Using field-portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to identify the origin of Linqing brick: Considering for impact factors, assessing reliability and providing scientific advices

Abstract Linqing brick is very famous in Chinese history. In 2008, "The manufacturing process of Linqing brick" was selected as the intangible cultural heritage list in China. Now in China, how to identify the origin of Linqing brick is an important issue in archeology and architectural history research. It can be used to verify some assumptions about the history of heritage buildings which cannot be solved only by historical documents. It can also be used to study the history of Linqing brick. Field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FPXRF) can quickly and non-destructively determine the main elements and concentrations of Linqing brick in situ. It may be significant for identifying the origin of Linqing brick. But FPXRF could be affected by many factors and it can only measure the element concentrations of surface. Which method we use can provide the most reliable data is an important issue. The aim of this study was to verify the reliability of FPXRF and to systematically evaluate different influential factors on measurement precision and accuracy, which can help with scientific advice for its use. We set up four experiments to determine the influential factors and assess reliability by cross validation using ICP-OES. Finally, we ensured that the FPXRF was reliable and determined the scientific advice required to use it to measure the main elements and concentrations of Linqing brick.

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Verifying the feasibility of using Hand-Held X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to identify the origin of Linqing brick: evaluation of the influencing factors, assessing reliability, and providing scientific advice

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30789/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zexuan Chen ◽

Long Zhang ◽

Feng Hou ◽

Jialiang Xie

Keyword(s):

Influencing Factors ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Optical Emission ◽

Emission Spectrometry ◽

Chinese History ◽

Scientific Advice ◽

X Ray ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Heritage Buildings

Abstract Linqing brick is quite popular in Chinese history. In 2008, “The manufacturing process of Linqing brick” was selected as the intangible cultural heritage list in China. Currently, identifying the origin of Linqing brick represents an important issue to be investigated in the field of archeology and architectural history research in China, as it could be used to verify certain assumptions regarding the history of heritage buildings, the resolution for which cannot be obtained by examining the historical documents. Hand Held X-ray fluorescence (HH-XRF) spectrometry enables the in-situ determination of the main elements and concentrations of Linqing brick in a rapid non-destructive manner. HH-XRF may prove to be significant in identifying the origin of Linqing brick. However, HH-XRF could be influenced by certain factors and may be capable of measuring only the element concentrations of the surface for the brick in situ. Which method would provide the most reliable data is an important concern. The aim of the present study was to verify the reliability of HH-XRF and to systematically evaluate the different factors influencing measurement precision and accuracy, in order to assist with scientific advice for the usage of HH-XRF. Four experiments were performed to determine the influencing factors and to assess reliability through cross-validation using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Finally, the reliability of HH-XRF was ensured, and the scientific advice regarding its application in determining the concentrations of the main elements of Linqing brick was provided.

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Verifying the feasibility of using Hand-Held X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to analyze Linqing brick: evaluation of the influencing factors, assessing reliability, and providing scientific advice

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30789/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zexuan Chen ◽

Long Zhang ◽

Feng Hou ◽

Jialiang Xie

Keyword(s):

Influencing Factors ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Cross Validation ◽

Optical Emission ◽

Emission Spectrometry ◽

Chinese History ◽

Scientific Advice ◽

X Ray ◽

Inductively Coupled

Abstract Linqing brick is quite popular in Chinese history. Currently, identifying the origin of Linqing brick is an important issue to be studied in the field of archeology and architectural history in China. Hand-Held X-ray fluorescence (HH-XRF) spectrometry enables the in-situ determination of the main elements in Linqing brick in a rapid non-destructive manner. HH-XRF is important in identifying the origin of Linqing brick. However, HH-XRF could be influenced by certain factors and may be capable of measuring only the element contents of the surface for the bricks in situ. The present study aimed to verify the reliability of HH-XRF and to systematically evaluate the different factors influencing measurement precision and accuracy so that scientific advice could be provided regarding the usage of HH-XRF for this application. Four experiments were performed to determine the influencing factors and assess the reliability through cross-validation using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Finally, the influence of the different studied factors was studied, and the reliability of HH-XRF was ensured. The facts to consider about the measurement time, cross validation, criteria to select points, treat surface and getting final data and how to avoid the effect of rain, while using this method, are provided.

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The Qing Empire's Last Flowering: The expansion of China's Post Office at the turn of the twentieth century

Modern Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0026749x15000013 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 895-930

Author(s):

WEIPIN TSAI

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

General Public ◽

Chinese History ◽

Postal Service ◽

Post Office ◽

Railway Network ◽

Opium War ◽

Great Rivers ◽

History Of ◽

Set Up

AbstractThe Great Qing Imperial Post Office was set up in 1896, soon after the First Sino-Japanese War. It provided the first national postal service for the general public in the whole of Chinese history, and was a symbol of China's increasing engagement with the rest of the globe. Much of the preparation for the launch was carried out by the high-ranking foreign staff of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, an influential institution established after the first Opium War.With a mission to promote modernization and project Qing power, the Imperial Post Office was established with a centrally controlled set of unified methods and procedures, and its success was rooted in integration with the new railway network, a strategy at the heart of its ambitious plans for expansion. This article explores the history of this postal expansion through railways, the use of which allowed its creators to plan networks in an integrated way—from urban centres on the coasts and great rivers through to China's interior.

