scholarly journals Symbiont-driven niche expansion shaped the adaptive radiation of insects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlie Cornwallis ◽  
Anouk van't Padje ◽  
Jacintha Ellers ◽  
Malin Klein ◽  
Raphaella Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Niche Expansion ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Feeding Niche ◽  
Using Data

Abstract For over 300 million years, insects have relied on symbiotic microbes for nutrition and defence1,2. However, it is unclear whether specific ecological conditions have repeatedly favoured the evolution of symbioses, and how this has influenced insect diversification1,3,4. Using data on 1844 microbe-insect symbioses across 400 insect families, we found that symbionts have allowed insects to radiate into a range of feeding niches deficient in B vitamins, including phloem, blood and wood. In some cases, such as herbivorous insects, the shift to a new niche has resulted in spectacular species proliferation. In other niches, such as strict blood feeding, diversification has been severely constrained. Symbioses therefore appear to solve universal nutrient deficiencies for insects, but the consequences for insect diversification depend on the feeding niche invaded.

scholarly journals Camp stability predicts patterns of hunter–gatherer cooperation

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 160131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Smith ◽  
Mark Dyble ◽  
James Thompson ◽  
Katie Major ◽  
Abigail E. Page ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Ecological Context ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Resource Transfers ◽  
Experimental Games ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

Humans regularly cooperate with non-kin, which has been theorized to require reciprocity between repeatedly interacting and trusting individuals. However, the role of repeated interactions has not previously been demonstrated in explaining real-world patterns of hunter–gatherer cooperation. Here we explore cooperation among the Agta, a population of Filipino hunter–gatherers, using data from both actual resource transfers and two experimental games across multiple camps. Patterns of cooperation vary greatly between camps and depend on socio-ecological context. Stable camps (with fewer changes in membership over time) were associated with greater reciprocal sharing, indicating that an increased likelihood of future interactions facilitates reciprocity. This is the first study reporting an association between reciprocal cooperation and hunter–gatherer band stability. Under conditions of low camp stability individuals still acquire resources from others, but do so via demand sharing (taking from others), rather than based on reciprocal considerations. Hunter–gatherer cooperation may either be characterized as reciprocity or demand sharing depending on socio-ecological conditions.

NORMS FOR MULTIVARIATE DIAGNOSIS OF NUTRIENT IMBALANCE IN ARABICA AND ROBUSTA COFFEE IN THE EAST AFRICAN HIGHLANDS

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. I. WAIREGI ◽  
P. J. A. VAN ASTEN
Keyword(s):  
Integrated System ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
East African ◽  
Nutrient Imbalance ◽  
Nutrient Imbalances ◽  
Using Data ◽  
East African Highlands ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYPoor soil fertility is a constraint to coffee production. Targeting fertiliser recommendations to nutrient deficiencies can contribute to improved crop response to fertiliser. This study aimed to derive and compare the Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) and Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms for Arabica and Robusta, and to investigate nutrient interactions using data derived from 164 plots. The high-yield sub-populations of Arabica had significantly (p < 0.01) higher P (0.23 vs. 0.14) and K (2.87 vs. 2.04), and lower N (2.96 vs. 3.61), Ca (0.99 vs. 1.50) and Mg (0.40 vs. 0.23) than those of Robusta. With respect to the CND norms, Arabica had significantly (p < 0.001) higher P and K, and lower N, Ca and Mg means of row-centered log ratios than Robusta. The relationship between the CND and DRIS indices had coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.75–0.99 for both coffee types. The relationship between nutrient imbalance indices for CND and DRIS had R2 of 0.95 (Arabica) and 0.76 (Robusta). Both coffee types had negative N–Ca, P–Mg and K–Mg interactions. Arabica had positive N–Mg and K–Ca interactions and Robusta had positive N–K, P–K and Ca–Mg interactions and negative N–P, N–Mg, P–Ca and K–Ca interactions. The study concludes, there is a need for cultivar-specific norms, but such norms developed under one set of conditions may not be applicable under different conditions. The study also concludes that both CND and DRIS can be used to determine nutrient imbalances, and fertiliser requirements could be cultivar-specific.

scholarly journals Evaluation of changes in ecological conditions of wetlands in the Teniz-Korgalzhin depression (Kazakhstan)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-722
Author(s):  
Y. N. Sagatbayev ◽  
O. N. Baryshnikova ◽  
Y. P. Krupochkin ◽  
O. B. Mazbayev
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Space Images ◽  
Earth Remote Sensing ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Depression Wetlands ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Living Organisms

