Acute Phase Proteins (Haptoglobin and Serum Amyloid A) and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines (IL-12 and IL-10) in Cows Vaccinated with Prototype Killed S. aureus Mastitis Vaccine and Challenged with S. aureus Mastitis Infection.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idris Umar Hambali ◽  
Faez Firdaus Jesse Bin Abdallah ◽  
Khaleequl rahaman Bhuttu ◽  
Azmi M Lila ◽  
zunita Zakaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Bacterial Challenge ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Friesian Cows

Abstract Background The economic downturn experienced by farmers and the fear of milk borne infection are of a greater public health concern. Haptoglobin, Serum Amyloid A, IL-12 and IL-10 in lactating Friesian cows vaccinated with prototype killed S. aureus mastitis vaccine and challenged with S. aureus were evaluated. Bacterin concentration at 10 8 cfu /ml of the local isolate of S. aureus was adjuvanted with KAl(SO₄)₂. Six lactating Friesian cows were grouped into A= Negative control, B = Positive control and C = vaccine group. Group C was vaccinated intramuscularly with 2ml of the monovalent vaccine, groups A and B with physiologic normal saline. Groups B and C were later challenged with the live bacterium via intramammary route . Result There was a significant increase in IL-10 concentration in vaccinated group post primary vaccination (PPV), booster phase (PB) and during the bacterial challenge phase. There was also a significantly increased IL-12 concentration in the vaccinated group at 24 hours, weeks 1 and 2 PPV. Haptoglobin at 12 and 24 hours PPV had a significant difference in group C. During the PB at 8 and 12 hours there was a significant difference in group C. During the bacterial challenged phase at 0, 3, 24 hours and day 7 PC there was a significant difference in group B. At 8 hours PC there was a significant difference in group C. For Serum Amyloid A, during PPV at 0, 3, 8, 12, 24 hours and weeks 1 and 2, the concentrations was significantly different in groups C. During PB at 0, 3, 8 and 12 hours PB there was a significant difference in groups C. During the bacterial challenge phase at 3, 8, 12, 24 hours, days 7 and 14 PC there was a significant difference in group B. At 0 hour PC there was a significant increase observed in group C. Conclusion The developed prototype killed S. aureus mastitis vaccine using local isolates was able to stimulate acute phase proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The pattern of responses PC indicated protection, thereby suggesting that vaccination can protect against mastitis infection in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Regulation of serum amyloid A protein expression during the acute-phase response

1998 ◽  
Vol 334 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte E. JENSEN ◽  
Alexander S. WHITEHEAD
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Translation Efficiency ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Serum Amyloid A Protein ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

The acute-phase (AP) serum amyloid A proteins (A-SAA) are multifunctional apolipoproteins which are involved in cholesterol transport and metabolism, and in modulating numerous immunological responses during inflammation and the AP response to infection, trauma or stress. During the AP response the hepatic biosynthesis of A-SAA is up-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, and circulating concentrations can increase by up to 1000-fold. Chronically elevated A-SAA concentrations are a prerequisite for the pathogenesis of secondary amyloidosis, a progressive and fatal disease characterized by the deposition in major organs of insoluble plaques composed principally of proteolytically cleaved A-SAA, and may also contribute to physiological processes that lead to atherosclerosis. There is therefore a requirement for both positive and negative control mechanisms that permit the rapid induction of A-SAA expression until it has fulfilled its host-protective function(s) and subsequently ensure that its expression can be rapidly returned to baseline. These mechanisms include modulation of promoter activity involving, for example, the inducer nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and its inhibitor IκB, up-regulatory transcription factors of the nuclear factor for interleukin-6 (NF-IL6) family and transcriptional repressors such as yin and yang 1 (YY1). Post-transcriptional modulation involving changes in mRNA stability and translation efficiency permit further up- and down-regulatory control of A-SAA protein synthesis to be achieved. In the later stages of the AP response, A-SAA expression is effectively down-regulated via the increased production of cytokine antagonists such as the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and of soluble cytokine receptors, resulting in less signal transduction driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines.

