scholarly journals Insight Into The Aquatic Toxicity And Ecological Risk of Bisphenol B, And Comparison With That of Bisphenol A

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Wang ◽  
Tianyi Zhao ◽  
Xianhai Yang ◽  
Huihui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Risk Quotient ◽  
Effect Concentration ◽  
Detectable Rate ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract As one of the alternatives of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A, BPA), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane (bisphenol B, BPB) has not gained sufficient concerns so far, due to the limited concentration and toxicity data available. In this study, the acute toxicity of BPB to three aquatic organisms, i.e., Tetradesmus obliquus, Daphnia magna and Danio rerio, was investigated, and it showed that Daphnia magna was the most sensitive organism with the half effective concentration (EC50) of 3.93 mg/L. Thereout, the screened Daphnia magna was exposed to BPB for 21 days to explore the chronic toxicity. Results indicated that BPB restricted the body length of parent Daphnia magna and reduced the total number of broods and neonates. The no-observed effect concentration of BPB to Daphnia magna was as low as 0.01 mg/L, which was two orders of magnitude lower than that reported 0.86–5.00 mg/L of BPA. Furthermore, the ecological risk of BPB was quantitatively assessed using the risk quotient (RQ) method. Obviously, although the environmental concentrations and detectable rate of BPB were much lower than that of BPA, its ecological risk was not necessarily lower. Hence, BPB should not be ignored in the future environmental monitoring and management.

scholarly journals Predictive ecological risk assessment of pesticide mixtures in Mediterranean porous aquifers

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Di Lorenzo ◽  
Marco Cifoni ◽  
Barbara Fiasca ◽  
Alessia Di Cioccio ◽  
Diana Galassi
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Risk Quotient ◽  
Environmental Concentration ◽  
Pesticide Mixtures ◽  
Abruzzo Region ◽  
Effect Concentration ◽  
Porous Aquifers

The ecological risk assessment (ERA) of chemical substances is based on the premise that the protection of the most sensitive taxon safeguards the overall community. Given the severe scarcity of ecotoxicological data concerning groundwater species, we felt urged to consider epigean model species’ sensitivity data to determine the safe pesticide concentrations for obligate groundwater dwelling species. To this end, we performed the ERA of pesticide mixtures occurring in eleven Mediterranean porous aquifers (Abruzzo region; central Italy). The evaluation was based on data collected between 2010 and 2015 by the environmental protection agency of Abruzzo region (ARTA Abruzzo) and included 42 pesticides and 1953 samples. We applied a step-wise procedure: we used the Measured Environmental Concentration (MEC); we estimated the Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) and we established the ecological risk as Risk Quotient (RQ) based on the ∑MECi/PNECi ratio following a concentration addition model for mixtures’ toxicity. we used the Measured Environmental Concentration (MEC); we estimated the Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) and we established the ecological risk as Risk Quotient (RQ) based on the ∑MECi/PNECi ratio following a concentration addition model for mixtures’ toxicity. The PNEC was regarded as the concentration below which a harmful effect will most likely not occur to the groundwater dwelling fauna. The toxicity data used to compute the PNEC values were obtained from the US. EPA ECOTOX database confining the search to epigean crustaceans. Missing toxicity data were estimated by ECOSAR v.1.11. PNEC values were calculated by dividing the lowest short-term L(E)C50 value (that refers to the concentration at which 50% of its maximal effect was observed in test species) by appropriate assessment factors (AF). The AF values were selected according to the difference in the sensitivities of groundwater and epigean crustaceans derived from the available studies. Groundwater crustacean species were generally less sensitive to acute exposure to chemicals than the model species Daphnia magna. However, they were more sensitive than their epigean relatives when the comparisons were made among organisms sharing the same family/order. This result suggests caution when inferring the sensitivity of groundwater species from that of epigean taxa. The ecological risk was scored using a binary ecological classification suggesting that appreciable risk is likely when RQ≥1. Pesticide mixture risks were often driven by a minimum of 2 to 11 compounds in the eleven aquifers of Abruzzo region. However, the risk-drivers (i.e., individual pesticides explaining the largest share of potential effects) differed substantially among the aquifers. The results of this study have been published by Di Lorenzo et al. (2018).

scholarly journals Acute and chronic toxicity of mixtures of bisphenol A and trace metals (Cd and Pb) to micro-crustacean, Daphnia magna

2022 ◽  
Vol 964 (1) ◽  
pp. 012012
Author(s):  
V T Nguyen ◽  
A T Huynh ◽  
T S Dao
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Plastic Materials

