Bhagyam Full Field Polymer Flood: Implementation and Initial Production Response

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitish Koduru ◽  
Nandini Nag Choudhury ◽  
Vineet Kumar ◽  
Dhruva Prasad ◽  
Rahul Raj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Mobility Ratio ◽  
Western India ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Fractional Flow ◽  
Polymer Injection ◽  
Polymer Flood ◽  
Expansion Plan ◽  
Production Response

Abstract Bhagyam is an onshore field in the Barmer basin, located in the state of Rajasthan in Western India. Fatehgarh Formation is the main producing unit, comprising of multi-storied fluvial sandstones. Reservoir quality is excellent with permeability in the range of 1 to 10 Darcy and porosity in the range of 25-30%. The crude is moderately viscous (15 – 500 cP) having a large variation with depth (15 cP – 50 cP from around 270 m TVDSS to 400 m TVDSS and then rising steeply to 500 cp at the OWC of 448m TVDSS). Lab studies on Bhagyam cores show that the reservoir is primarily oil wet in nature. Bhagyam Field was developed initially with edge water injection and with subsequent infill campaigns, prior to polymer flood development plan implementation, the Field was operating with 162 wells. Simple mobility ratio and fractional flow considerations indicate that improving the mobility ratio (water flood end-point mobility ratio is 30-100) in Bhagyam would substantially improve the sweep efficiency. Early EOR screening studies recommended chemical EOR (polymer and ASP flood) as the most suitable method for maximizing oil recovery. The lab studies further demonstrated good recovery potential for Polymer flood. Bhagyam's first Polymer flood field application started with testing in one injector which was later expanded to 8 wells. Extended polymer injection in these wells continued for four years. Observing a very encouraging field response, field scale polymer expansion plan was designed which included drilling of 28 new infill wells (17 P+ 11 I) and 24 producer-to-injector conversions. Modular skid-based polymer preparation units were installed to meet the injection requirements of the expansion plan. Infill producers were brought online in 2018 as per the plan but polymer injection was delayed due to various external factors. The production rate, however, was sustained without significant decline, aided by continuous polymer injection in initial 8 injectors, continuing water flood and good reservoir management practices. First polymer injection in field scale expansion started in Oct’20 and was quickly ramped up to the planned 80000 BPD in 4 months, supported by analyses of surveillance data, indicating very encouraging initial production response. Laboratory quality check program was designed to check quality of polymer during preparation and to ensure viscosity integrity till the well head. The paper discusses modular polymer preparation unit set-up and the additional installations designed to reduce pipeline vibrations during pumping of polymers., Experience gained while bringing online the polymer injection wells and the lab quality checks employed to ensure good polymer quality during preparation and pumping have also been discussed. The paper also discusses reservoir surveillance program adopted at the start of polymer injection like spinner survey, Pressure fall-off surveys and the stimulation activities that worked in improving the injectivity of polymer injectors. The paper further outlines the observations from the production response and the surveillance data collected to ensure good polymer flow in this multi-darcy reservoir.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation of the displacement flow mechanism and oil recovery in primary polymer flood operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruissein Mahon ◽  
Gbenga Oluyemi ◽  
Babs Oyeneyin ◽  
Yakubu Balogun
Keyword(s):  
Relative Permeability ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Polymer Flooding ◽  
Mobility Control ◽  
List Type ◽  
Motor Oil ◽  
Flow Mechanism ◽  
Fractional Flow ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
Polymer Flood

Abstract Polymer flooding is a mature chemical enhanced oil recovery method employed in oilfields at pilot testing and field scales. Although results from these applications empirically demonstrate the higher displacement efficiency of polymer flooding over waterflooding operations, the fact remains that not all the oil will be recovered. Thus, continued research attention is needed to further understand the displacement flow mechanism of the immiscible process and the rock–fluid interaction propagated by the multiphase flow during polymer flooding operations. In this study, displacement sequence experiments were conducted to investigate the viscosifying effect of polymer solutions on oil recovery in sandpack systems. The history matching technique was employed to estimate relative permeability, fractional flow and saturation profile through the implementation of a Corey-type function. Experimental results showed that in the case of the motor oil being the displaced fluid, the XG 2500 ppm polymer achieved a 47.0% increase in oil recovery compared with the waterflood case, while the XG 1000 ppm polymer achieved a 38.6% increase in oil recovery compared with the waterflood case. Testing with the motor oil being the displaced fluid, the viscosity ratio was 136 for the waterflood case, 18 for the polymer flood case with XG 1000 ppm polymer and 9 for the polymer flood case with XG 2500 ppm polymer. Findings also revealed that for the waterflood cases, the porous media exhibited oil-wet characteristics, while the polymer flood cases demonstrated water-wet characteristics. This paper provides theoretical support for the application of polymer to improve oil recovery by providing insights into the mechanism behind oil displacement. Graphic abstract Highlights The difference in shape of relative permeability curves are indicative of the effect of mobility control of each polymer concentration. The water-oil systems exhibited oil-wet characteristics, while the polymer-oil systems demonstrated water-wet characteristics. A large contrast in displacing and displaced fluid viscosities led to viscous fingering and early water breakthrough.

