HCl for comparison. Lactic and formic acid concentrations were set to be (0.5 or 1 M), and HCl concentration was calculated as appropriate to reach a blend with strength of 4.4 M. In terms of corrosivity evaluation, blends of lactic and HCl acids showed a corrosion rate of up to 1.97 lb/ft2 at 300°F. The formic and HCl blend showed a corrosion rate of 1.68 lb/ft2 at the same temperature. The difference in corrosion rates between the two mixtures is due to molecular weight difference between lactic and formic acids. When both acids were prepared at 1 M, lactic acid blend required more HCl to be equivalent to 15 wt% HCl acid which was associated with an increase in corrosion rate. Coreflood results established acid efficiency curves for lactic/HCl acid blends. The curves highlighted the correlation between acid-core reactivity, injection rate, and dissolution pattern. Lactic/HCl blend was less reactive than formic/HCl mixture as the last required lower injection rate to obtain optimum pore volume to breakthrough at 300°F. Lactic/HCl blend was able to generate an optimum dissolution pattern as a dominant wormhole was shown on tested core plugs inlet face. This study expands the investigation of lactic acid utilization in carbonate acidizing. Major advantages rendered by using lactic acid with HCl include: (1) favorable dissolution pattern due to lactic acid being less reactive than HCl or formic acids, and (2) less corrosion rates comparing to HCl, that can reduce allocated costs for maintenance and replacements.

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The Stern-Geary and related methods for determining corrosion rates

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch9750243 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 243 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

DB Matthews

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Rate ◽

Corrosion Potential ◽

Transfer Coefficients ◽

Corrosion Rates ◽

Linear Current ◽

Reversible Potential ◽

Special Cases ◽

The Difference ◽

Current Potential

Calculation of the current-potential relations for corroding electrodes as a function of the cathodic and anodic transfer coefficients and as a function of the difference between the corrosion and reversible potentials demonstrates the deficiencies of the Stern-Geary equation for determining corrosion rates. The calculations also demonstrate that a linear current-potential relation is not predicted except over very small ranges of potential, e.g. 2 mV. As a consequence, it is essential in using the Stern- Geary and related methods to determine the slope dE/di at the corrosion potential. The Stern-Geary method is not applicable for systems where the corrosion potential is close to the reversible potential for either of the participating reactions and fortuitous linearity of currentvoltage plots may be erroneously interpreted as indicating that the Stern-Geary method is applicable. Methods of determining the corrosion rate which depend upon measuring the difference ΔE in corrosion and reversible potentials are not likely to be successful because of their sensitivity to the value of ΔE. A new derivation of the slope dE/di at the corrosion potential is presented and it is shown that the Stern-Geary and Mansfeld-Oldham equations may be derived as special cases. This new derivation is not immediately useful for determining the corrosion rate but it is shown that by measuring the dependence of the corrosion potential on concentration of cathodic reactant then the new derivation can be useful for rapid and accurate corrosion rate measurements even for small values of ΔE.

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Effects of Inline Inspection Sizing Uncertainties on the Accuracy of the Largest Features and Corrosion Rate Statistics

2010 8th International Pipeline Conference, Volume 4 ◽

10.1115/ipc2010-31037 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Luc Huyse ◽

Albert van Roodselaar

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Rate ◽

Time Interval ◽

Corrosion Rates ◽

Course Of Action ◽

Distribution Parameters ◽

Statistical Analysis Method ◽

The Difference ◽

External Corrosion ◽

The Cost ◽

Subsea Pipelines

With the increased acceptance of the use of probabilistic fitness-for-service methods, considerable effort has been dedicated to the estimation of the corrosion rate distribution parameters. The corrosion rate is typically computed from the difference in anomaly size over a specific time interval. The anomaly sizes are measured through either in-line inspection or direct assessment. Sizing accuracies for inline inspection methods are reasonably well established and in many cases the sizing uncertainty is non-negligible. In many approaches that are proposed in the literature the time-averaged corrosion rates are computed without explicitly considering the effect of the sizing uncertainties and as a result considerable interpretation and engineering judgment is required when estimating corrosion rates. This paper highlights some of the effects of the sizing uncertainties and the resulting biases that occur in the subsequent reliability calculations. These assessments are used to determine the most appropriate course of action: repair, replacement, or time of next inspection. The cost for repair or replacement of subsea pipelines is much higher than for onshore pipelines. For subsea applications, it is therefore paramount that the risk calculations, and therefore the corrosion rate estimates, be as accurate as possible. In subsea applications, the opportunity to repair individual defects is often limited due to practical constraints and there is merit in an approach that focuses on entire spools or pipeline segments. The proposed statistical analysis method is ideally suited to this application although the principles behind the analysis apply equally well to onshore lines subject to either internal or external corrosion threats.