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Study of Mural Paintings Using In Situ XRF, Confocal Synchrotron-μ-XRF, μ-XRD, Optical Microscopy, and SEM-EDS—The Case of the Frescoes from Misericordia Church of Odemira

Microscopy and Microanalysis ◽

10.1017/s1431927611000195 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 702-709 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S. Valadas ◽

A. Candeias ◽

J. Mirão ◽

D. Tavares ◽

J. Coroado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Microscopy ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽

Pigment Identification ◽

X Ray ◽

Color Changes ◽

Spatially Resolved ◽

Mural Paintings ◽

Different Color

AbstractIn this work, we present the results of an analytical method developed for detailed pigment identification, stratigraphy, and degradation of the paint layers of mural paintings applied in the study of the 17th century frescoes from the Misericordia Church of Odemira (Southwest Portugal). In situ X-ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses were performed on three panels of the mural paintings and complemented by colorimetric measurements. The different color areas were also sampled as microfragments (approx. 1 mm2) that were studied as taken or mounted in epoxy resin to expose the different paint layers. The microfragments of paint layers and their cross sections were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Furthermore, elemental analysis was obtained with spatially resolved confocal synchrotron radiation μ-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry performed at ANKA synchrotron FLUO beamline. Occasionally, phase analysis by μ-X-ray diffraction was also performed. Results from the different techniques allowed pigment identification and, in some cases, the evaluation of color changes due to degradation processes and, considering the Southern Portugal geology, the identification of their possible provenance. The pigments used were essentially yellow, brown and red ochres, smalt blue, copper green, and black earths, probably from local sources.

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Investigating the origin and authenticity of Victoria Cross medals using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-76783-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Marriott ◽

James G. D. Prendergast

Keyword(s):

Gaussian Mixture ◽

Source Material ◽

Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽

X Ray ◽

Mixture Modelling ◽

Traditional Belief ◽

Private And Public ◽

History Of

AbstractThe Victoria Cross is the United Kingdom’s premier military award for bravery, presented for gallantry during active operations. Since its inception in 1856 just 1358 have been awarded, and, due to their rarity and historic interest, have become highly prized amongst private and public collections. Unresolved, however, is a debate about the source material of the medals. Some authorities adhere to a traditional belief that all medals have been cast from the bronze of guns captured from the Russians at Sebastopol. Furthermore, controversy is attached to the authenticity of some VCs. In this study we used X-ray fluorescence spectrometry data to compare the metal compositions of 100 Victoria Crosses, covering 7% of those ever issued. Using Gaussian mixture modelling we identify that Victoria Crosses fall into four distinct clusters, confirming that the primary split occurred between medals issued prior to and after 1914. Using these data we investigate the potential of X-ray fluorescence to inform the study of medals whose authenticity have been queried, showing some have unusually similar compositions to other VCs. This paper highlights how X-ray fluorescence data in conjunction with clustering approaches can be used to effectively and non-destructively investigate the authenticity and history of Victoria Crosses.

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A scanning Kelvin probe for synchrotron investigations: thein situdetection of radiation-induced potential changes

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation ◽

10.1107/s0909049511047066 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 48-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bekir Salgin ◽

Dirk Vogel ◽

Diego Pontoni ◽

Heiko Schröder ◽

Bernd Schönberger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Kelvin Probe ◽

X Ray ◽

Scanning Kelvin Probe ◽

Wide Range ◽

First Results ◽

Radiation Induced ◽

Set Up

A wide range of high-performance X-ray surface/interface characterization techniques are implemented nowadays at every synchrotron radiation source. However, these techniques are not always `non-destructive' because possible beam-induced electronic or structural changes may occur during X-ray irradiation. As these changes may be at least partially reversible, anin situtechnique is required for assessing their extent. Here the integration of a scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) set-up with a synchrotron hard X-ray interface scattering instrument for thein situdetection of work function variations resulting from X-ray irradiation is reported. First results, obtained on bare sapphire and sapphire covered by a room-temperature ionic liquid, are presented. In both cases a potential change was detected, which decayed and vanished after switching off the X-ray beam. This demonstrates the usefulness of a SKP forin situmonitoring of surface/interface potentials during X-ray materials characterization experiments.

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Kinetics of high-pressure mineral phase transformations using in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction in the Paris-Edinburgh cell: a practical guide for data acquisition and treatment

Mineralogical Magazine ◽

10.1180/minmag.2008.072.2.683 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 683-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

J. P. Perrillat

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Phase Transformations ◽

Kinetic Studies ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Time Resolved ◽

X Ray ◽

Practical Guide ◽

Set Up ◽

Isothermal Kinetic

AbstractSynchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful technique to study in situ and in real-time the structural and kinetic processes of pressure-induced phase transformations. This paper presents the experimental set-up developed at beamline ID27 of the ESRF to perform time-resolved angle dispersive XRD in the Paris-Edinburgh cell. It provides a practical guide for the acquisition of isobaric-isothermal kinetic data and the construction of transformation-time plots. The interpretation of experimental data in terms of reaction mechanisms and transformation rates is supported by an overview of the kinetic theory of solid-solid transformations, with each step of data processing illustrated by experimental results of relevance to the geosciences. Reaction kinetics may be affected by several factors such as the sample microstructure, impurities or differential stress. Further high-pressure kinetic studies should investigate the influence of such processes, in order to acquire kinetic information more akin to natural or technological processes.

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White-beam X-ray radioscopy and tomography with simultaneous diffraction at the EDDI beamline

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation ◽

10.1107/s0909049513018670 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 809-810 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

F. García-Moreno ◽

C. Jiménez ◽

P. H. Kamm ◽

M. Klaus ◽

G. Wagener ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pixel Size ◽

X Ray ◽

Simultaneous Imaging ◽

White Beam ◽

Set Up

A set-up for simultaneous imaging and diffraction that yields radiograms with up to 200 frames per second and 5.6 µm effective pixel size is presented. Tomograms and diffractograms are acquired together in 10 s. Two examples illustrate the attractiveness of combining these methods at the EDDI beamline forin situstudies.

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