A Survey of browse plants used in feeding small ruminants in the Komenda‐ Edina‐Eguafo‐Abrem district (K.E.E.A) of the Central Region of Ghana

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
K. Agyeman ◽  
S. O. Apori
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Terminalia Catappa ◽  
Livestock Feeding ◽  
Browse Species ◽  
Livestock Farmers ◽  
Production Response ◽  
Selection Of

A study was carried out to identify species used as fodder by small ruminant farmers in the selected villages in the Komenda‐Edina‐Eguafo‐Abrem district of the Central Region of Ghana. Livestock farmers in fifteen communities were interviewed using questionnaires to obtain information on the personal background and livestock feeding and management practices. The main aim of the study was first to identify existing browse species and to determine problems associated with the use of those existing browse species. Some problems identified include harboring of insects, causing of abortion as well as causing bloat. The survey showed that Ficus exasperata, Ficus umbellate, Baphia nitida, Griffonia simplifolia, Antiaris africana, Terminalia catappa, Grewia carprinifolia, Pethecellobium dulceand Leucaena leucocephala were the main browse species that were used in the district to feed small ruminants. Other feedstuffs that were used in feeding animals such as Aspillia africana and Manihot esulentus tops (leaves and peels) were also identified. The level of browse usage showed that Ficus exasperata had the highest value of 66.7% and Terminalia catappa had the lowest value of 13.3%. Farmers in the district preferred Ficus exasperata which they perceived to promote the best production response in livestock. Various reasons were assigned for the selection of a particular browse plant. Farmers in the district may have to be helped to cultivate browse plant in order to sustain the availability and usage of  browse for livestock feeding due to the rateof destruction of browse (shrubs and trees) resulting from urbanization, use of stem of shrubs and trees for fuelwood and other livelihood activities and desertification arising from human related activities.

scholarly journals The Optimization and Analysis of Hydrocarbon Recovery under Injection of Biopolymer, Synthetic Polymer and Gels in a Heterogeneous Reservoir

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dike Fitriansyah Putra ◽  
Cenk Temizel
Keyword(s):  
Water Injection ◽  
Synthetic Polymer ◽  
Mobility Ratio ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Displacement Efficiency ◽  
High Permeability ◽  
Polymer Injection ◽  
Narrow Channels

Water injection is a conventional method which increases the recovery percentage by providing pressure support and displacing oil in the heterogeneous porous medium. In such a displacement process, (low) mobility ratio is important for a more efficient oil displacement by the injected fluid. As such, the mobility ratio can be reduced using the fluids involving gelling agents for increasing in the volumetric sweep. While polymers degrade and break up on experiencing sudden shear stresses and high temperatures, polymer macromolecules are forced to flow into narrow channels and pores where molecular scission processes can take place. Thus, it is of utmost importance to have a strong understanding of the use of the right type and amount of viscosity as a reduction agent. For polymer injection, a comparison of xanthan polymer and synthetic polymer mechanisms was conducted. A commercial full-physics reservoir simulator was coupled with a robust optimization and uncertainty tool to run the model, where a simplified gel kinetics was assumed to form a microgel with no redox catalyst. Water injection continues over all six layers for 450 days, followed by gel system injection for 150 days in the bottom two layers. Water injection was continued to four years. The top four layers have higher horizontal permeabilities, and a high permeability streak is at the bottom of the reservoir to reduce any helpful effects of gravity. Control and uncertainty variables were set to investigate the sensitivity of this process using the coupled optimization and uncertainty tool. Results demonstrate deep penetration of gel and blocking of the high permeability bottom layers. Sensitivity studies indicate the relative merits of biopolymer, xanthan polymer in terms of viscosity effects vs synthetic PAM in terms of resistance factor vs in-situ gelation treatments and their crossflow dependence. Adsorption and retention of polymer and gel are permeability dependent. Considering the potential for application of gel solutions in the U.S. and throughout the world, this study illustrates the relative advantages of different treatments in terms of viscosity reduction in the same model in a comparative way, while outlining the significance of each control and uncertainty variable for better management of reservoirs where displacement efficiency is highly critical.

scholarly journals Improving Field-Scale Wheat LAI Retrieval Based on UAV Remote-Sensing Observations and Optimized VI-LUTs

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 2456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanxue Zhu ◽  
Zhigang Sun ◽  
Yaohuan Huang ◽  
Jianbin Lai ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Lookup Table ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Biophysical Parameter ◽  
Retrieval Accuracy