The article presents the results of a study of the long-term dynamics of the state of ecosystems of the Teniz-Korgalzhyn depression, carried out using data from the Earth remote sensing (ERS). Based on the analysis of space images, the formation factors of modern environmental conditions are established. In the study area, such factors are positional and barrier factors, as well as the confinement of individual surface sections to different-height layers of the Earth's surface. An analysis of the Landsat series of space images taken at different time, made it possible to establish spatial differences in the intensity of phytomass accumulation in areas located in different landscape locations. The spatio-temporal variability of the ecological conditions of the Teniz-Korgalzhin depression wetlands is accompanied by a change in the amount of food supply and the number of living organisms. Monitoring of these changes on the basis of Earth remote sensing data will allow to prove measures to preserve the biodiversity of the Teniz-Korgalzhin depression wetlands timely.

scholarly journals Unexpected Diversity of Feeding Modes among Chisel-Mouthed Ethiopian Labeobarbus (Cyprinidae)

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 2345
Author(s):  
Boris A. Levin ◽  
Aleksandra S. Komarova ◽  
Oksana L. Rozanova ◽  
Alexander S. Golubtsov
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Resource Partitioning ◽  
Piscivorous Fish ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Feeding Modes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Trophic Resource ◽  
C And N ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Protein Rich

Trophic resource partitioning is one of the main drivers of adaptive radiation. The evolutionary diversification of large African barbs, the genus Labeobarbus, seems to be related to mouth polymorphism. The chisel-mouthed or scraping phenotype has repeatedly evolved within Labeobarbus. At least five ecomorphs with a scraping mouth morphology were detected in the waters of the Ethiopian Highlands and can be provisionally classified into two groups: (i) “Varicorhinus”-like, and (ii) “Smiling”-like. Previously, all Labeobarbus with a scraping-mouth morphology were considered to be periphyton feeders. Using data on morphology, diet and stable isotope ratios (C and N), we addressed the question: does a scraping-mouth morphology predict feeding on periphyton? Our study revealed that five scraper ecomorphs exhibited three main feeding modes: (i) periphyton-eating, (ii) herbivory–detritivory, and (iii) insectivory. Two cases of the parallel divergence of sympatric ecomorphs with distinct feeding modes (herbivory–detritivory vs. insectivory) were revealed in two geographically isolated basins. A significant difference in δ15N values was detected among sympatric scraper ecomorphs. A periphytonophagous scraper was rich in δ15N values that are comparable with those in sympatric piscivorous fish. This data sheds light on the possibility of the utilization of periphyton as a protein-rich food by fishes.

scholarly journals A Rickettsiella endosymbiont is a potential source of essential B-vitamins for the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. G. Price ◽  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Damer P. Blake ◽  
Eleanor Karp-Tatham ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Pathway Reconstruction ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Metabolic Pathway Reconstruction ◽  
B Vitamin

AbstractObligate blood-sucking arthropods rely on symbiotic bacteria to provision essential B vitamins that are either missing or at sub-optimal amounts in their nutritionally challenging blood diet. The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae, an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite, is primarily associated with poultry and a serious threat to the hen egg industry. Thus far, the identity and biological role of nutrient provisioning bacterial mutualists from D. gallinae are little understood. Here, we demonstrate that a Rickettsiella Gammaproteobacteria in maternally transmitted in D. gallinae and universally present in D. gallinae mites collected at different sites throughout Europe. In addition, we report the genome sequence of uncultivable endosymbiont “Candidatus Rickettsiella rubrum” from D. gallinae eggs. The endosymbiont has a circular 1. 89 Mbp genome that encodes 1973 protein. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the placement R. rubrum within the Rickettsiella genus, closely related to a facultative endosymbiont from the pea aphid and Coxiella-like endosymbionts from blood feeding ticks. Analysis of the R. rubrum genome reveals many protein-coding sequences are either pseudogenized or lost, but R. rubrum has retained several B vitamin biosynthesis pathways, confirming the importance of these pathways in evolution of its nutritional symbiosis with D. gallinae. In silico metabolic pathway reconstruction revealed that R. rubrum is unable to synthesise protein amino acids and therefore these nutrients are likely provisioned by the host. In contrast R. rubrum retains biosynthetic pathways for B vitamins: thiamine (vitamin B1) via the salvage pathway; riboflavin (vitamin B2) and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the cofactors: flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and coenzyme A (CoA) that likely provision these nutrients to the host. We propose that bacterial symbionts which are essential to blood-feeding arthropod survival provide attractive targets for the development of novel control methods.

