scholarly journals A broad insight onto the distribution pattern of Dirofilaria immitis in community dogs in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subash Rimal ◽  
Anil Adhikari ◽  
Rabin Acharya ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Singh ◽  
Naresh Prasad Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
Clinical Scoring ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Blood Specimens ◽  
Hematobiochemical Parameters

Abstract Background Nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria are widespread vector-borne helminths (VBH) of increasing relevance. Indeed, dirofilariosis is frequently diagnosed in domestic pets, often dogs, associated with a severe clinical condition known as heartworm disease caused by D. immitis . Assessing the distribution pattern of canine dirofilariosis is pivotal to undertake appropriate control measures and define the risk of infection in animals and humans. This study revealed the occurrence of D. immitis in naïve community dogs from Nepal. Methods An epidemiological study was performed in 2019 in Siddharthanagar (Lumbini region, Nepal). A total of 150 blood specimens were examined using direct microscopy, buffy coat centrifugation and modified Knott's method aiming at isolating and identifying Dirofilaria microfilariae. In addition, hematobiochemical parameters, including packed cell volume (PCV), alanine aminotransferase (SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urea and total protein were analyzed, along with a clinical scoring (i.e., body temperature and respiratory rate) of the animals enrolled in this study. Results Out of 150 dogs sampled, 29 (19.3%) had D. immitis microfilariae. The prevalence of the infection varied according to the technique used, ranging from 16.0% to 19.3% based on direct blood smear microscopy and modified Knott method, respectively. The infection rate was significantly ( P <0.05) higher in dogs aged more than 3 years. A positive correlation was observed between SGPT and SGOT and the presence of microfilariae ( P <0.05). Conclusion The current findings revealed the presence of D. immitis in dogs from Nepal, thus providing an explanation for the diagnosis of this VBH is human cases. Further investigations are warranted to accurately define the prevalence of the infection in other pets, instrumentally to reduce the potential burden on the infection in dogs and, accordingly, to control the spread of this parasite to humans.

The first report on the occurrence of Dirofilaria species in stray dogs in Siddharthnagar, Lumbini, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subash Rimal ◽  
Anil Adhikari ◽  
Rabin Acharya ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Singh ◽  
Naresh Prasad Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
Stray Dog ◽  
Blood Specimens

Abstract Backround: Dirofilaria species are important zoonotic filarioid nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes causing a heartworm disease in canines worldwide. Map of the distribution pattern of dirofilariois in Nepalese context is lacking. Methodology: A study was done to access the occurrence of dirofilarioids among stray dogs population in Siddharthanagar, sub-metropolitan city of Lumbini, Nepal. A total of 150 blood specimens were examined using direct microscopy, buffy coat centrifugation and modified Knott's method. Haematobiochemical parameters including packed cell volume (PCV), alanine aminotransferase (SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urea and total protein were evaluated. Furhter, the clinical performance, comprising the body temperature and respiratory rate, were also assessed. Results: The dirofilariod is recognized as Dirofilaria immitis . Overall prevalence of dirofilariosis was reported to be 19.33% (29/150). Meanwhile, microfilariae were noticed to be 16.0, 16.0 and 19.33 % using the direct blood smear microscopy, buffy coat and modified Knott technique, respectively. The infection rate was significantly ( P <0.05) higher in aged dogs with high respiratory rates. The response of sex was non-significant. Among haematobiochemical parameters, only SGPT and SGOT were significantly ( P <0.05) elevated. The body temperature was not altered.Conclusion: Coinciding with the existence of stray dog communities and the recent zoonotic appearance of such filarioids, further investigations including molecular approaches, are urgently needed to accurately differentiate both dirofilarioids and other filarioid nematodes in both pets and humans.