Abstract The occurrence of plastic additives and their ecological impacts have attracted much attention in recent years globally. Among plastic additives, the trace metals (e.g., Cd, Pb) are widely used as color pigments and stabilizers, whereas bisphenol A (BPA) is added to enhance the desired physical characteristics of plastic products. However, these additives can easily leach out of plastic materials and enter the aquatic environment causing risks to aquatic ecosystems. Although the toxicity of a single additive on various aquatic organisms has been studied, the responses of zooplankton exposed to the mixed plastic additives have not been fully understood. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of the binary mixtures (BPA+Cd, BPA+Pb) and trinary mixture (BPA+Pb+Cd) at the metal concentrations of 5 µg/L and BPA level of 50 µg/ L on the life history traits and food feeding rate of the freshwater micro-crustacean, Daphnia magna. The results showed exposures to these mixtures for 24h could significantly enhance the food feeding rate of D. magna from 2.5 – 5.8 times higher than the control. The survival rate was decreased from 50 – 90% in the organisms exposed to these mixtures after 18 incubated days. We found a synergistic effect of BPA+Pb but an antagonistic effect of BPA+Pb+Cd on the survivorship of D. magna. Similarly, the organisms in the exposures delayed their maturity age and reduced their reproduction. The potent impact order of the mixtures on D. magna was BPA+Cd > BPA+Pb+Cd > BPA+Pb. Our results evidenced the adverse effects of plastic additive mixtures on aquatic organisms. Therefore, the use and disposal of plastic materials and plastic additives should be paid more attention to protect the environment, ecosystem, and human health. Moreover, our findings proved that the toxicity of multi-contaminants on organisms could be unpredictable even the toxicity of a single contaminant is known.

CHANGE OF PHISIOLOGICAL ACTIVITI OF DAPHNIA MAGNA, STRAUS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FACTIONS OF OIL PRODUCTS

2017 ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
Botagoz Murasovna Nasibulina ◽  
Andrey Mikhailovich Kamakin ◽  
Irina Vyacheslavovna Fyodorova ◽  
Galina Petrovna Fomicheva
Keyword(s):  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Oil Products ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Oil Fraction ◽  
Petroleum Fractions ◽  
Toxic Concentration ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Light Gasoline

Petroleum and its products are very dangerous pollutants for the aquatic environment. They damage many natural processes and relationships, change the habitat of aquatic organisms. Assessment of the degree of water pollution by hydrocarbons is complicated by the fact that each oil fraction has a different degree of impact on aquatic organisms. The article shows that in course of bioassay test on Daphnia magna, Straus lethal toxic concentration (LC50) of heavy oil fractions (0.025 mg/dm3) and waste oil products (0.05 mg/dm3) were determined at concentrations 10 times lower than LC50 diesel fraction (0.25 mg/dm3) and 100 times lower than the LC50 of light gasoline and kerosene fractions (from 2.000 mg/dm3). Limited harmless concentrations (BK10), dissolved and dispersed in water of heavy lube oil (0.012 mg/dm3) are 2 times lower than BK10 fraction of diesel fuel (0.025 mg/dm3) and 20 times lower than BK10 light petrol and kerosene petroleum fractions (0.250 mg/dm3). Analysis of the test results proved the need to assess hydrocarbon pollution not only in terms of oil concentration in an aqueous medium, but also in terms of the acute aquatic toxicity.

The effect of bisphenol A and chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A on the level of serum vitellogenin in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tabata ◽  
N. Watanabe ◽  
I. Yamamoto ◽  
Y. Ohnishi ◽  
M. Itoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Japanese Medaka ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Effect Concentration ◽  
Derivatives Of

2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane or Bisphenol A (BPA), has been reported to behave as an endocrine disrupter below acute toxic levels, and is widely present in the water environment. Although BPA is easily chlorinated, very little is reported on the effect of chlorinated BPA to the aquatic organisms. In this study, the estrogenic activities of BPA and its chlorinated derivatives were evaluated by the induction of vitellogenin (VTG) in the serum of mature male Japanese medaka. In addition, the effect of sodium hypochlorite on the decomposition of BPA was tested. The relative potencies of estrogenic activities of chlorinated BPA descended in the order 3,3′-diClBPA>BPA≥3-ClBPA>3,3′,5-triClBPA, and no estrogenic activity was observed in 3,3′,5,5′-tetraClBPA. Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) and No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for both 3-ClBPA and 3,3′-diClBPA were 500 μg/L and 200 μg/L, respectively. LOEC for 3,3′,5-triClBPA was >500 μg/L. When BPA was reacted with sodium hypochlorite (24 hours; residual chlorine at 1 ppm), however, complete decomposition of BPA and its chlorinated derivatives was observed. The decrease in BPA and its chlorinated derivatives paralleled the decrease in estrogenic potency evaluated by the induction of vitellogenin (VTG) in the serum of mature male Japanese medaka.

scholarly journals Chronic effects of domestic and single used plastic leachates on the microcrustacea Daphnia magna

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. first
Author(s):  
Van-Tai Nguyen ◽  
Thi-Phuong-Dung Le ◽  
Thanh-Son Dao
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Negative Effect

Plastic pollution has become one of the most serious environmental issues worldwide. Plastics can contain high amount of additives (e.g., phthalate, bisphenol A, trace metals), and they could be leached out of plastics, enter the aquatic environment and cause toxic effects to aquatic organisms (including microcrustacean). In this study, we investigated chronic effects of plastic leachates from two popular plastic materials (garbage bag and disposable raincoat) on the survival, maturation and reproduction of the microcrustcean Daphnia magna. The results showed that, the plastic leachates from the two materials at the concentration up to 1000 mg/l did not cause negative effect on survival of D. magna. However, exposed to the leachates from the garbage bag (at the concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000 mg/l) and from the disposable raincoat (at the concentration of 10 mg/l), the animals delayed their maturity ages compared to the control. Besides, the two kinds of leachates at the concentration of 1000 mg/l stimulated the reproduction of D. magna, resulting the increase of 17 – 37% of total offspring compared to the control, during 21 days of experiment. The results of this study contribute to the understanding on the toxicity of popular plastic materials to the microcrustacean, D. magna. Additionally, the plastic usage and emission into the environment should be paid more attention to protect the aquatic ecosystems and human health.

