scholarly journals Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Bacterial and Viral Infections in Wild Boars Hunted in Tuscany (Italy)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Chiara Fabbri ◽  
Alessandro Crovetti ◽  
Lara Tinacci ◽  
Fabrizio Bertelloni ◽  
Andrea Armani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Etiological Agents

Abstract Wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) is one of the large mammals most spread worldwide, highly adaptable, and its population has rapidly increased in many areas in Europe. Central Italy, as well as Tuscany, is an area particularly suitable for wild boar. Wild boars are potential hosts for different etiological agents, such as Brucella spp., Leptospira spp. and Pseudorabies virus and can contribute to maintain and/or to disseminate some bacterial or viral pathogens to humans and domestic animals, above all-in free-range farms. In order to identify hypothetical genomic regions associated with these infection diseases, 96 samples of wild boars hunted in Tuscany during the 2018–2019 and 2019-2020 hunting seasons were considered. Diagnosis was achieved by serological tests and 42 Pseudorabies, 31 Leptospira and 15 Brucella positive animals were identified. All animals were genotyped with Geneseek Genomic Profiler Porcine HD (70k) and a genome-wide scan was then performed. Significant markers were highlighted for Pseudorabies (two SNPs), Brucella (seven SNPs), and Leptospira (four SNPs) and they were located within, or nearby, 29 annotated genes on chromosome 6, 9, 12, 13, 14 and 18. Eight genes are implicated in viral (SEC14L1, JMJD6, SRSF2, TMPRSS2, MX1, MX2) or bacterial (COL8A1, SPIRE1) infections, seven genes (MFSD11, METTL23, CTTNBP2, BACE2, IMPA2, MPPE1 and GNAL) are involved in mental disorders and one gene (MGAT5B) is related to the Golgi complex. Results presented here provide interesting starting points for future research, validation studies and fine mapping of candidate genes involved in bacterial and viral infections in wild boar.

scholarly journals Molecular Identification of New Cases of Human Dirofilariosis (Dirofilaria repens) in Italy

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Simona Gabrielli ◽  
Valentina Mangano ◽  
Federica Furzi ◽  
Alessandra Oliva ◽  
Serena Vita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Diagnosis ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Pulmonary Nodules ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Human Dirofilariosis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Etiological Agents

(1) Dirofilariosis is a vector-borne parasitic disease mainly in domestic and wild carnivores caused by Dirofilaria (Noctiella) repens, which is endemic in many countries of the Old World, and D. immitis, which has a worldwide distribution. In recent years, an increase in the number of human cases has been reported, suggesting that dirofilariosis is an emergent zoonosis. Here, we describe further cases (N = 8), observed in Central Italy during the years 2018–2019. (2) Molecular diagnosis was performed on: (i) live worms extracted from ocular conjunctiva, cheek, and calf muscle; (ii) histological sections of surgically removed nodules from parenchymal lung, coccyx, and breast. (3) Sequence analysis (650-bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (mtDNA cox1) showed a match of 100% with the sequences of D. repens previously deposited in GenBank. ELISA test to detect IgG against filarial antigens was performed on four patients’ sera and resulted positive in two patients who showed ocular and subcutaneous dirofilariosis, respectively. Microfilariae have been never detected in the peripheral blood of the patients. (4) The occurrence of N = 8 new cases of human D. repens-infections observed in a two-year period suggests an increased circulation of the parasite in Italy. Therefore, dirofilariosis should be included in differential diagnosis in patients presenting subcutaneous and/or pulmonary nodules. Molecular diagnosis of the etiological agents is fundamental. Specific serological diagnosis needs to be improved in future research work.

scholarly journals Effect of time and temperature before chilling on the hygiene of carcasses in wild boar hunted in central Italy

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Barbani ◽  
Giulia Lalinga ◽  
Lia Bardasi ◽  
Raffaella Branciari ◽  
Dino Miraglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Colony Count ◽  
Elapse Time ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

The interest in certified game meat chains highlights the need for the evaluation and the management of factors affecting carcass hygiene along the peculiar steps of the production. The effects of time and temperature before chilling were specifically evaluated on aerobic colony count and Enterobacteriaceae count in hunted wild boar carcasses. Thirty wild boars were considered in two process steps where the hunted animal are still not chilled: after evisceration and just before chilling. Environmental temperature, carcass temperature and the elapse time between the two-step considered were registered. Furthermore, surface microbial loads were analyzed on the inner part of the carcasses. The mean time between the two sampling steps was 6 hours with an average environmental temperature of 20.49°C. A carcass temperature 9.6°C drop was observed during this period. In this lap of time aerobic colony count and Enterobacteriaceae count increased of 0.68 Log CFU/cm2 and 1.01 Log CFU/cm2 respectively, with a moderate correlation with the time but not with the temperature delta. The results reveal that the temperature conditions in central Italy hunting areas were not able to quickly reduce the carcass temperature and therefore the time between carcass evisceration and chilling should not exceed 6 hours.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus and Related Flavivirus in European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Latium Region, Italy: A Retrospective Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Angela Petruccelli ◽  
Tiziana Zottola ◽  
Gianmarco Ferrara ◽  
Valentina Iovane ◽  
Cristina Di Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
European Wild Boar