scholarly journals Prevalence assessment of ectoparasitic arthropods among commonly consumed wildlife in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley Uchenna Ozioko ◽  
Chris Ikem Okoye ◽  
Patience Obiageli Ubachukwu ◽  
Raymond Awudu Agbu ◽  
Bede Izuchukwu Ezewudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Wildlife Reservoirs ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Ixodes Holocyclus ◽  
Public Health Significance ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Background Wildlife reservoirs not only act as a source of infection for vectors but also serve as hosts for the vectors themselves, supporting their populations. Their public health significance in developing countries is of growing importance as a result of zoonotic and enzootic diseases associated with the pathogens they transmit. Therefore, a study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites of wild game in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria. Physical examinations were carried out on 143 wildlife, and laboratory identification was employed on the ectoparasites. The collected ectoparasites were identified in the laboratory using literature and with the help of a taxonomist. Results Out of the 143 game examined, 114 was infected with at least one parasite representing about 98.6% of an infestation. Among the parasites identified, Amblyomma spp. showed the highest prevalence of 24.5% at 95% confidential intervals of CI (1.45–3.19)–24.5% (p ≤ 0.05). No difference was observed in the prevalence of the ectoparasites according to sex, except for Ixodes holocyclus. Similarly, no difference was observed in prevalence with reference to age except for Rhipicephalus spp. and Polyplax spinulosa which showed differences. Conclusions The present study provides basic data about the most prevalent ectoparasitic arthropod among game in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria, which requires an evaluation of its zoonotic control measures. This work can elicit the risk of possible transmission of some zoonotic and enzootic diseases via game. Improving awareness among local people and bushmeat dealers about the risk of contracting a vector-borne disease through wildlife is crucial.

scholarly journals Emerging trends of nosocomial Citrobacter species surgical wound infection: concern for infection control

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
B Thapa ◽  
D Karn ◽  
K Mahat
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Wound Infection ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Surgical Wound Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Surgical Wound ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Study Results

Background Surgical wound infection is a common problem among patients who undergo operation. Several factors play important role in this infection process including endemic nosocomial infection without proper infection control measures. Objectives To study the occurrence of the pathogens in post-operative wound infections, their antibiotic resistance patterns, and comparison with published reports. Methods Various specimens obtained from the surgical wound during a period of four months were processed for bacteriological culture in the Department of Microbiology, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test for pathogens isolated. The relevant literatures were searched and compared with the present study. Results Among 79 culture positive cultures, Citrobacter sp. (n=23) was most frequently isolated from surgical wound infection. Twenty strains were multidrug resistant. In comparison with other studies, this study highlights the emergence multi-drug resistant Citrobacter sp. as a leading cause of surgical wound infection. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp., and Enterobacter sp. were also isolated from 19, 13, 10, 8, 2, 2, and 2 cultures, respectively. More than 50% of these pathogens were resistant to most of the β-lactam antibiotics tested and most of them were multi-drug resistant while these pathogens showed variable level of resistance to fluroquinolones and amino glycosides. Conclusion The frequent isolation of multi-drug resistant nosocomial strains of Citrobacter sp. in surgical wound infection is a remarkable trend. This pathogen and their resistant genes could be endemic to the institution and can cause difficult-to-treat infection if infection control committee is not revitalized and infection control strategies are not implemented. Key words Citrobacter sp.; Multi-drug resistant; surgical wound infection. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njdvl.v9i1.5762 NJDVL 2010; 9(1): 10-14

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour among dental students concerning infection control measures.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Sharma ◽  
Rajashri Kolte ◽  
Abhay Kolte
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Key Words Infection ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Tetanus Vaccine ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Level Of Knowledge

Aim: The aim was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and behaviour of dental students concerning infection control measures and to check the correlation, if any, among knowledge, attitude and behaviour of dental students concerning infection control measures in dental setups. Materials and Methods: A total of 1200 students from first to final year and interns from three different colleges were included in the study. Results: A total of 95.83% think isolation is important. Only 4.1% have been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and 95% with tetanus vaccine. Conclusion: The level of knowledge and behaviour of infection control measures was average, for which the reasons could be inadequate training, supply of protective equipments and mainly carelessness. Key Words- Infection control, Vaccination, Isolation.

A human reliability assessment through enclosed space entry operation onboard ships

2020 ◽  
pp. 147509022097986
Author(s):  
Omer Soner ◽  
Metin Celik
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Human Element ◽  
Administrative Control ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Enclosed Space ◽  
Systematic Control ◽  
Safe Working

