An Experimental Investigation of High and Low Salinity Waterflood Displacement Under the Steady-State Condition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulla Aljaberi ◽  
Seyed Amir Farzaneh ◽  
Shokoufeh Aghabozorgi ◽  
Mohammad Saeid Ataei ◽  
Mehran Sohrabi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Relative Permeability ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Unsteady State ◽  
Dispersion Effect ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Steady State Method ◽  
State Method ◽  
Relative Permeability Curves

Abstract Oil recovery by low salinity waterflood is significantly affected by fluid-fluid interaction through the micro-dispersion effect. This interaction influences rock wettability and relative permeability functions. Therefore, to gain a better insight into multiphase flow in porous media and perform numerical simulations, reliable relative permeability data is crucial. Unsteady-state or steady-state displacement methods are commonly used in the laboratory to measure water-oil relative permeability curves of a core sample. Experimentally, the unsteady-state core flood technique is more straightforward and less time-consuming compared to the steady-state method. However, the obtained data is limited to a small saturation range, and the associated uncertainty is not negligible. On the other hand, the steady-state method provides a more accurate dataset of two-phase relative permeability needed in the reservoir simulator for a reliable prediction of the high salinity and low salinity waterflood displacement performance. Considering the limitations of the unsteady state method, steady-state high salinity and low salinity brine experiments waterflood experiments were performed to compare the obtained relative permeability curves. The experiments were performed on a carbonate reservoir sample using a live reservoir crude oil under reservoir conditions. The test was designed so that the production and pressure drop curve covers a wider saturation range and provides enough data for analysis. Consequently, reliable relative permeability functions were obtained, initially, for a better comparison and prediction of the high salinity and the low salinity waterflood injections and then, to quantify the effect of low salinity waterflood under steady-state conditions. The results confirm the difference in relative permeability curves between high salinity and low salinity injections due to the micro-dispersion effect, which caused a decrease in water relative permeability and an increase in the oil relative permeability. These results also proved that low salinity brine can change the rock wettability from oil-wet or mixed-wet to more water-wet conditions. Furthermore, the obtained relative permeability curves extend across a substantial saturation range, making it valuable information required for numerical simulations. To the best of our knowledge, the reported data in this work is a pioneer in quantifying the impact of low salinity waterflood at steady-state conditions using a reservoir crude oil and reservoir rock, which is of utmost importance for the oil and gas industry.

A Model for Two-Phase Flow in Consolidated Materials

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ehrlich ◽  
F.E. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Porous Medium ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Relative Permeability ◽  
Viscosity Ratio ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Unsteady State ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Phase Saturation ◽  
Relative Permeability Curves

Abstract A consolidated porous medium is mathematically modeled by networks of irregularly shaped interconnected pore channels. Mechanisms are described that form residual saturations during immiscible displacement both by entire pore channels being bypassed and by fluids being isolated by the movement of an interface within individual pore channels. This latter mechanism is shown to depend strongly on pore channel irregularity. Together, these mechanisms provide an explanation for the drainage-imbibition-hysteresis effect. The calculation of steady-state relative permeabilities, based on a pore-size distribution permeabilities, based on a pore-size distribution obtained from a Berea sandstone, is described. These relative permeability curves agree qualitatively with curves that are generally accepted to be typical for highly consolidated materials. In situations where interfacial effects predominate over viscous and gravitational effects, the following conclusions are reached.Relative permeability at a given saturation is everywhere independent of flow rate.Relative permeability is independent of viscosity ratio everywhere except at very low values of wetting phase relative permeability.Irreducible wetting-phase saturation following steady-state drainage decreases with increasing ratio of nonwetting- to wetting-phase viscosity.Irreducible wetting-phase saturation following unsteady-state drainage is lower than for steady-state drainage.Irreducible nonwetting-phase saturation following imbibition is independent of viscosity ratio, whether or not the imbibition is carried out under steady- or unsteady-state conditions. Experiments qualitatively verify the conclusions regarding unsteady-state residual wetting-phase saturation. Implications of these conclusions are discussed. Introduction Natural and artificial porous materials are generally composed of matrix substance brought together in a more or less random manner. This leads to the creation of a network of interconnected pore spaces of highly irregular shape. Since the pore spaces of highly irregular shape. Since the geometry of such a network is impossible to describe, we can never obtain a complete description of its flow behavior. We can, however, abstract those properties of the porous medium pertinent to the type of flow under consideration, and thus obtain an adequate description of that flow. Thus, the Kozeny-Carmen equation, by considering a porous medium as a bundle of noninterconnecting capillary tubes, provides an adequate description of single-phase provides an adequate description of single-phase flow. With the addition of a saturation-dependent tortuosity parameter in two-phase flow to account for flow path elongation, the Kozeny-Carmen equation has been used to predict relative permeabilities for the displacement of a wetting permeabilities for the displacement of a wetting liquid by a gas. It has long been recognized that relative permeability depends not only on saturation but permeability depends not only on saturation but also on saturation history as well. Naar and Henderson described a mathematical model in which differences between drainage and imbibition behavior are explained in terms of a bypassing mechanism by which oil is trapped during imbibition. Fatt proposed a model for a porous medium that consisted of regular networks of cylindrical tubes of randomly distributed radii. From this he calculated the drainage relative permeability curves. Moore and Slobod, Rose and Witherspoon, and Rose and Cleary each considered flow in a pore doublet (a parallel arrangement of a small and pore doublet (a parallel arrangement of a small and large diameter cylindrical capillary tube). They concluded that, because of the different rates of flow in each tube, trapping would occur in one of the tubes; the extent of which would depend upon viscosity ratio and capillary pressure. SPEJ p. 221

