PSEUDORABIES VIRUS IN EUROPEAN WILD BOAR FROM CENTRAL ITALY

Background: A retrospective sero-survey for evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in European wild boar (Sus scorfa) was conducted in the Latium region, Italy, on stored serum samples of the period November 2011 to January 2012. Methods: Sera were collected from 168 European wild boars and screened for antibodies to WNV and other Flaviviruses by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). All sera positive for Flavivirus antibodies by cELISA were further examined by virus neutralization test (VNT). To test the presence of Flavivirus RNA in samples, an RT-PCR was performed using a pan-Flavivirus primers pair. Results: Thirteen wild boars (7.73%) were seropositive for Flaviviruses. The hemolysis of serum samples limited the interpretation of the VNT for 7 samples, confirming the presence of specific antibody against WNV in a single European wild boar serum sample. The presence of ELISA positive/VNT negative samples suggests the occurrence of non-neutralizing antibodies against WNV or other antigen-related Flaviviruses. No samples resulted positive for Flavivirus by RT-PCR assay. Conclusion: Although a moderately high percentage of animals with specific antibody for WNV has been detected in wild boar in other surveillance studies in Europe, this has not been reported previously in Italy. Together, these data indicate that European wild boar are exposed to WNV and/or other related-Flavivirus in central Italy and confirm the usefulness of wild ungulates, as suitable Flavivirus sentinels.

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A long-term survey of pseudorabies virus infections in European wild boar of western Germany

Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft ◽

10.1007/bf02190453 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 130-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Walburga Lutz ◽

Doris Junghans ◽

Dagmar Schmitz ◽

T. Müller

Keyword(s):

Wild Boar ◽

Pseudorabies Virus ◽

Virus Infections ◽

European Wild Boar ◽

Western Germany ◽

Long Term Survey

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Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Bacterial and Viral Infections in Wild Boars Hunted in Tuscany (Italy)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1046070/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Chiara Fabbri ◽

Alessandro Crovetti ◽

Lara Tinacci ◽

Fabrizio Bertelloni ◽

Andrea Armani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wild Boar ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Pseudorabies Virus ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Central Italy ◽

Future Research ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Wild Boars ◽

A Genome ◽

Etiological Agents

Abstract Wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) is one of the large mammals most spread worldwide, highly adaptable, and its population has rapidly increased in many areas in Europe. Central Italy, as well as Tuscany, is an area particularly suitable for wild boar. Wild boars are potential hosts for different etiological agents, such as Brucella spp., Leptospira spp. and Pseudorabies virus and can contribute to maintain and/or to disseminate some bacterial or viral pathogens to humans and domestic animals, above all-in free-range farms. In order to identify hypothetical genomic regions associated with these infection diseases, 96 samples of wild boars hunted in Tuscany during the 2018–2019 and 2019-2020 hunting seasons were considered. Diagnosis was achieved by serological tests and 42 Pseudorabies, 31 Leptospira and 15 Brucella positive animals were identified. All animals were genotyped with Geneseek Genomic Profiler Porcine HD (70k) and a genome-wide scan was then performed. Significant markers were highlighted for Pseudorabies (two SNPs), Brucella (seven SNPs), and Leptospira (four SNPs) and they were located within, or nearby, 29 annotated genes on chromosome 6, 9, 12, 13, 14 and 18. Eight genes are implicated in viral (SEC14L1, JMJD6, SRSF2, TMPRSS2, MX1, MX2) or bacterial (COL8A1, SPIRE1) infections, seven genes (MFSD11, METTL23, CTTNBP2, BACE2, IMPA2, MPPE1 and GNAL) are involved in mental disorders and one gene (MGAT5B) is related to the Golgi complex. Results presented here provide interesting starting points for future research, validation studies and fine mapping of candidate genes involved in bacterial and viral infections in wild boar.