An enclosed space poses a serious risk to workers since its atmosphere can be oxygen-deficient, polluted or contain flammable and/or toxic gases or vapours. Hence, it is important to keep in mind that an enclosed space should not be entered unless it is absolutely necessary. However, many processes often need the worker to be present in an enclosed space. At this point, great attention should be paid to create and maintain safe working conditions, when entering enclosed space is required. Even though studies have investigated several aspects of enclosed space entry, further research is required to explore the human element role. This is urgently needed, considering that human errors are one of the main reasons for enclosed space entry accidents. Hence, this study has investigated the human element role during an enclosed space entry operation via the enhanced SOHRA method. Three scenarios have been developed to assess HEP values. Beyond that, systematic control measure assignment is provided to reduce HEP values. Hierarchy of control measures are considered to improve entering enclosed space operational safety. Elimination (drone-assisted survey), substitution (IoT), engineering (permit control system-PCS), and administrative control measures (electronic permit) have been proposed. Further, this study results can also provide useful insight for other industries (petrochemical, oil, refinery, gas, agriculture, construction etc.), where the accidents in enclosed spaces taking place. Therefore, the study provides not only a theoretical insight but also practical application to improve the safety of seafarers.

scholarly journals A field survey of hand–arm vibration exposure in the UK utilities sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 2179-2198 ◽  
Author(s):  
David John Edwards ◽  
Iain Rillie ◽  
Nicholas Chileshe ◽  
Joesph Lai ◽  
M. Reza Hosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Senior Management ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Health And Well Being

PurposeExcessive exposure to HAV can lead to hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) which is a major health and well-being issue that can irreparably damage the neurological, vascular and muscular skeletal system. This paper reports upon field research analysis of the hand–arm vibration (HAV) exposure levels of utility workers in the UK construction sector when operating hand-held vibrating power tools.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical epistemological lens was adopted to analyse primary quantitative data on the management of hand-held tool trigger times (seconds) collected from field studies. To augment the analysis further, an interpretivist perspective was undertaken to qualitatively analyse interviews held with the participating company's senior management team after field study results. This approach sought to provide further depth and perspective on the emergent numerical findings.FindingsThe findings reveal that none of the operatives were exposed above the exposure limit value (ELV) and that 91.07% resided under the exposure action value (EAV). However, the Burr four parameter probability model (which satisfied the Anderson–Darling, Kolmogorov–Smirnov and chi-squared goodness of fit tests at α 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 levels of significance) illustrated that given the current data distribution pattern, there was a 3% likelihood that the ELV will be exceeded. Model parameters could be used to: forecast the future probability of HAV exposure levels on other utility contracts and provide benchmark indicators to alert senior management to pending breaches of the ELV.Originality/valueHAV field trials are rarely conducted within the UK utilities sector, and the research presented is the first to develop probability models to predict the likelihood of operatives exceeding the ELV based upon field data. Findings presented could go some way to preserving the health and well-being of workers by ensuing that adequate control measures implemented (e.g. procuring low vibrating tools) mitigate the risk posed.

scholarly journals Widespread co-endemicity of Trypanosoma species infecting cattle in the Sudano-Sahelian and Guinea Savannah zones of Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Archile Paguem ◽  
Babette Abanda ◽  
Dieudonné Ndjonka ◽  
Judith Sophie Weber ◽  
Sen Claudine Henriette Ngomtcho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Dehydrogenase Gene ◽  
Clade C ◽  
Pastoral Communities ◽  
Local Species

Abstract Background African animal trypanosomosis remains the major constraint of livestock production and livelihood of pastoral communities in Cameroon. Despite several decades of vector and parasite control efforts, it has not been eradicated. Alternative and sustainable control strategies require a sound knowledge of the local species, strains and vectors. In the Sudano-Sahelian and Guinea Savannah of Cameroon the prevalence and genetic diversity of trypanosomes infecting cattle was investigated by microscopy of cattle blood buffy coat and molecular methods using generic primers targeting parts of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) and encoded glycosomal glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-gene (gGAPDH). Results A total of 1176 randomly chosen cattle from five divisions in the Sudano-Sahelian and Guinea Savannah of Cameroon were examined. The overall prevalence of trypanosomes by microscopy was 5.9% (56/953) in contrast to 53.2% (626/1176) when molecular tools were used. This indicated a limited sensitivity of microscopy in subclinical infections with frequently low parasitemia. Three trypanosome species were identified by light microscopy: T. vivax (2.3%), T. brucei (3.7%) and T. congolense (3.0%), whereas five were identified by PCR, namely T. grayi/T. theileri (30.8%), T. vivax (17.7%), T. brucei (14.5%) and T. congolense (5.1%). Unexpected cases of T. grayi (n = 4) and T. theileri (n = 26) were confirmed by sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the gGAPDH revealed the presence of T. vivax, clade A and T. vivax clade C, which were co-endemic in the Faro et Deo division. T. grayi/T. theileri were the predominant species infecting cattle in tsetse free areas. In contrast, T. vivax, T. brucei and T. congolense were more abundant in areas where the Glossina-vectors were present. Conclusions The abundance of pathogenic trypanosomes in tsetse infested areas is alarming and even more, the occurrence of T. vivax, T. brucei, T. congolense, T. theileri and T. grayi in tsetse-free areas implies that tsetse control alone is not sufficient to control trypanosomosis in livestock. To implement control measures that reduce the risk of spread in tsetse free areas, close monitoring using molecular tools and a thorough search for alternative vectors of trypanosomes is recommended.