Application of X-ray Scanner in Measurement of Gas Condensate Relative Permeability Using Steady-State Method

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1081-1097
Author(s):  
H. S. Al-Hashim ◽  
H. Y. Al-Yousef ◽  
A. Arshad ◽  
S. Z. Jilani ◽  
S. -ur-Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Relative Permeability ◽  
Gas Condensate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Steady State Method ◽  
State Method

scholarly journals Research on the Correction Method of the Capillary End Effect of the Relative Permeability Curve of the Steady State

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4528
Author(s):  
Yanyan Li ◽  
Shuoliang Wang ◽  
Zhihong Kang ◽  
Qinghong Yuan ◽  
Xiaoqiang Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Relative Permeability ◽  
Stability Factor ◽  
End Effect ◽  
Relative Permeability Curve ◽  
Steady State Method ◽  
State Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Capillary End Effect

Relative permeability curve is a key factor in describing the characteristics of multiphase flow in porous media. The steady-state method is an effective method to measure the relative permeability curve of oil and water. The capillary discontinuity at the end of the samples will cause the capillary end effect. The capillary end effect (CEE) affects the flow and retention of the fluid. If the experimental design and data interpretation fail to eliminate the impact of capillary end effects, the relative permeability curve may be wrong. This paper proposes a new stability factor method, which can quickly and accurately correct the relative permeability measured by the steady-state method. This method requires two steady-state experiments at the same proportion of injected liquid (wetting phase and non-wetting phase), and two groups of flow rates and pressure drop data are obtained. The pressure drop is corrected according to the new relationship between the pressure drop and the core length. This new relationship is summarized as a stability factor. Then the true relative permeability curve that is not affected by the capillary end effect can be obtained. The validity of the proposed method is verified against a wide range of experimental results. The results emphasize that the proposed method is effective, reliable, and accurate. The operation steps of the proposed method are simple and easy to apply.

Effective Diffusivity of Carbon Dioxide and Iodine through “G” Tunnel Tuff

1989 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tevfik Bardakci ◽  
Franklin G. King ◽  
Maung K. Sein
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Effective Diffusivity ◽  
Unsteady State ◽  
Steady State Method ◽  
Mercury Porosimeter ◽  
State Method ◽  
Scanning Electron

ABSTRACTThe effective diffusivity of carbon dioxide and iodine through “G” tunnel tuff were determined using a steady-state method and an unsteady-state method respectively. Results show that the effective diffusivity of carbon dioxide and iodine through dry tuff increased with temperature. The effective diffusivity of carbon dioxide decreased as the moisture content of the “G” tunnel tuff increased. An emprical correlation was obtained to estimate the effective diffusivity of carbon dioxide as a function temperature and the percent saturation. Specific surface area and pore volume of tuff was determined using a mercury porosimeter. A scanning electron microscope was utilized to further characterize the porous structure of the tuff samples.

scholarly journals A relative permeability model for CBM reservoir

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeyang Peng ◽  
Xiangfang Li ◽  
Zheng Sun
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Relative Permeability ◽  
Coalbed Methane ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Flow Channel ◽  
Flow In Porous Media ◽  
Permeability Model ◽  
Coalbed Gas ◽  
Steady State Method ◽  
State Method

Relative permeability is an effective tool for studying multiphase fluid flow in porous media. For conventional reservoirs, a relatively reliable relative permeability curve can be obtained by laboratory core test. But because of the coalbed gas reservoir permeability is low, the stable steady state method will take a very long time, and the operation is relatively complex. For the non-steady state method, the coalbed gas reservoirs are rich in micro nano pore, which causes the strong heterogeneity and gas is easy to break in through the cracks, it makes non-steady displacement experiment very difficult. Also, the experimental results are greatly affected by human factors and computational methods. Therefore, based on the ideal pore structure and the consideration of different displacement mechanisms, the analytical method not only helps to understand the mechanism of gas water two-phase flow, but also is a convenient and practical method. Coalbed methane reservoirs are rich of nano pores, and the percolation process is more complicated due to the water. Consider of the nano pore of the coal, the capillary force’s effect will be more important. The different pressure will cause different flow channel, which will change the permeability. In this paper, the relative permeability model of coalbed methane reservoir has been built which considers the gas diffusion and slippage effect, pore throat structure parameter, water saturation distribution, and gas water interface pressure drop. It can describe the difference flow channel between different pressure.

Measurement and Correlation of Gas Condensate Relative Permeability by the Steady-State Method

SPE Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.D. Henderson ◽  
A. Danesh ◽  
D.H. Tehrani ◽  
S. Al-Shaidi ◽  
J.M. Peden
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Relative Permeability ◽  
Gas Condensate ◽  
Steady State Method ◽  
State Method

Steady State Measurement of Oxygenation Capacity

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 303-311
Author(s):  
Kees de Korte ◽  
Peter Smits
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Usual Method ◽  
Steady State Method ◽  
State Measurement ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
Air System ◽  
State Method ◽  
Steady State Measurement

The usual method for OC measurement is the non-steady state method (reaeration) in tapwater or, sometimes, in activated sludge. Both methods are more or less difficult and expensive. The steady state method with activated sludge is presented. Fundamentals are discussed. For complete mixed aeration tanks, plug flow systems with diffused air aeration and carousels the method is described more in detail and the results of measurements are presented. The results of the steady state measurements of the diffused air system are compared with those of the reaeration method in tapwater. The accuracy of the measurements in the 3 systems is discussed. Measurements in other aeration systems are described briefly. It is concluded that the steady state OC measurement offers advantages in comparison with the non-steady state method and is useful for most purposes.

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