The Effect of Sedation, Oral Examination, and Odontoplasty on Systemic Inflammation as Measured by Serum Amyloid A in the Adult Performance Horse

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-201
Author(s):  
Sheri S. W. Birmingham ◽  
Rocky M. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Oral Examination ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Adult Performance ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Time Periods

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is one of the major acute phase proteins in horses. It serves as a marker for systemic inflammation and infection, as the concentration can increase 100- to even 1000-fold during systemic disease processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sedation, oral examination, and odontoplasty on systemic inflammation as measured by SAA in the adult performance horse. This study included 32 clinically healthy adult performance horses. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to sedation, oral examination, and odontoplasty and 48 and 72 hours afterward. Serum amyloid A levels were measured directly after venipuncture using a commercially available stall-side lateral flow immunoassay test developed and validated for equine SAA levels. Serum amyloid A values were within normal limits for each of the time periods and there were no significant differences in SAA values between the time periods. The results of this study suggest that sedation, oral examination, and odontoplasty have no systemic inflammatory effects as measured by SAA.

Acute Phase Proteins (Haptoglobin and Serum Amyloid A) and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines (IL-12 and IL-10) in Cows Vaccinated with Prototype Killed S. aureus Mastitis Vaccine and Challenged with S. aureus Mastitis Infection.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idris Umar Hambali ◽  
Faez Firdaus Jesse Bin Abdallah ◽  
Khaleequl rahaman Bhuttu ◽  
Azmi M Lila ◽  
zunita Zakaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Bacterial Challenge ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Friesian Cows

Abstract Background The economic downturn experienced by farmers and the fear of milk borne infection are of a greater public health concern. Haptoglobin, Serum Amyloid A, IL-12 and IL-10 in lactating Friesian cows vaccinated with prototype killed S. aureus mastitis vaccine and challenged with S. aureus were evaluated. Bacterin concentration at 10 8 cfu /ml of the local isolate of S. aureus was adjuvanted with KAl(SO₄)₂. Six lactating Friesian cows were grouped into A= Negative control, B = Positive control and C = vaccine group. Group C was vaccinated intramuscularly with 2ml of the monovalent vaccine, groups A and B with physiologic normal saline. Groups B and C were later challenged with the live bacterium via intramammary route . Result There was a significant increase in IL-10 concentration in vaccinated group post primary vaccination (PPV), booster phase (PB) and during the bacterial challenge phase. There was also a significantly increased IL-12 concentration in the vaccinated group at 24 hours, weeks 1 and 2 PPV. Haptoglobin at 12 and 24 hours PPV had a significant difference in group C. During the PB at 8 and 12 hours there was a significant difference in group C. During the bacterial challenged phase at 0, 3, 24 hours and day 7 PC there was a significant difference in group B. At 8 hours PC there was a significant difference in group C. For Serum Amyloid A, during PPV at 0, 3, 8, 12, 24 hours and weeks 1 and 2, the concentrations was significantly different in groups C. During PB at 0, 3, 8 and 12 hours PB there was a significant difference in groups C. During the bacterial challenge phase at 3, 8, 12, 24 hours, days 7 and 14 PC there was a significant difference in group B. At 0 hour PC there was a significant increase observed in group C. Conclusion The developed prototype killed S. aureus mastitis vaccine using local isolates was able to stimulate acute phase proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The pattern of responses PC indicated protection, thereby suggesting that vaccination can protect against mastitis infection in dairy cows.

The acute phase response and C-reactive protein

2020 ◽  
pp. 2199-2207
Author(s):  
Mark B. Pepys
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Response ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Serum Amyloid A Protein

The acute phase response—trauma, tissue necrosis, infection, inflammation, and malignant neoplasia induce a complex series of nonspecific systemic, physiological, and metabolic responses including fever, leucocytosis, catabolism of muscle proteins, greatly increased de novo synthesis and secretion of a number of ‘acute phase’ plasma proteins, and decreased synthesis of albumin, transthyretin, and high- and low-density lipoproteins. The altered plasma protein concentration profile is called the acute phase response. Acute phase proteins—these are mostly synthesized by hepatocytes, in which transcription is controlled by cytokines including interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and tumour necrosis factor. The circulating concentrations of complement proteins and clotting factors increase by up to 50 to 100%; some of the proteinase inhibitors and α‎1-acid glycoprotein can increase three- to fivefold; but C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A protein (an apolipoprotein of high-density lipoprotein particles) are unique in that their concentrations can change by more than 1000-fold. C-reactive protein—this consists of five identical, nonglycosylated, noncovalently associated polypeptide subunits. It binds to autologous and extrinsic materials which contain phosphocholine, including bacteria and their products. Ligand-bound CRP activates the classical complement pathway and triggers the inflammatory and opsonizing activities of the complement system, thereby contributing to innate host resistance to pneumococci and probably to recognition and safe ‘scavenging’ of cellular debris. Clinical features—(1) determination of CRP in serum or plasma is the most useful marker of the acute phase response in most inflammatory and tissue damaging conditions. (2) Acute phase proteins may be harmful in some circumstances. Sustained increased production of serum amyloid A protein can lead to the deposition of AA-type, reactive systemic amyloid.

scholarly journals Serum Health Biomarkers in African and Asian Elephants: Value Ranges and Clinical Values Indicative of the Immune Response

