scholarly journals Camp stability predicts patterns of hunter–gatherer cooperation

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 160131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Smith ◽  
Mark Dyble ◽  
James Thompson ◽  
Katie Major ◽  
Abigail E. Page ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Ecological Context ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Resource Transfers ◽  
Experimental Games ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

Humans regularly cooperate with non-kin, which has been theorized to require reciprocity between repeatedly interacting and trusting individuals. However, the role of repeated interactions has not previously been demonstrated in explaining real-world patterns of hunter–gatherer cooperation. Here we explore cooperation among the Agta, a population of Filipino hunter–gatherers, using data from both actual resource transfers and two experimental games across multiple camps. Patterns of cooperation vary greatly between camps and depend on socio-ecological context. Stable camps (with fewer changes in membership over time) were associated with greater reciprocal sharing, indicating that an increased likelihood of future interactions facilitates reciprocity. This is the first study reporting an association between reciprocal cooperation and hunter–gatherer band stability. Under conditions of low camp stability individuals still acquire resources from others, but do so via demand sharing (taking from others), rather than based on reciprocal considerations. Hunter–gatherer cooperation may either be characterized as reciprocity or demand sharing depending on socio-ecological conditions.

Trends in end-of- life (EOL) systemic oncologic treatment in contemporary clinical practice: Insights from real-world data.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (28_suppl) ◽  
pp. 253-253
Author(s):  
Maureen Canavan ◽  
Xiaoliang Wang ◽  
Mustafa Ascha ◽  
Rebecca A. Miksad ◽  
Timothy N Showalter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Real World ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Oncolytic Therapy ◽  
Immune Therapies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

253 Background: Among patients with cancer, receipt of systemic oncolytic therapy near the end-of-life (EOL) does not improve outcomes and worsens patient and caregiver experience. Accordingly, the ASCO/NQF measure, Proportion Receiving Chemotherapy in the Last 14 Days of Life, was published in 2012. Over the last decade there has been exponential growth in high cost targeted and immune therapies which may be perceived as less toxic than traditional chemotherapy. In this study, we identified rates and types of EOL systemic therapy in today’s real-world practice; these can serve as benchmarks for cancer care organizations to drive improvement efforts. Methods: Using data from the nationwide Flatiron Health electronic health record (EHR)-derived de-identified database we included patients who died during 2015 through 2019, were diagnosed after 2011, and who had documented cancer treatment. We identified the use of aggressive EOL systemic treatment (including, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and combinations thereof) at both 30 days and 14 days prior to death. We estimated standardized EOL rates using mixed-level logistic regression models adjusting for patient and practice-level factors. Year-specific adjusted rates were estimated in annualized stratified analysis. Results: We included 57,127 patients, 38% of whom had documentation of having received any type of systemic cancer treatment within 30 days of death (SD: 5%; range: 25% - 56%), and 17% within 14 days of death (SD: 3%; range: 10% - 30%). Chemotherapy alone was the most common EOL treatment received (18% at 30 days, 8% at 14 days), followed by immunotherapy (± other treatment) (11% at 30 days, 4% at 14 days). Overall rates of EOL treatment did not change over the study period: treatment within 30 days (39% in 2015 to 37% in 2019) and within 14 days (17% in 2015 to 17% in 2019) of death. However, the rates of chemotherapy alone within 30 days of death decreased from 24% to 14%, and within 14 days, from 10% to 6% during the study period. In comparison, rates for immunotherapy with chemotherapy (0%-6% for 30 days, 0% -2% for 14 days), and immunotherapy alone or with other treatment types (4%-13% for 30 days, 1%-4% for 14 days) increased over time for both 30 and 14 days. Conclusions: End of life systemic cancer treatment rates have not substantively changed over time despite national efforts and expert guidance. While rates of traditional chemotherapy have decreased, rates of costly immunotherapy and targeted therapy have increased, which has been associated with higher total cost of care and overall healthcare utilization. Future work should examine the drivers of end-of-life care in the era of immune-oncology.

scholarly journals Cross-Border M&A Motives and Home Country Institutions: Role of Regulatory Quality and Dynamics in the Asia-Pacific Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 468
Author(s):  
Peter Zámborský ◽  
Zheng Joseph Yan ◽  
Erwann Sbaï ◽  
Matthew Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between home country institutions and cross-border merger and acquisition (M&A) motives of MNEs from the Asia-Pacific region, with a focus on the role of regulatory quality and dynamics. We empirically examine how M&A motives are affected by elements related to risk of the institutional environment of the acquiring firm’s home country regulatory quality over time. The study is grounded in the general theory of springboard MNEs, and the institutional views of cross-border operations, namely the institutional escapism and institutional fostering perspectives. Using data on over 700 cross-border M&As of European firms by Asia-Pacific MNEs in 2007–2017, we analyze the rationales for these deals and their relationship to the institutional characteristics of the buyers’ home countries including regulatory quality and voice and accountability. We found that the quality of home country regulatory environment is significantly related to domestic firms’ motivation for international M&As. However, the significance and sign of the effects differ for different types of motives and over time. Our findings contribute to the literature on general versus emerging MNE-specific internationalization theories (particularly the theory of springboard MNEs) by expounding on the types and dynamics of cross-border M&A motives.