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Behavior of Unsteady Turbulent Starting Round Jets

Journal of Fluids Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4006385 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 134 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Neerav Abani ◽

Jaal B. Ghandhi

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Penetration Rate ◽

Injection Rate ◽

Injection Velocity ◽

Time Varying ◽

Velocity Change ◽

Rate Of Penetration ◽

Round Jets ◽

The Difference ◽

Sudden Decrease

Turbulent starting jets with time-varying injection velocities were investigated using high-speed schlieren imaging. Two solenoid-controlled injectors fed a common plenum upstream of an orifice; using different upstream pressures and actuation times, injection-rate profiles with a step increase or decrease in injection velocity were tested. The behavior of the jet was found to be different depending on the direction of the injection-velocity change. A step increase in injection velocity resulted in an increased rate of penetration relative to the steady-injection case, and a larger increase in injection velocity resulted in an earlier change in the tip-penetration rate. The step-increase data were found to be collapsed by scaling the time by a convective time scale based on the tip location at the time of the injection-velocity change and the difference in the injection velocities. A sudden decrease in injection velocity to zero was found to cause a deviation from the corresponding steady-pressure case at a time that was independent of the initial jet velocity, i.e., it was independent of the magnitude of the injection-velocity change. Two models for unsteady injection from the literature were tested and some deficiencies in the models were identified.

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Effect of Ensilage of Rye Treated with Formic Acid and Lactic Acid Bacteria Inoculant on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics

Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science ◽

10.5333/kgfs.2020.40.4.244 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 244-250

Author(s):

Jayeon Kim ◽

◽

Rajaraman Bharanidharan ◽

Geumhwi Bang ◽

Soonwoo Jeong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Ruminal Fermentation

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OPTIMASI PRODUKSI PULP FORMACELL DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS) DENGAN METODE PERMUKAAN RESPON

REAKTOR ◽

10.14710/reaktor.16.4.161-171 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 161 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sri Hidayati ◽

Ahmad Sapta Zuidar ◽

Ahmad Fahreza

Keyword(s):

Formic Acid ◽

Acid Concentration ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Optimum Concentration ◽

Optimum Result ◽

Hcl Concentration ◽

Pulp Production

ABSTRACT Empty oil-palm bunches (EOPB) contains more enough cellulose so that it can be made as an alternative pulp production. One of the process of pulp production which friendly environment is by using acetate acid and formic acid called by formacell process. The aims of the research is to got optimation models of formic acid concentration, HCl concentration and cooking duration for the EFB pulp production. The optimum result of the EOPB pulp production were 75% of cellulose, 8% of hemiselulosa, 10% of lignin, and 80% of yield with the optimum concentration 20% of formic acid, 0,5% of HCl, and 2 hour of cooking duration. Keyword : pulp formacell, EFB, RSM. ABSTRAK Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) mengandung kadar selulosa yang cukup tinggi sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku alternatif produksi pulp. Salah satu proses produksi pulp ramah lingkungan yaitu dengan menggunakan campuran pelarut asam asetat dan asam formiat sebagai bahan pemasak yang disebut proses formacell. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan model optimasi dari konsentrasi asam formiat, konsentrasi HCl dan lama pemasakan untuk produksi pulp TKKS. Konsentrasi pemasakan optimum terjadi pada konsentrasi asam formiat 20%, konsentrasi HCl 0,5%, dan lama pemasakan selama 2 jam dengan hasil optimum untuk produksi pulp TKKS yaitu 75 % selulosa, 8 % hemiselulosa, 10% lignin, dan 80% rendemen. Kata kunci: pulp formacell, TKKS, RSM.

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The Corrosion of Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel in Simulated Geothermal Media

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch9851133 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 1133 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

BG Pound ◽

MH Abdurrahman ◽

MP Glucina ◽

GA Wright ◽

RM Sharp

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Corrosion Rate ◽

Stainless Steels ◽

Polarization Resistance ◽

Iron Sulfide ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Passive Films ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Corrosion Rates ◽

Good Agreement

The corrosion rates of low-carbon steel, and 304, 316 and 410/420 stainless steels in simulated geothermal media containing hydrogen sulfide have been measured by means of the polarization resistance technique. Good agreement was found between weight-loss and polarization resistance measurements of the corrosion rate for all the metals tested. Carbon steel formed a non-adherent film of mackinawite (Fe1 + xS). The lack of protection afforded to the steel by the film resulted in an approximately constant corrosion rate. The stainless steels also exhibited corrosion rates that were independent of time. However, the 410 and 420 alloys formed an adherent film consisting mainly of troilite ( FeS ) which provided only limited passivity. In contrast, the 304 and 316 alloys appeared to be essentially protected by a passive film which did not seem to involve an iron sulfide phase. However, all the stainless steels, particularly the 410 and 420 alloys, showed pitting, which indicated that some breakdown of the passive films occurred.