scholarly journals Effects of selected nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on acute-phase protein levels after dehorning in Holstein heifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (05) ◽  
pp. 6265-2019
Author(s):  
HASAN ERDOGAN ◽  
IBRAHIM AKIN ◽  
KEREM URAL ◽  
PINAR ALKIM ULUTAS
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Flunixin Meglumine ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ketoprofen (KTP), flunixin meglumine (FLM), and meloxicam (MLX) administration on acute-phase proteins after dehorning in Holstein heifers. A total of 21 Holstein heifers were enrolled into three groups of equal size (n=7) and administered ketoprofen, flunixin meglumine, or meloxicam, at doses of 2.2 mg/kg, 1.1 mg/kg, and 1 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and ceruloplasmin levels were determined before the administration of the three drugs (0 hrs) and at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours post-administration. The mean values (±SD) obtained revealed no significant alteration in APP levels at 0 hrs in any of the three groups. Time-dependent alterations, however, were significant in all groups. Group-time interactions were significant (P < 0.001) for ceruloplasmin concentrations, whereas results for serum amyloid A and haptoglobin levels were deemed non-significant. Inter-group interaction revealed no significant findings regarding serum amyloid A and ceruloplasmin levels, but haptoglobin levels showed a significant difference between the KTP and FLM groups at 48 hrs. It may therefore be reasonably suggested that KTP, FLM, and MLX could all be administered to effect slight changes in acute phase proteins.

The Effect of Sedation, Oral Examination, and Odontoplasty on Systemic Inflammation as Measured by Serum Amyloid A in the Adult Performance Horse

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-201
Author(s):  
Sheri S. W. Birmingham ◽  
Rocky M. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Oral Examination ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Adult Performance ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Time Periods

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is one of the major acute phase proteins in horses. It serves as a marker for systemic inflammation and infection, as the concentration can increase 100- to even 1000-fold during systemic disease processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sedation, oral examination, and odontoplasty on systemic inflammation as measured by SAA in the adult performance horse. This study included 32 clinically healthy adult performance horses. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to sedation, oral examination, and odontoplasty and 48 and 72 hours afterward. Serum amyloid A levels were measured directly after venipuncture using a commercially available stall-side lateral flow immunoassay test developed and validated for equine SAA levels. Serum amyloid A values were within normal limits for each of the time periods and there were no significant differences in SAA values between the time periods. The results of this study suggest that sedation, oral examination, and odontoplasty have no systemic inflammatory effects as measured by SAA.

The acute phase response and C-reactive protein

2020 ◽  
pp. 2199-2207
Author(s):  
Mark B. Pepys
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Response ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Serum Amyloid A Protein

The acute phase response—trauma, tissue necrosis, infection, inflammation, and malignant neoplasia induce a complex series of nonspecific systemic, physiological, and metabolic responses including fever, leucocytosis, catabolism of muscle proteins, greatly increased de novo synthesis and secretion of a number of ‘acute phase’ plasma proteins, and decreased synthesis of albumin, transthyretin, and high- and low-density lipoproteins. The altered plasma protein concentration profile is called the acute phase response. Acute phase proteins—these are mostly synthesized by hepatocytes, in which transcription is controlled by cytokines including interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and tumour necrosis factor. The circulating concentrations of complement proteins and clotting factors increase by up to 50 to 100%; some of the proteinase inhibitors and α‎1-acid glycoprotein can increase three- to fivefold; but C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A protein (an apolipoprotein of high-density lipoprotein particles) are unique in that their concentrations can change by more than 1000-fold. C-reactive protein—this consists of five identical, nonglycosylated, noncovalently associated polypeptide subunits. It binds to autologous and extrinsic materials which contain phosphocholine, including bacteria and their products. Ligand-bound CRP activates the classical complement pathway and triggers the inflammatory and opsonizing activities of the complement system, thereby contributing to innate host resistance to pneumococci and probably to recognition and safe ‘scavenging’ of cellular debris. Clinical features—(1) determination of CRP in serum or plasma is the most useful marker of the acute phase response in most inflammatory and tissue damaging conditions. (2) Acute phase proteins may be harmful in some circumstances. Sustained increased production of serum amyloid A protein can lead to the deposition of AA-type, reactive systemic amyloid.

scholarly journals Physiotherapy protocol during initial postoperative period of arthroscopy in horses

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 2201-2206
Author(s):  
Fernanda C. Stievani ◽  
Thais S.L. Machado ◽  
Kaio B. Bezerra ◽  
Marilene M. Silva ◽  
Raquel Y.A. Baccarin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Change