Background: A retrospective sero-survey for evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in European wild boar (Sus scorfa) was conducted in the Latium region, Italy, on stored serum samples of the period November 2011 to January 2012. Methods: Sera were collected from 168 European wild boars and screened for antibodies to WNV and other Flaviviruses by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). All sera positive for Flavivirus antibodies by cELISA were further examined by virus neutralization test (VNT). To test the presence of Flavivirus RNA in samples, an RT-PCR was performed using a pan-Flavivirus primers pair. Results: Thirteen wild boars (7.73%) were seropositive for Flaviviruses. The hemolysis of serum samples limited the interpretation of the VNT for 7 samples, confirming the presence of specific antibody against WNV in a single European wild boar serum sample. The presence of ELISA positive/VNT negative samples suggests the occurrence of non-neutralizing antibodies against WNV or other antigen-related Flaviviruses. No samples resulted positive for Flavivirus by RT-PCR assay. Conclusion: Although a moderately high percentage of animals with specific antibody for WNV has been detected in wild boar in other surveillance studies in Europe, this has not been reported previously in Italy. Together, these data indicate that European wild boar are exposed to WNV and/or other related-Flavivirus in central Italy and confirm the usefulness of wild ungulates, as suitable Flavivirus sentinels.

scholarly journals An Overview of Live Attenuated Recombinant Pseudorabies Viruses for Use as Novel Vaccines

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Dong ◽  
Dante S. Zarlenga ◽  
Xiaofeng Ren
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Virus Propagation ◽  
Swine Virus ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Heterologous Antigens

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded, DNA-based swine virus with a genome approximating 150 kb in size. PRV has many nonessential genes which can be replaced with genes encoding heterologous antigens but without deleterious effects on virus propagation. Recombinant PRVs expressing both native and foreign antigens are able to stimulate immune responses. In this paper, we review the current status of live attenuated recombinant PRVs and live PRV-based vector vaccines with potential for controlling viral infections in animals.

scholarly journals Selected aspects related to epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity, and control of African swine fever

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Woźniakowski ◽  
Magdalena Frączyk ◽  
Krzysztof Niemczuk ◽  
Zygmunt Pejsak
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
New Era ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
International Transport ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

Abstract African swine fever (ASF) is currently one of the most severe viral infections of domestic pigs, wild boars, and other hosts belonging to Suidae family. ASF is also considered as the most complex and devastating infectious and haemorrhagic disease of swine due to its severe socio-economic impact and transboundary character. ASF it is a notifiable disease and due to the lack of specific treatment and vaccine, the disease can be only limited by the administrative measures comprising wild boar hunting and stamping out of affected pigs. ASF occurred for the first time in Kenya in 1921 while in Europe (Portugal) the virus was detected at the end of the 1950s. In spite of successful eradication of this threat in a number of affected regions, the virus remains endemic in both feral and domestic pigs in Africa and Sardinia. The ‘new era’ of ASF started in 2007 after its re-introduction to Georgia. Following its intensive expansion, the virus spread to other Caucasian countries, including the territory of the Russian Federation. In 2014 the virus reached Ukraine, Belarus, and, consequently, European Union countries: Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Poland. The occurrence of ASF in wild boars and pigs had a severe impact on both epidemiology and economy because of the national and international transport and trade consequences. Up to date, starting from the February 2014, eighty ASF cases in wild boar and three outbreaks in domestic pigs have been diagnosed. Taking into account the diverse rate of spread in Poland, this review aims to present and discuss the current state of knowledge on ASF including its epidemiology, pathology, transmission, and perspectives of control.

scholarly journals Aujeszky’s Disease in South-Italian Wild Boars (Sus Scrofa): A Serological Survey

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3298
Author(s):  
Gianmarco Ferrara ◽  
Consiglia Longobardi ◽  
Filomena D’Ambrosi ◽  
Maria Grazia Amoroso ◽  
Nicola D’Alessio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Hunting Season ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Aujeszky's Disease ◽  
Aujeszky’S Disease

