open circuit potential
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingying Zhai ◽  
Dajing Yuan ◽  
Xiaojiang Xie

Ionophore-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are traditionally operated with potentiometry by measuring the open circuit potential against a reference electrode. However, the sensitivity of ISEs is limited by the well-known Nernstian...


2022 ◽  
Vol 334 ◽  
pp. 08001
Author(s):  
Grégory Bataillou ◽  
Naoufel Haddour ◽  
Christian Vollaire

Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (PMFC) creates electricity from oxidation of root exudates by microbia anaerobic digestion, and reduction of dioxygen to water. In this study, Lobelia Queen Cardinalis was used as a plant model to investigate the impact of ionic connection between stacked Plant microbial fuel cell (shared soil). 10mm thickness carbon felt woven with stainless steel wire was used for both anode and cathode, and soil was a mix of potting soil and ground from pond banks (30\%-70\% weight, respectively). Independent performances did not show any difference between individual and shared soil PMFCs. Stacking independent PMFC in series sums both open circuit potential (OCP) and internal resistance, while stacking in parallel sums current, keeping open circuit potential to the mean of the OCPs. Although series stacking seems to output best performances, this configuration may cause voltage reversal in one PMFC when current is strong, leading to biofilm damage, so stacking in parallel is recommended.


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7863
Author(s):  
Tarang Shinde ◽  
Catalin Pruncu ◽  
Narendra B. Dhokey ◽  
Anca C. Parau ◽  
Alina Vladescu

AISI H13 die steel specimens were subjected to heating at 1020 °C followed by oil quenching and double tempering at 520 °C. Subsequently, these specimens were subjected to deep cryogenic treatment at −185 °C in liquid nitrogen environment for 16 h and then subjected to soft tempering at 100 °C once the specimens attained room temperature. Thereafter, the specimens were subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The electrochemical corrosion activity was investigated in 3.5% NaCl at 23 ± 0.5 °C by evaluating the evolution of open circuit potential over time and potentiodynamic curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study was also carried out. The heat-treated specimens exhibited better resistance to corrosion through more electropositive values of open circuit potential. This could be attributed to lower grain boundary area in heat-treated specimens as compared to 16 h cryogenically treated specimen as higher grain boundary areas behave as an anode in an electrochemical cell, thereby enhancing the rate of corrosion. According to electrochemical tests, the cryogenically treated surface is more resistant to corrosion, followed by heated alloy. However, both surface modification treatments improved the corrosion behavior of the untreated alloy.


Author(s):  
Mohandoss S ◽  
◽  
Srinivasan S.P. ◽  

Development of biocompatible dental implants has become significant impact in dental industry. In the present work, we report for the development of biocompatible nano Yttria stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) coatings on 316L stainless steel (316L SS) obtained by EPD process. The optimized sample (nano YSZ coating on 316 obtained at applied potential of 70 V for 5 minutes) were sintered in air at 600, 800 and 900°C. The surface morphology and composition of the coatings were characterized by XRD and FE-SEM with EDAX. The electrochemical performance of the uncoated metal and nano YSZ coated 316L SS samples were evaluated in artificial saliva (AS) medium using electrochemical techniques such as Open Circuit Potential – time measurement (OCP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization (CPP).


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7193
Author(s):  
Bosung Seo ◽  
Hyeon-Tae Im ◽  
Ki-Beom Park ◽  
Kwangsuk Park ◽  
Hyung-Ki Park

Microstructures and corrosion properties of pure titanium were characterized when iron was used as a grain refiner. The added Fe element acted as a strong grain refiner for pure titanium by forming β Ti phase at grain boundaries, and 0.15 wt% Fe was revealed to be a sufficient amount to make the grain size of pure titanium below 20 μm, which was the requirement for the desired titanium cathode. However, corrosion resistance was decreased with the Fe amount added. From the open circuit potential (OCP) results, it was obvious that the TiO2 stability against the reducing acid environment was deteriorated with the Fe amount, which seemed to be the main reason for the decreased corrosion resistance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results showed that both the decrease in the compact oxide film’s resistance (Rb) and the appearance of the outer porous film occurred as a result of the dissolution of the TiO2 layer, whose phenomena became more apparent as more Fe was added.


Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1395
Author(s):  
Cristiana-Alexandra Danes ◽  
Cristina Dumitriu ◽  
Sorin Vizireanu ◽  
Bogdan Bita ◽  
Ioana-Maria Nicola ◽  
...  

This research deals with the deposition of copper on a steel substrate. Two different methods were investigated: electrochemical and magnetron sputtering. The deposition parameters were optimized to obtain a coating layer with uniform granular structure and good adhesion to the substrate. As a novelty, carbon nanowalls (CNW) were used as reinforcement in copper coatings on the steel surface. The morphology of the coatings, adhesion and Vickers microhardness were performed to emphasize the CNW influence on the coating properties. Open circuit potential and Tafel analysis were used for electrochemical characterization. These kinds of CNW-copper composite with improved hardness and adhesion and surface electrical resistance around 1 Ω·cm could have miscellaneous applications in different domains such as aerospace, electronics, automotive and power-generation.


Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3027
Author(s):  
Sung Min Wi ◽  
Jihong Kim ◽  
Suok Lee ◽  
Yu-Rim Choi ◽  
Sung Hoon Kim ◽  
...  

To effectively improve the energy density and reduce the self-discharging rate of micro-supercapacitors, an advanced strategy is required. In this study, we developed a hydroquinone (HQ)-based polymer-gel electrolyte (HQ-gel) for micro-supercapacitors. The introduced HQ redox mediators (HQ-RMs) in the gel electrolyte composites underwent additional Faradaic redox reactions and synergistically increased the overall energy density of the micro-supercapacitors. Moreover, the HQ-RMs in the gel electrolyte weakened the self-discharging behavior by providing a strong binding attachment of charged ions on the porous graphitized carbon electrodes after the redox reactions. The micro-supercapacitors with HQ gel (HQ-MSCs) showed excellent energy storage performance, including a high energy volumetric capacitance of 255 mF cm−3 at a current of 1 µA, which is 2.7 times higher than the micro-supercapacitors based on bare-gel electrolyte composites without HQ-RMs (b-MSCs). The HQ-MSCs showed comparatively low self-discharging behavior with an open circuit potential drop of 37% compared to the b-MSCs with an open circuit potential drop of 60% after 2000 s. The assembled HQ-MSCs exhibited high mechanical flexibility over the applied external tensile and compressive strains. Additionally, the HQ-MSCs show the adequate circuit compatibility within series and parallel connections and the good cycling performance of capacitance retention of 95% after 3000 cycles.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Germán Sebastián Kürten Moreno

