Static Vs Dynamic Connectivity: How Landscape Changes Affect Connectivity Predictions in the Iberian Peninsula
Abstract Context Climate and land-use changes affect species ranges and movements. However, these changes are normally overlooked in connectivity studies, and this could have adverse consequences in the definition of effective management measures.Objectives We evaluated two ways to incorporate this dynamism: (i) by acknowledging that connectivity is a fluctuating phenomenon (i.e., time-varying connectivity) and therefore, procuring long-term conservation measures; and (ii) by enhancing species movements to their future ranges (i.e., spatio-temporal connectivity). We further compared these dynamic approaches with traditional static connectivity methods.Methods We compared the overall connectivity values and the prioritization of critical habitat patches according to the dynamic and static approaches. This comparison research was conducted for species associated with broadleaf forests of the different ecoregions of the Iberian Peninsula. We considered species habitat preferences for moving and a wide range of dispersal abilities to assess functional connectivity without focusing on a single species.Results Static approaches generated varying overall connectivity values and priority patches depending on the time snapshot considered and different from those generated by dynamic approaches. The two dynamic connectivity approaches resulted in very similar priority conservation patches, indicating their potential to guide endurable conservation measures that enhance connectivity between contemporaneous habitat patches at multiple time snapshots but also species range shifts in time.Conclusions Connectivity is affected by landscape changes, and only dynamic approaches can overcome the issues associated with these changes and provide valuable information to guide improved and endurable measures in changing landscapes.