Aujeszky’s disease (AD, pseudorabies) is a viral disease of suids caused by Suid Herpesvirus 1 (SHV-1) also referred as Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV) or Pseudorabies virus (ADV). Domestic pig and Wild boar (Sus scrofa) are the natural host, but many species can be infected with ADV. The aim of our study was to evaluate seroprevalence of AD in wild boar hunted in the Campania Region, during the 2016–2017 hunting season. A total of 503 serum samples from wild boars hunted in the provinces of Campania Region (Southern Italy) were collected and were tested for antibody against ADV using an AD, blocking ELISA assay. A Seroprevalence of 23.85% (120/503, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 20.15–27.55) was found. Gender was not significantly associated with of ADV seropositivity (p > 0.05), while the presence of ADV antibodies was statistically associated with age (>36-month, p < 0.0001) and location (Avellino, p = 0.0161). Our prevalence values are like those obtained in 2010 in our laboratory (30.7%), demonstrating a constant circulation of ADV in the area.

scholarly journals PSEUDORABIES VIRUS IN EUROPEAN WILD BOAR FROM CENTRAL ITALY

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Lari ◽  
Davide Lorenzi ◽  
Daniele Nigrelli ◽  
Emiliana Brocchi ◽  
Silvia Faccini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
European Wild Boar

scholarly journals Detection and Characterization of Viral Pathogens Associated with Reproductive Failure in Wild Boars in Central Italy

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 304
Author(s):  
Maria Irene Pacini ◽  
Mario Forzan ◽  
Giovanni Cilia ◽  
Fabrizio Bertelloni ◽  
Filippo Fratini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Reproductive Failure ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Domestic Swine

Wild boar and domestic swine share several pathogens, including viruses responsible for reproductive failures, representing an important sanitary and economic risk for the swine industry. Among them, suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) are widely diffused in the wild boar population. Unfortunately, little is known about their pathogenetic mechanisms and impact on the reproductive parameters of wild animals. This study aims to investigate the presence of viruses responsible for reproductive failure in pregnant wild boar sows and their foetuses. The investigation was conducted on 46 pregnant wild boar and their foetuses by molecular analysis; a phylogenetic study was performed on the positive samples. All of the investigated pathogens were identified in sows, while only herpesvirus and circovirus were detected in the tissues of their foetuses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the viral sequences obtained from the positive wild boars were closely related to those previously identified in domestic swine belonging to the same study areas. The results suggest that SuHV-1 and PCV2 can infect wild boar foetuses, with a possible impact on wild boar reproductive performance. Moreover, our data highlight the importance of continuous monitoring of swine pathogens circulating in wild environments, so as to carry out adequate sanitary actions.

scholarly journals Characterisation of pseudorabies virus in domestic pigs and wild boars in Croatia

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomislav Keros ◽  
Dragan Brnić ◽  
Jelena Prpić ◽  
Danko Dežđek ◽  
Lorena Jemeršić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Genome Fragment ◽  
Serological Data

Serological data imply that pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease) is present in domestic pigs and wild boars in Croatia. Therefore, this study included testing of brain tissue samples collected from 200 domestic pigs and 105 wild boars originating from seventeen districts of Croatia. The presence of pseudorabies virus (PrV) DNA was confirmed in samples originating from six domestic pigs (3%) and one wild boar (0.95%). Positive samples were sequenced and analysed on the basis of a gC genome fragment. PrV strains have shown to be genetically identical and they are strongly related to some representative strains in the relatively heterogeneous Clade A. The results clearly show that PrV is still circulating among the domestic pig population in Croatia. Furthermore, the presence of pseudorabies virus in wild boars underlines the importance of this species as a PrV reservoir. Continued surveillance is necessary to track the viral spread in order to achieve final eradication of the disease.

scholarly journals The Genetic Architecture of Ovariole Number in Drosophila melanogaster: Genes with Major, Quantitative, and Pleiotropic Effects

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2391-2403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda S Lobell ◽  
Rachel R Kaspari ◽  
Yazmin L Serrano Negron ◽  
Susan T Harbison
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Fitness Trait ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
Activity Behavior ◽  
Ovariole Number

Abstract Ovariole number has a direct role in the number of eggs produced by an insect, suggesting that it is a key morphological fitness trait. Many studies have documented the variability of ovariole number and its relationship to other fitness and life-history traits in natural populations of Drosophila. However, the genes contributing to this variability are largely unknown. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study of ovariole number in a natural population of flies. Using mutations and RNAi-mediated knockdown, we confirmed the effects of 24 candidate genes on ovariole number, including a novel gene, anneboleyn (formerly CG32000), that impacts both ovariole morphology and numbers of offspring produced. We also identified pleiotropic genes between ovariole number traits and sleep and activity behavior. While few polymorphisms overlapped between sleep parameters and ovariole number, 39 candidate genes were nevertheless in common. We verified the effects of seven genes on both ovariole number and sleep: bin3, blot, CG42389, kirre, slim, VAChT, and zfh1. Linkage disequilibrium among the polymorphisms in these common genes was low, suggesting that these polymorphisms may evolve independently.

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