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Characterization of pseudorabies virus of wild boar origin from Europe

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268810000361 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 138 (11) ◽

pp. 1590-1600 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

T. MÜLLER ◽

B. G. KLUPP ◽

C. FREULING ◽

B. HOFFMANN ◽

M. MOJCICZ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wild Boar ◽

Pseudorabies Virus ◽

Enzyme Analysis ◽

Restriction Enzyme Analysis ◽

Glycoprotein C ◽

Hunting Dogs ◽

Clade B ◽

European Wild Boar ◽

Causative Agents

SUMMARYPseudorabies virus (PrV) infections appear to be more widely distributed in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa) population than assumed. In Europe, attempts to isolate and characterize the causative agents have been limited so far. We therefore collected and examined a total of 35 PrV isolates obtained from wild boar or hunting dogs in Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Slovakia and Hungary between 1993 and 2008. Restriction enzyme analysis of genomic DNA using BamHI showed that all isolates, except one, belonged to genogroup I but different subtypes were evident. For further investigations of the phylogenetic relationships, a 732-bp fragment of the glycoprotein C (gC) gene was amplified by PCR. Sequence analysis revealed about 40 variant positions within this fragment. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences supported the separation into a clade containing isolates from North-Rhine Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany), France and Spain (clade B) and an apparently more variable clade comprising isolates from Brandenburg, Baden-Wurttemberg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt (Germany), Slovakia, Hungary, Italy and France (clade A).

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Prevalence, Virulence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes in European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Hunted in Tuscany (Central Italy)

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10020093 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 93

Author(s):

Giovanni Cilia ◽

Barbara Turchi ◽

Filippo Fratini ◽

Stefano Bilei ◽

Teresa Bossù ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

Wild Boar ◽

Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽

Virulence Factor ◽

Central Italy ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

European Wild Boar ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Virulence Factor Genes

Wild boar is an animal the population of which constantly increases in Europe. This animal plays an important role as a reservoir for several pathogens, including three of the most important zoonoses: salmonellosis, yersiniosis and listeriosis. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant and virulence factor genes of Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes isolated from wild boar in Tuscany (Central Italy). During two consequent hunting seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020), rectal swabs, spleens and livers were collected from 287 hunted wild boar to isolate strains. Each isolate was tested to investigate its antimicrobial resistance and to detect virulence factor genes by PCR. Eighteen Salmonella strains (6.27%) were isolated. Of these, 66.7% were resistant to streptomycin, 13.4% to cephalothin, 6.67% to imipenem and one isolate (6.67%) was resistant simultaneously to five antimicrobials. Moreover, the most detected genes were sopE (73.4%), pipB (66.7%), sodCI (53.3%), spvR and spvC (46.7%). In total, 54 (17.8%) Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated; of them, 26 (48.1%), 9 (16.7%), 17 (31.5%), 1 (1.85%) and 1 (1.85%) belonged to biotypes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. All strains (100%) demonstrated resistance to cephalothin and 70.4% to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 55.6% to ampicillin, and 37.0% to cefoxitin. Additionally, the most detected genes were ystA (25.9%), inv (24.1%), ail (22.2%), ystB (18.5%) and virF (14.8%). Finally, only one Listeriamonocytogenes isolate (0.35%) was obtained, belonging to serogroup IVb, serovar 4b, and it was found to be resistant to cefoxitin, cefotaxime and nalidixic acid. The results highlighted the role of wild boar as a carrier for pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogens, representing a possible reservoir for domestic animals and human pathogens.

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Combined Analyses of Data From Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping Studies: Chromosome 4 Effects on Porcine Growth and Fatness

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/155.3.1369 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 155 (3) ◽

pp. 1369-1378 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Grant A Walling ◽

Peter M Visscher ◽

Leif Andersson ◽

Max F Rothschild ◽

Lizhen Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Wild Boar ◽

Population Data ◽

Study Data ◽

Joint Analysis ◽

Chromosome 4 ◽

European Wild Boar ◽

Mapping Populations ◽

Combined Data

Abstract For many species several similar QTL mapping populations have been produced and analyzed independently. Joint analysis of such data could be used to increase power to detect QTL and evaluate population differences. In this study, data were collated on almost 3000 pigs from seven different F2 crosses between Western commercial breeds and either the European wild boar or the Chinese Meishan breed. Genotypes were available for 31 markers on chromosome 4 (on average 8.3 markers per population). Data from three traits common to all populations (birth weight, mean backfat depth at slaughter or end of test, and growth rate from birth to slaughter or end of test) were analyzed for individual populations and jointly. A QTL influencing birth weight was detected in one individual population and in the combined data, with no significant interaction of the QTL effect with population. A QTL affecting backfat that had a significantly greater effect in wild boar than in Meishan crosses was detected. Some evidence for a QTL affecting growth rate was detected in all populations, with no significant differences between populations. This study is the largest F2 QTL analysis achieved in a livestock species and demonstrates the potential of joint analysis.