scholarly journals The use of native piscivorous fishes for the eradication of the invasive Chinese Sleeper, Perccottus glenii

2019 ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Vytautas Rakauskas ◽  
Tomas Virbickas ◽  
Saulius Stakėnas ◽  
Andrius Steponėnas
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Perccottus Glenii ◽  
Eutrophic Lakes ◽  
Study Results

The chief aim of invasive species management is to prevent biological invasions by taking measures for suppressing or eradicating potential invaders. Biological control as a management tool is frequently implemented to reduce the population size, adverse ecological impacts, and dispersal of invasive species. The efficacy of biological control measures in managing the Perccottus glenii population was assessed in four small lakes of Lithuania. The biocontrol was carried out by introducing the native piscivorous fishes Esox lucius and Perca fluviatilis into the invaded water bodies for two successive reproductive seasons. The stocking of these fishes led to an instant reduction in P. glenii abundances, and the outcome of the repeated stocking was complete disappearance of the species from the water bodies investigated. Our study proves that native predator fishes can be successfully used for eradicating well-established P. glenii populations in small eutrophic lakes. We hope the current study results will contribute to developing risk-commensurate methodologies for the control of invasive P. glenii populations in small water bodies.

scholarly journals Stability Analysis and Optimal Control of a Vector-Borne Disease with Nonlinear Incidence

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ozair ◽  
Abid Ali Lashari ◽  
Il Hyo Jung ◽  
Kazeem Oare Okosun
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Nonlinear Incidence ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact

The paper considers a model for the transmission dynamics of a vector-borne disease with nonlinear incidence rate. It is proved that the global dynamics of the disease are completely determined by the basic reproduction number. In order to assess the effectiveness of disease control measures, the sensitivity analysis of the basic reproductive numberR0and the endemic proportions with respect to epidemiological and demographic parameters are provided. From the results of the sensitivity analysis, the model is modified to assess the impact of three control measures; the preventive control to minimize vector human contacts, the treatment control to the infected human, and the insecticide control to the vector. Analytically the existence of the optimal control is established by the use of an optimal control technique and numerically it is solved by an iterative method. Numerical simulations and optimal analysis of the model show that restricted and proper use of control measures might considerably decrease the number of infected humans in a viable way.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Modified Quantitative Buffy Coat and Two Rapid Tests in Comparison with Peripheral Blood Smear in Malaria Diagnosis in Mumbai, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manali M. Kocharekar ◽  
Sougat S. Sarkar ◽  
Debjani Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Blood Smear ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
Peripheral Blood Smear ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Rapid Tests

In order to identify a quick and reliable technique for accurate diagnosis of malaria, study of the efficiency of the tests such as Parahit total (HRPII & aldolase Ag), Advantage mal card (parasite specific LDH), and modified QBC was done in comparison with conventional blood smear microscopy. One hundred patients infected withP. vivaxand 101 infected withP. falciparumwere included in this study. The sensitivity of Parahit total, Advantage mal card, and modified QBC forP. falciparumdetection was 70.3, 95%, and 98%, and specificity was 98%, 98%, and 96%, respectively. The sensitivity of Parahit total, Advantage mal card, and modified QBC forP. vivaxdetection was 73%, 97.0%, and 98%, respectively, and specificity of all the tests was 98%. On day 15, in falciparum arm, Advantage mal card and Parahit total showed 8 (7.92%) and 59 (58.41%) false positives. On day 15, in vivax arm, Parahit total revealed 52% false positives. The study indicated that modified QBC could be only used where appropriate facilities are available. Advantage mal card was a better follow-up tool than Parahit total.

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