Leaf area index (LAI) is a key biophysical parameter for monitoring crop growth status, predicting crop yield, and quantifying crop variability in agronomic applications. Mapping the LAI at the field scale using multispectral cameras onboard unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a promising precision-agriculture application with specific requirements: The LAI retrieval method should be (1) robust so that crop LAI can be estimated with similar accuracy and (2) easy to use so that it can be applied to the adjustment of field management practices. In this study, three UAV remote-sensing missions (UAVs with Micasense RedEdge-M and Cubert S185 cameras) were carried out over six experimental plots from 2018 to 2019 to investigate the performance of reflectance-based lookup tables (LUTs) and vegetation index (VI)-based LUTs generated from the PROSAIL model for wheat LAI retrieval. The effects of the central wavelengths and bandwidths for the VI calculations on the LAI retrieval were further examined. We found that the VI-LUT strategy was more robust and accurate than the reflectance-LUT strategy. The differences in the LAI retrieval accuracy among the four VI-LUTs were small, although the improved modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index-lookup table (MCARI2-LUT) and normalized difference vegetation index-lookup table (NDVI-LUT) performed slightly better. We also found that both of the central wavelengths and bandwidths of the VIs had effects on the LAI retrieval. The VI-LUTs with optimized central wavelengths (red = 612 nm, near-infrared (NIR) = 756 nm) and narrow bandwidths (~4 nm) improved the wheat LAI retrieval accuracy (R2 ≥ 0.75). The results of this study provide an alternative method for retrieving crop LAI, which is robust and easy use for precision-agriculture applications and may be helpful for designing UAV multispectral cameras for agricultural monitoring.

Effect of Polymer Injection on the Mobility Ratio and Oil Recovery

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Morelato ◽  
Lorennzo Rodrigues ◽  
Oldrich Joel Romero
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Mobility Ratio ◽  
Polymer Injection

Enhanced A Horizon Framework and Field Form for detailed field scale monitoring of dynamic soil properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Fox ◽  
Charles Tarnocai ◽  
Gabriele Broll ◽  
Monika Joschko ◽  
David Kroetsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Dynamic Soil Properties ◽  
Field Form ◽  
Fingerprint Code

Fox, C. A., Tarnocai, C., Broll, G., Joschko, M., Kroetsch, D. and Kenney, E. 2014. Enhanced A Horizon Framework and Field Form for detailed field scale monitoring of dynamic soil properties. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 189–208. Taxonomic protocols for A horizon description are limited when detailed monitoring of soil change in dynamic soil properties is required for determining the effectiveness of best management practices, remediation efforts, and assessing subtle impacts on soil properties from environmental and anthropogenic stressors. The A Horizon Framework was designed by consolidating protocols from national and international description systems and expert opinion to optimize descriptive capability through use of additional enhanced lowercase designators. The Framework defines new protocols and syntax resulting in a unique soil fingerprint code. Five levels of enhanced lowercase A horizon designators are defined: Level 1, Soil processes and environmental context; Level 2, Soil structure-bulk density; Level 3, Organic carbon; Level 4, pH and electrical conductivity; and, Level 5, Soil and landscape context (i.e., soil texture, surface conditions, current land use, slope character). An electronic Field Form based on the new Framework syntax automatically records the soil fingerprint code in an enhanced (all Levels included) and a minimum detail mode focused on the key dynamic properties. The soil fingerprint codes become a powerful tool by which to identify trends of soil change and small alterations in the dynamic soil properties. Examples of soil fingerprint codes from selected Canada and Germany long-term experimental studies are presented.

Using abattoir surveillance and producer surveys to investigate the prevalence and current preventative management of Caseous lymphadenitis in Merino flocks in Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Bush ◽  
R. Barnett ◽  
I. J. Links ◽  
P. A. Windsor
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
New South ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Caseous Lymphadenitis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Livestock Health

The prevalence of Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in Australia was estimated to be 5.2% using 2009 abattoir surveillance data from all States supplied by Animal Health Australia involving 5029 lines comprising 1 339 463 sheep. This is a decrease from the 26% estimated in a similar study in 1995. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in CLA prevalence between all states except Tasmania and Victoria (P = 0.75) with prevalences of 12.8 and 12.9%, respectively. Western Australia recorded the lowest prevalence with 1.0%. The average CLA prevalence for New South Wales was 5.3% and within three surveyed Livestock Health and Pest Authority regions (Tablelands, Central North and Central West) was 2.9, 4.9 and 4.4%, respectively. The attitude of the majority of producers surveyed in these three Livestock Health and Pest Authority areas was that CLA was of little or no significance (75%) but were aware of the need for CLA control with ~68% using 6-in-1 vaccine, though only 39.9% as recommended. It appears that the prolonged use of CLA vaccination has been successful in reducing the prevalence of CLA across Australia and particularly in New South Wales. Further improvements in communication of information on preventative management practices associated with lice control, importance of using an approved vaccination program, plus increasing producers’ awareness of the importance of CLA control, are indicated.

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