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A serosurvey for selected pathogens in Greek European wild boar

Veterinary Record Open ◽

10.1136/vetreco-2014-000077 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. e000077 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

A. Touloudi ◽

G. Valiakos ◽

L. V. Athanasiou ◽

P. Birtsas ◽

A. Giannakopoulos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wild Boar ◽

European Wild Boar

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Molecular characterization of Belgian pseudorabies virus isolates from domestic swine and wild boar

Veterinary Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.001 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 172 (1-2) ◽

pp. 72-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sara Verpoest ◽

Ann Brigitte Cay ◽

Nick De Regge

Keyword(s):

Wild Boar ◽

Molecular Characterization ◽

Pseudorabies Virus ◽

Domestic Swine ◽

Virus Isolates

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Leptospira Survey in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Hunted in Tuscany, Central Italy

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9050377 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 377 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Giovanni Cilia ◽

Fabrizio Bertelloni ◽

Marta Angelini ◽

Domenico Cerri ◽

Filippo Fratini

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Wild Boar ◽

Sus Scrofa ◽

Central Italy ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Pathogenic Leptospira ◽

Molecular Assays ◽

Realtime Pcr ◽

23S Rrna Gene

Leptospirosis is a re-emerging, worldwide zoonosis, and wild boar (Sus scrofa) are involved in its epidemiology as the reservoir. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Leptospira with serological, bacteriological, and molecular assays in wild boar hunted in Tuscany (Italy) during two hunting seasons. In total, 287 specimens of sera, kidneys, and liver were collected to perform microscopic agglutination tests (MATs), isolation, and RealTime PCR to detect pathogenic (lipL32 gene), intermediate (16S rRNA gene), and saprophytic (23S rRNA gene) Leptospira. Within sera, 39 (13.59%) were positive to the MAT, and Australis was the most represented serogroup (4.88%), followed by Pomona (4.18%), and Tarassovi (3.14%). Moreover, four Leptospira cultures were positive, and once isolates were identified, one was identified as L. borgpetersenii serovar Tarassovi, and three as L. interrogans serovar Bratislava. Pathogenic Leptospira DNA were detected in 32 wild boar kidneys (11.15%). The characterization through the amplification of the rrs2 gene highlighted their belonging to L. interrogans (23 kidneys), L. borgpetersenii (four), and L. kirschneri (one), while nine kidneys (3.14%) were positive for intermediate Leptospira, all belonging to L. fainei. The results of this study confirmed the importance of wild boar in the epidemiology of leptospirosis among wildlife in Central Italy.

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The effect of carcass weight on chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of Longissimus dorsi and Semimembranosus muscles of European wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) meat

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2017-0090 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 98 (3) ◽

pp. 557-564

Author(s):

Martyna Batorska ◽

Justyna Więcek ◽

Małgorzata Kunowska-Slósarz ◽

Kamila Puppel ◽

Jan Slósarz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Wild Boar ◽

Sus Scrofa ◽

Carcass Weight ◽

Longissimus Dorsi ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Wild Boars ◽

European Wild Boar

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of carcass weight on chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of m. longissimus dorsi and m. semimembranosus of European wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) meat. The research was carried out on 50 wild boars shot during four battues at hunting reserves in the central part of Poland. The carcasses were divided into three groups: ≤30 kg (G1), 31–45 kg (G2), and >45 kg (G3). The protein concentration increased with carcass weight (P ≤ 0.01). The concentration of saturated fatty acids was influenced by carcass weight and was higher when weight increased. A significantly higher level of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was found in the carcasses of wild boars from G3 compared with G1 group (P ≤ 0.01). The content of C18:2n-6 was significantly lower in the lightest carcasses compared with the heaviest (P ≤ 0.05). Statistical analysis confirmed that carcasses weight significantly affected polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-3 content. The lightest carcasses contained a significantly higher concentration of PUFA n-3 (P ≤ 0.01). In addition, in G3, the amount of C22:5n-3 was two-fold lower (P ≤ 0.01) than in G1. The research has shown that the meat quality was affected by the carcass weight, resulting better parameters in the lighter than in the heavier carcasses. Therefore, most of the culled wild boars should be squeakers and young boars after the first year of life.

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