El estudio de nanopartículas (NPs) metálicas resulta de gran atractivo porque permite comprender sus propiedades distintivas, mejorar su aprovechamiento en aplicaciones ya desarrolladas, y avanzar hacia el desarrollo de nuevas y potenciales aplicaciones. Sin embargo, en el presente, existe una gran brecha entre la diversidad de protocolos de síntesis –que permiten obtener NPs con una amplia variedad de composiciones, tamaños y formas- y la comprensión de fenómenos que los sustentan. Mientras los modelos teóricos pueden explicar parcialmente los fenómenos observados, los sistemas reales resultan considerablemente complejos, por lo que es necesario continuar indagando para obtener interpretaciones razonables. En el marco del contexto descripto, se estudian en este trabajo métodos de preparación de NPs –previamente informados y muy difundidos- que difieren significativamente entre sí. Las NPs de Au se prepararon utilizando estrategias basadas en la mezcla de reactivos en vía húmeda, utilizando solventes polares. En cambio, las NPs de Ag se prepararon utilizando el método bifásico que consiste en la transferencia de especies iónicas desde la fase acuosa, hacia la fase poco polar, mediante un agente de transferencia de fase. En ambos casos, las NPs fueron estabilizadas con tioles, los que actúan como agentes estabilizantes estéricos. En el método de una fase se utilizó ácido tiomálico (TMA), el que permite que las NPs se dispersen en soluciones acuosas en un amplio rango de pHs. Alternativamente, las NPs de Ag fueron recubiertas con 1 dodecanotiol, el que les confiere una estabilidad extraordinaria, permitiendo la aplicación de técnicas de purificación y fraccionamiento; incluso el almacenamiento de las NPs en forma de polvos que pueden resuspenderse en solventes poco polares. Se realizaron modificaciones sobre los protocolos previamente informados, con el fin de obtener mejores rendimientos de síntesis. Pero, más importante aún, se llevaron adelante ensayos especialmente diseñados para la mejor comprensión de los fenómenos que determinan las propiedades de las NPs. La formación de tiolatos metálicos ha resultado un inconveniente en la síntesis de ambos tipos de preparaciones, las llevadas a cabo en una o dos fases. En el caso de las NPs de Au, se utilizaron diferentes estrategias tendientes a evitar –o al menos disminuir- la cantidad de tiomalato de Au(I), (Au(I)TMA) formado. Antes de abordar el tema, fue necesario estudiar y analizar los reactivos y subproductos de la síntesis. Posteriormente, habiendo comprendido mejor la química de las especies involucradas y, estimado las velocidades características para la formación de Au(I)TMA, se propusieron alternativas para minimizar la formación del tiomalato de Au(I). Una parte sustantiva del trabajo se basó en el empleo de grupos protectores y de intercambios de ligandos. Los estudios realizados confirman que la considerable estabilidad y rápida velocidad de formación del Au(I)TMA representan características intrínsecas de estos polímeros, lo que resulta una limitación para su aplicación. Por otro lado, se encontró que la temperatura a la que se lleva a cabo la síntesis de NPsAg es un parámetro crucial, que determina la formación o no de tiolato de Ag(I), (Ag(I)SR). En efecto, en las preparaciones realizadas en baño de hielo no se encontraron vestigios de estos tiolatos poliméricos. En cambio, se verificó la presencia de estos compuestos cuando la síntesis se llevó a cabo a temperaturas mayores. De los resultados se infiere que la aparición Ag(I)SR como subproducto está determinada por la capacidad del medio para proveer condiciones suficientemente reductoras, o del tiempo durante el que se observen estas condiciones. En otras palabras, la formación de Ag(I)SR no se debe a una hipotética extraordinaria estabilidad de estos polímeros, sino a limitaciones para garantizar ambientes reductores apropiados. Alcanzar las anteriores conclusiones requirió realizar, previamente, estudios sobre la capacidad de las soluciones acuosas de NaBH4 -en condiciones de pH amortiguado, y saturadas por aire, nitrógeno u oxígeno molecular- para mantener condiciones muy reductoras durante tiempos razonablemente largos. Esto se llevó a cabo a través de determinaciones de potencial a circuito abierto (open circuit potential, OCP), una técnica de implementación razonablemente simple y, en general, poco utilizada. Se encontró que la presencia de oxígeno molecular y valores bajos de pH contribuyen a la oxidación e hidrólisis del BH4-, pudiendo reducir la eficacia en la reducción de especies metálicas. Se postuló que la limitada estabilidad del anión borohidruro y, por tanto, la acotada capacidad de las soluciones de NaBH4 para mantener condiciones reductoras durante períodos prolongados, son responsables de que la reducción de las especies poliméricas de tipo tiolato metálico no sea completa. Esto explica tanto las observaciones presentadas en este trabajo, como resultados obtenidos previamente por otros autores. A lo largo de todo este trabajo se han utilizado tanto técnicas tradicionales, propias de la síntesis química y de la química analítica en vía húmeda, como herramientas avanzadas de caracterización (espectroscopias y microscopias). Hemos encontrado que las técnicas avanzadas sólo resultan provechosas si son acompañadas de un análisis criterioso de los resultados.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel Attia ◽  
Lobna Khorshed ◽  
Samir Morsi ◽  
Elsayed Ashour

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the polyacrylic polymer/Al2O3 as a new nanocomposite coating to protect brass and Al-bronze in 3.5% NaCl and the role of alumina formulation on their protection efficiency Design/methodology/approach The corrosion efficiency of the nanocomposite coating (NCC) was evaluated by open circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Findings The protection efficiency was more in the case of Al-bronze even for the same formulation of alumina NCC indicated the Cu substrate contribution. The Cu oxides in alloys and Al2O3 from the NCC and Al-bronze were responsible for this protection. Originality/value All the techniques supported each other, the presence of alumina was responsible for the corrosion protection efficiency.


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