scholarly journals A Rickettsiella Endosymbiont Is a Potential Source of Essential B-Vitamins for the Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. G. Price ◽  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Damer P. Blake ◽  
Eleanor Karp-Tatham ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Pathway Reconstruction ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
B Vitamin

Many obligate blood-sucking arthropods rely on symbiotic bacteria to provision essential B vitamins that are either missing or at sub-optimal levels in their nutritionally challenging blood diet. The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae, an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite, is a serious threat to the hen egg industry. Poultry red mite infestation has a major impact on hen health and welfare and causes a significant reduction in both egg quality and production. Thus far, the identity and biological role of nutrient provisioning bacterial mutualists from D. gallinae are little understood. Here, we demonstrate that an obligate intracellular bacterium of the Rickettsiella genus is detected in D. gallinae mites collected from 63 sites (from 15 countries) across Europe. In addition, we report the genome sequence of Rickettsiella from D. gallinae (Rickettsiella – D. gallinae endosymbiont; Rickettsiella DGE). Rickettsiella DGE has a circular 1.89Mbp genome that encodes 1,973 proteins. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the placement of Rickettsiella DGE within the Rickettsiella genus, related to a facultative endosymbiont from the pea aphid and Coxiella-like endosymbionts (CLEs) from blood feeding ticks. Analysis of the Rickettsiella DGE genome reveals that many protein-coding sequences are either pseudogenized or lost, but Rickettsiella DGE has retained several B vitamin biosynthesis pathways, suggesting the importance of these pathways in evolution of a nutritional symbiosis with D. gallinae. In silico metabolic pathway reconstruction revealed that Rickettsiella DGE is unable to synthesize protein amino acids and, therefore, amino acids are potentially provisioned by the host. In contrast, Rickettsiella DGE retains biosynthetic pathways for B vitamins: thiamine (vitamin B1) via the salvage pathway; riboflavin (vitamin B2) and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the cofactors: flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and coenzyme A (CoA) that likely provision these nutrients to the host.

First record of herbivory on Lycopodiaceae (Lycopodiales) by a dipteran (Pallopteridae) leaf/stem-miner

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 699-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Kato
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
First Record ◽  
Trace Fossils ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Herbivore Interactions ◽  
Plant Herbivore

Evidence for herbivory on early vascular plants in the Paleozoic has recently been accumulated from trace fossils and coprolites (Edwards et al. 1995; Labandeira 1998), although it is not well understood which arthropods were true herbivores during the Paleozoic. The great diversity of extant herbivorous insects was thought to have originated in the Cretaceous, when the adaptive radiation of angiosperms occurred; thus, it would be intriguing to find ancient plant–herbivore interactions on extant primeval vascular plants. In this paper, I report a unique dipteran fly associated with a species of the class Lycopsida as the first record of non-lepidopteran herbivory on the extant plant order Lycopodiales.

Foliar Diagnosis of Nutrient Deficiencies in Mauritius Sugar Cane I. Changes in Optimum Leaf Nitrogen with Ecological Conditions

1974 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
P. Nababsing ◽  
P. Halais
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Foliar Diagnosis

SUMMARYThe response of six cane varieties to nitrogen fertilization (0, 70 and 140 kg. N/ha.) has been studied. Results of three ratoon crops from 23 trials on representative sites throughout Mauritius indicate that optimum fertilization is around 70 kg. N/ha. Three levels for optimum nitrogen in the third leaf blade have been established, namely 1·93, 2·05 and 2·22 per cent corresponding roughly to the sub-humid, humid and super-humid areas of Mauritius.

Magnesium and Other Nutrient Deficiencies as Possible Causes of Hypertension and Low Birthweight

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Wynn ◽  
Margaret Wynn
Keyword(s):  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Fetal Growth Retardation ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Magnesium Supplementation ◽  
Pregnancy Hypertension ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Healthy Pregnancy ◽  
Nutritional Advice

7.2 per cent of babies born in England and Wales in 1986 had birthweights below 2,500 g. Low birthweight and hypertension are associated. European trials have reported that oral supplementation with physiological amounts of magnesium during pregnancy reduces pregnancy hypertension and also miscarriage, preterm birth and fetal growth retardation. Magnesium deficiency causes hypertension and low birthweight in animals. In humans deficiency of thiamin and other B vitamins has also been reported to cause pregnancy hypertension and low birthweight. Magnesium and B vitamins are essential for the same biochemical reactions in energy metabolism. There is evidence that magnesium consumption of substantial numbers of women in Europe and North America is too low to support a healthy pregnancy. Magnesium and thiamin are lost in processing many foods. British trials of magnesium supplementation are advocated. It is suggested that more attention should be given to magnesium in nutritional advice.

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