Basic Concepts and Definitions of Allergology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Vrucinic
Keyword(s):  
Immune Reaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Medical Vocabulary ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Basic Insight ◽  
Insight Into

The future of medicine belongs to immunology and alergology. I tried to not be too wide in description, but on the other hand to mention the most important concepts of alergology to make access to these diseases more understandable, logical and more useful for our patients, that without complex pathophysiology and mechanism of immune reaction,we gain some basic insight into immunological principles. The name allergy to medicine was introduced by Pirquet in 1906, and is of Greek origin (allos-other + ergon-act; different reaction), essentially representing the reaction of an organism to a substance that has already been in contact with it, and manifested as a specific response thatmanifests as either a heightened reaction, a hypersensitivity, or as a reduced reaction immunity. Synonyms for hypersensitivity are: altered reactivity, reaction, hypersensitivity. The word sensitization comes from the Latin (sensibilitas, atis, f.), which means sensibility,sensitivity, and has retained that meaning in medical vocabulary, while in immunology and allergology this term implies the creation of hypersensitivity to an antigen. Antigen comes from the Greek words, anti-anti + genos-genus, the opposite, anti-substance substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.

Effect of Mercury on the Survival of Daphnia Magna

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Brković-Popović
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Effect Concentration ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Time Required

The median lethal time (LT) for each concentration of mercury was determined on the basis of mortality curves. Toxicity curves (i.e., the median life-span of Daphniamagna, LT 50, versus the concentration of mercury) for four tested conditions are shown. The experiments were carried out using two diluents of different total hardness (46 and 119 mg/l as CaCO3), at two temperatures (20°C and 25°C). A comparison of the LT 50s of the control organisms with the LT 50s of the test organisms at mercury concentrations of 0.0075 and 0.0050 mg. l-1 showed that the chemical characteristics and temperatures of the mediums tested did not affect the range of the ‘no effect' concentration. However, the incipient LC 50, and the time required for its appearance, did depend on the combination of the abiotic factors tested.

Interactive toxic effects of agrochemicals on aquatic organisms

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kungolos ◽  
P. Samaras ◽  
A. M. Kipopoulou ◽  
A. Zoumboulis ◽  
G. P. Sakellaropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Marine Bacterium ◽  
Methyl Parathion ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Selenastrum Capricornutum ◽  
Toxic Compound

The effects of three common agrochemicals, lindane, methyl parathion and atrazine, on crustacean Daphnia magna, alga Selenastrum capricornutum and marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri were investigated in this study. Methyl parathion was the most toxic compound towards all three organisms, while lindane was more toxic to Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri than atrazine, and atrazine was more toxic to Selenastrum capricornutum than lindane. Among the three aquatic organisms, Selenastrum capricornutum was most sensitive in detecting lindane and atrazine toxicity, while Daphnia magna was most sensitive in detecting methyl parathion toxicity. The interactive effects of the pesticides were also investigated. The interactive effect between lindane and methyl parathion on survival of Daphnia magna was synergistic, while the ones between lindane and atrazine and between methyl parathion and atrazine were generally additive. The interactive effect of the three pesticides applied together on Daphnia magna was synergistic. The interactive effect of the three pesticides on the growth of Selenastrum capricornutum was antagonistic with few cases of addition, while the effect of all the three pairs of pesticides on algal growth was also antagonistic. The interactive effect of lindane and methyl parathion on Vibrio fischeri was additive.

Force in Nature

2020 ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
David Carus
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Core ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
The Will ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter explores Schopenhauer’s concept of force, which lies at the root of his philosophy. It is force in nature and thus in natural science that is inexplicable and grabs Schopenhauer’s attention. To answer the question of what this inexplicable term is at the root of all causation, Schopenhauer looks to the will within us. Through will, he maintains that we gain immediate insight into forces in nature and hence into the thing in itself at the core of everything and all things. Will is thus Schopenhauer’s attempt to answer the question of the essence of appearance. Yet will, as it turns out, cannot be known immediately as it is subject to time, and the acts of will, which we experience within us, do not correlate immediately with the actions of the body (as Schopenhauer had originally postulated). Hence, the acts of will do not lead to an explanation of force, which is at the root of causation in nature. Schopenhauer sets out to explain what is at the root of all appearances, derived from the question of an original cause, or as Schopenhauer states “the cause of causation,” but cannot determine this essence other than by stating that it is will; a will, however, that cannot be immediately known.

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