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of a physiotherapy protocol applied in joints with osteochondritis dissecans submitted to arthroscopy. Twelve horses totaling twenty joints were used and divided into two uniform groups, according to articular lesion grade. Treated Group (TG) received the physiotherapy protocol (cryotherapy, passive rage motion and controlled exercise) that initiate just after anesthetic recovery and extended for five days. Control Group (CG) remained resting in stall during the same period. Physical examination and synovial fluid analysis were used to evaluate the treatment. The synovial fluid examination consisted of physical analysis (color, aspect, and viscosity), mucin clot evaluation, Serum Amyloid A, Prostaglandin E2 and urea concentration. Synovial samples were collected by arthrocentesis at the beginning of the surgical procedure (D1), 48 hours (D3) and 96 hours (D5) after surgery. Before arthroscopy and daily during the postoperative period joints were evaluated by physical exam: superficial temperature (°C), range of motion (degrees) and circumference (centimeters). The joint physical examination showed no significant difference between groups and neither along the days for the same group. The parameters of synovial fluid showed difference over the moments in each group but didn’t have difference between groups. Color and aspect had the same patterns across moments, in CG fluid had significant change when compared D1 with D3 (color and aspect: p<0.001) and D5 (color: p<0.001; aspect: p<0.05) becoming mostly bloody and cloudy in D3 and D5. However in TG the difference was significant just between D1 and D3 (color and aspect: p<0.05), showing an improvement of synovial fluid in D5 (color and aspect: p>0.05). Viscosity and mucin clot evaluation showed significant change in CG between D1 and D3 (viscosity: p<0.01; mucin clot: p<0.05) and between D1 and D5 (viscosity: p<0.01;mucin clot: p<0.01). In TG no significant difference of viscosity and mucin clot was observed over the moments, showing an early improvement of synovial fluid quality. The Serum Amyloid A concentration showed an extremely significant increase in CG (p<0.001) when compared D1 (1217.13±664.47μg/mL) and D3 (42423.80±52309.31μg/mL). The comparison between D1 and D5 in CG, and across moments in TG, had no statistical difference. The PGE2 eicosanoid remained statistically unchanged all over the time. Urea showed significant increase in D3 when compared to D1 (p<0.001) in CG, and had no variation in TG. The physiotherapy protocol minimized the inflammatory mediators and provided minor alterations in synovial fluid after arthroscopy.

scholarly journals Serum Health Biomarkers in African and Asian Elephants: Value Ranges and Clinical Values Indicative of the Immune Response

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1756
Author(s):  
Katie L. Edwards ◽  
Michele A. Miller ◽  
Jessica Siegal-Willott ◽  
Janine L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Immune Biomarkers ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Species Specific

Serum biomarkers indicative of inflammation and disease can provide useful information regarding host immune processes, responses to treatment and prognosis. The aims of this study were to assess the use of commercially available anti-equine reagents for the quantification of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukins (IL) 2, 6, and 10) in African (Loxodonta africana, n = 125) and Asian (Elephas maximus, n = 104) elephants, and alongside previously validated anti-human reagents for acute-phase proteins (serum amyloid A and haptoglobin), calculate species-specific biomarker value ranges. In addition, we used opportunistically collected samples to investigate the concentrations of each biomarker during identified clinical cases of illness or injury, as a first step to understanding what biomarkers may be useful to managing elephant health. Immune biomarkers were each elevated above the calculated species-specific value ranges in at least one clinical case, but due to variability in both clinical and non-clinical samples, only serum amyloid A was significantly higher in clinical compared to non-clinical paired samples, with tendencies for higher TNF-α and IL-10. We also detected increased secretion of serum amyloid A and all five cytokines following routine vaccination of a single Asian elephant, indicating that these biomarkers can be beneficial for studying normal immune processes as well as pathology. This study indicates that assays developed with commercial reagents can be used to quantify health biomarkers in wildlife species and identifies several that warrant further investigation to elucidate immune responses to various pathologies.

scholarly journals Can blood serum amyloid A concentrations in horses differentiate synovial sepsis from extrasynovial inflammation and determine response to treatment?

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 (6) ◽  
pp. 235-235
Author(s):  
Matthew Sinovich ◽  
Nicolas F Villarino ◽  
Ellen Singer ◽  
Claire S Robinson ◽  
Luis M Rubio-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Prognostic Indicator ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Serial Blood ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Significant Difference

BackgroundSerum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations in blood and synovial fluid of horses with synovial sepsis have diagnostic value. Studies suggest serial blood SAA measurements could act as a prognostic indicator. This study evaluated the use of serial blood SAA concentrations for monitoring of horses with synovial sepsis.MethodsA prospective clinical trial was performed of horses referred to a single hospital with synovial sepsis that survived (n=17), synovial sepsis that were euthanised (n=5), non-septic intrasynovial pathologies (n=14) or extensive extrasynovial lacerations (n=5). SAA concentrations were determined on admission and every 24 hours thereafter. The area under the concentration–time curve from 0 to 144 hours of each group was compared by Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn’s tests (P<0.05).ResultsSignificant difference in mean blood concentration of SAA was found between synovial sepsis that survived and non-septic pathologies in the first 48 hours, as well as between non-septic intrasynovial pathologies and non-responsive sepsis requiring euthanasia. No difference was found between extensive extrasynovial lacerations and any septic group.ConclusionsWhile serial blood SAA is useful for monitoring clinical response of intrasynovial septic pathologies, interpretation should consider other clinical findings since blood SAA is not a specific marker for synovial sepsis.

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