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Corrosion Tests of Zircaloy Hull Waste to Confirm Applicability of Corrosion Model and to Evaluate Influence Factors on Corrosion Rate under Geological Disposal Conditions

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/opl.2014.646 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1665 ◽

pp. 195-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Osamu Kato ◽

Hiromi Tanabe ◽

Tomofumi Sakuragi ◽

Tsutomu Nishimura ◽

Tsuyoshi Tateishi

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Rate ◽

Corrosion Behavior ◽

Pure Water ◽

Influence Factors ◽

Spent Fuel ◽

Geological Disposal ◽

Corrosion Tests ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Corrosion Rates ◽

Temperature Ranges

ABSTRACTCorrosion behavior is a key issue in the assessment of disposal performance for activated waste such as spent fuel assemblies (i.e., hulls and end-pieces) because corrosion is expected to initiate radionuclide (e.g., C-14) leaching from such waste. Because the anticipated corrosion rate is extremely low, understanding and modeling Zircaloy (Zry) corrosion behavior under geological disposal conditions is important in predicting very long-term corrosion. Corrosion models applicable in the higher temperature ranges of nuclear reactors have been proposed based on considerable testing in the 523−633 K temperature range.In this study, corrosion tests were carried out to confirm the applicability of such existing models to the low temperature range of geological disposal, and to examine the influence of material, environmental, and other factors on corrosion rates under geological disposal conditions. A characterization analysis of the generated oxide film was also performed.To confirm applicability, the corrosion rate of Zry-4 in pure water with a temperature change from 303 K to 433 K was obtained using a hydrogen measuring technique, giving a corrosion rate for 180 days of 8 × 10-3 μm/y at 303 K.To investigate the influence of various factors, corrosion tests were carried out. The corrosion rates for Zry-2 and Zry-4 were almost same, and increased with a temperature increase from 303 K to 353 K. The influence of pH (12.5) compared with pure water was about 1.4 at 180 days at 303 K.

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Effects of tungsten, chromium and zirconium on the corrosion behavior of ternary amorphous W–Cr–Zr alloys in 1 M NaOh solution

Scientific World ◽

10.3126/sw.v9i9.5516 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 39-43

Author(s):

Basu Ram Aryal ◽

Jagadeesh Bhattarai

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Corrosion Rate ◽

Open Circuit Potential ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Corrosion Rates ◽

Corrosion Resistance Property ◽

Naoh Solution ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Sputter Deposited ◽

Zr Alloys

Simultaneous additions of tungsten, chromium and zirconium in the chromium- and zirconium-enriched sputter-deposited binary W-xCr and W-yZr are effective to improve the corrosion resistance property of the ternary amorphous W- xCr-yZr alloys after immersion for 240 h in 1 M NaOH solution open to air at 25°C. The corrosion rates of all the examined sputter-deposited (10-57)W-(18-42)Cr-(25-73)Zr alloys is higher than those of alloy-constituting elements (that is, tungsten, chromium and zirconium) in aggressive 1 M NaOH solution open to air at 25°C. The corrosion rates of all the examined sputter−deposited W–xCr–yZr alloys containing 10-57 at% tungsten, 18-42 at% chromium and 25-73 at% zirconium were in the range of 1.5-2.5 × 10−3 mm/y or lower which are more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of sputter-deposited tungsten and even about one order of magnitude lower than those of the sputter-deposited zirconium in 1 M NaOH solution. Keywords: Ternary W–Cr–Zr alloys; Amorphous; Corrosion rate; Open circuit potential; 1 M NaOH. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v9i9.5516 SW 2011; 9(9): 39-43

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The effect of volatile organic acids and CO2 on the corrosion rate of carbon steel from a Top-of-Line-Corrosion (TLC) perspective

IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1088/1757-899x/1201/1/012079 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1201 (1) ◽

pp. 012079

Author(s):

S B Gjertsen ◽

A Palencsar ◽

M Seiersten ◽

T H Hemmingsen

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Corrosion Rate ◽

Organic Acid ◽

Carbonic Acid ◽

Acid Corrosion ◽

Iron Concentration ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Steel Corrosion ◽

Carbon Steels ◽

Corrosion Rates

Abstract Models for predicting top-of-line corrosion (TLC) rates on carbon steels are important tools for cost-effectively designing and operating natural gas transportation pipelines. The work presented in this paper is aimed to investigate how the corrosion rates on carbon steel is affected by acids typically present in the transported pipeline fluids. This investigation may contribute to the development of improved models. In a series of experiments, the corrosion rate differences for pure CO2 (carbonic acid) corrosion and pure organic acid corrosion (acetic acid and formic acid) on X65 carbon steel were investigated at starting pH values; 4.5, 5.3, or 6.3. The experiments were conducted in deaerated low-salinity aqueous solutions at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 65 °C. The corrosion rates were evaluated from linear polarization resistance data as well as mass loss and released iron concentration. A correlation between lower pH values and increased corrosion rates was found for the organic acid experiments. However, the pH was not the most critical factor for the rates of carbon steel corrosion in these experiments. The experimental results showed that the type of acid species involved and the concentration of the undissociated acid in the solution influenced the corrosion rates considerably.

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