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1756
Author(s):  
Katie L. Edwards ◽  
Michele A. Miller ◽  
Jessica Siegal-Willott ◽  
Janine L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Immune Biomarkers ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Species Specific

Serum biomarkers indicative of inflammation and disease can provide useful information regarding host immune processes, responses to treatment and prognosis. The aims of this study were to assess the use of commercially available anti-equine reagents for the quantification of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukins (IL) 2, 6, and 10) in African (Loxodonta africana, n = 125) and Asian (Elephas maximus, n = 104) elephants, and alongside previously validated anti-human reagents for acute-phase proteins (serum amyloid A and haptoglobin), calculate species-specific biomarker value ranges. In addition, we used opportunistically collected samples to investigate the concentrations of each biomarker during identified clinical cases of illness or injury, as a first step to understanding what biomarkers may be useful to managing elephant health. Immune biomarkers were each elevated above the calculated species-specific value ranges in at least one clinical case, but due to variability in both clinical and non-clinical samples, only serum amyloid A was significantly higher in clinical compared to non-clinical paired samples, with tendencies for higher TNF-α and IL-10. We also detected increased secretion of serum amyloid A and all five cytokines following routine vaccination of a single Asian elephant, indicating that these biomarkers can be beneficial for studying normal immune processes as well as pathology. This study indicates that assays developed with commercial reagents can be used to quantify health biomarkers in wildlife species and identifies several that warrant further investigation to elucidate immune responses to various pathologies.

scholarly journals Two major ruminant acute phase proteins, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A, as serum biomarkers during active sheep scab infestation

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Wells ◽  
Giles T Innocent ◽  
Peter D Eckersall ◽  
Eilidh McCulloch ◽  
Alasdair J Nisbet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Serum Biomarkers ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Sheep Scab ◽  
Amyloid A

Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk and serum during acute and chronic experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrika Grönlund ◽  
Cecilia Hultén ◽  
Peter D. Eckersall ◽  
Caroline Hogarth ◽  
Karin Persson Waller
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Local and systemic changes in the acute phase proteins, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A (SAA), were studied in six dairy cows during the acute and chronic phases of experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Haptoglobin and SAA were measured in serum, and in milk from infected and healthy control udder quarters within each cow. Concentrations of haptoglobin and SAA increased rapidly in both serum and milk during the acute phase of mastitis and followed a similar pattern. Significantly raised milk concentrations of SAA were also found during chronic subclinical mastitis. Serum concentrations of SAA also tended to be higher during the chronic phase than pre-infection. Increases in milk haptoglobin and SAA were specific for the infected udder quarters. In conclusion, measurement of SAA in milk samples could be a useful tool in diagnosing mastitis.

scholarly journals Variation in the Multivariate Relationships Between Serum Amyloid, Haptoglobin and Biochemical Profiles of Aborted and Non-Aborted Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Letelier R
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Multivariate Relationships

Because the time in which gestational loss or bovine abortion occurs is associated with multifactorial causes, the objective of this study was to assess multivariate relationships between the biochemical profile and acute phase proteins in aborted cows. We performed monitoring and monthly blood sampling during gestation in 140 dairy cows. A total of 18 cows aborted, which were considered ‘cases’; retrospectively, we used samples from 29 ‘control’ cows, which were taken at the same time. Thus, we compared multivariate relationships between the two groups, to evaluate variables potentially associated with cow abortion. We classified abortion as either infectious (due to DVB, leptospirosis or neosporosis) or non-infectious (protein or energetic imbalance evinced in metabolic profile). Of the 18 cows that aborted, there were 6 with evidence of positivity or seroconversion to the analysed diseases, 13 with evidence of metabolic protein imbalances, 7 with evidence of energy imbalances and 10 of them with combined situations. Case and control cows have significant differences (p<0.05) between their Principal Component Analysis (PCA), indicating that the two groups have different multivariate relationships. In aborted cows we identified a grouping of variables referring to protein metabolism asFibrinogen, Serum amyloid A, haptoglobin and titres for neosporosis and bovine viral diarrhoea virus; separated from others referring to energy and protein imbalance ashigh beta-hydroxy-butyrate, low cholesterol, low total protein. However, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin were not increased in aborted cows with clues of infectious diseases such as bovine viral diarrhoea virus, leptospirosis or neosporosis. In this way, it is evident that when the causality of abortions in a herd is studied, not only is it necessary to look for infectious diseases, but non-infectious causes can also be found occurring in parallel way. Serum amyloid A could be a candidate biomarker to differentiate a non-infectious abortion.

Blood constituents of free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai M. Green-Barber ◽  
Oselyne T. W. Ong ◽  
Anusha Kanuri ◽  
Hayley J. Stannard ◽  
Julie M. Old
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Free Ranging

Baseline haematology, blood chemistry and acute phase protein parameters have not previously been published for free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). Eight eastern grey kangaroos, including three adult males, three adult females and two subadult males from two different populations, were examined. Assays assessed the antibacterial activity of kangaroo serum against one Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria. The kangaroo serum had a strong antibacterial response to Klebsiella pneumoniae, and moderate responses to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The presence and level of acute phase proteins, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in kangaroos was investigated. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A were present in kangaroo serum, but only haptoglobin was elevated in a kangaroo with capture myopathy and necrotic wounds. The findings of this study provide preliminary data on health parameters of free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos. These parameters can be used to assist in assessing health in free-ranging populations.

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