scholarly journals Children’s trust and the development of prosocial behavior

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Malti ◽  
Margit Averdijk ◽  
Antonio Zuffianò ◽  
Denis Ribeaud ◽  
Lucy R. Betts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Trust Beliefs ◽  
Curve Modeling ◽  
Teacher Reports ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

This study examined the role of children’s trust beliefs and trustworthiness in the development of prosocial behavior using data from four waves of a longitudinal study in a large, ethnically-diverse sample of children in Switzerland (mean age = 8.11 years at Time 1, N = 1,028). Prosocial behavior directed towards peers was measured at all assessment points by teacher reports. Children’s trust beliefs and their trustworthiness with peers were assessed and calculated by a social relations analysis at the first assessment point using children’s reports of the extent to which classmates kept promises. In addition, teacher reports of children’s trustworthiness were assessed at all four assessment points. Latent growth curve modeling yielded a decrease in prosocial behavior over time. Peer- and teacher-reported trustworthiness predicted higher initial levels of prosocial behavior, and peer-reported trustworthiness predicted less steep decreases in prosocial behavior over time. Autoregressive cross-lagged analysis also revealed bidirectional longitudinal associations between teacher-reported trustworthiness and prosocial behavior. We discuss the implications of the findings for research on the role of trust in the development of children’s prosocial behavior.

Definitions and Applications of Augmented/Virtual Reality: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-285
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Real World ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
The Real ◽  
Virtual And Augmented Reality ◽  
Over Time

Reality is shaped differently in software environments through Virtual Reality VR and augmented Reality AR, it has a remarkable position and an important background with its role of ensuring contact between the software environment and the user. It was popular in the entertainment sector, in particularly industry, but over time, it becomes apparent that there would be a much greater need for VR/AR technologies in different areas dealing with tasks/issues in the real world. In This article we provide an overview of virtual and augmented reality systems and their principal domains of applications.

scholarly journals How a school holiday led to persistent COVID-19 outbreaks in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Thor Arnarson
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
European Regions ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Winter School ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper investigates the role of large outbreaks on the persistence of Covid-19 over time. Using data from 650 European regions in 14 countries, I first show that winter school holidays in late February/early March 2020 (weeks 8, 9 and 10) led to large regional outbreaks of Covid-19 in the spring with the spread being 60% and up-to over 90% higher compared to regions with earlier school holidays. While the impact of these initial large outbreaks fades away over the summer months, it systematically reappears from the fall as regions with school holidays in weeks 8, 9 and 10 had 30–70% higher spread. This suggests that following a large outbreak, there is a strong element of underlying (latent) regional persistence of Covid-19. The strong degree of persistence highlights the long-term benefits of effective (initial) containment policies, as once a large outbreak has occurred, Covid-19 persists. This result emphasizes the need for vaccinations against Covid-19 in regions that have recently experienced large outbreaks but are well below herd-immunity, to avoid a new surge of cases.

The Role of Rules in Representation: Group Membership and Electoral Incentives

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian F. Crisp ◽  
Betul Demirkaya ◽  
Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer ◽  
Courtney Millian
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
Underrepresented Groups ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Representation Group ◽  
Do So

Existing research shows that the election of members of previously underrepresented groups can have significant consequences for policymaking. Yet, quotas, reserved seats, communal rolls, and race-conscious districting make it difficult to distinguish whether it is group membership, electoral incentives, or a combination of the two that matters. It is argued here that lawmakers who are members of underrepresented groups will stand out as defenders of their group’s interests only when electoral rules incentivize them to do so. This is demonstrated empirically using data from New Zealand, showing that Māori Members of Parliament systematically vary in the extent to which they represent their ethnic group as a function of the three different sets of rules under which they were elected.

Experience, Understanding, and the Translational Transformation of Reality

2018 ◽  
pp. 213-234
Author(s):  
Simon Glynn
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Linguistic Communication ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Independent Criterion ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

The success of linguistic communication in general, and translation in particular, is dependent upon the veracity of our understanding of the meaning of concepts signified in or by a language or languages. This raises the question as to how such understanding may be accomplished and ensured. And while Platonists and their ilk rely upon the transcendental intuition of supposedly absolute concepts, purportedly inscribed in their souls, those skeptical of such metaphysics have tended to attempt to derive the meaning of the concepts signified by language ostensively from observations of the supposedly “Real” world. However, in this essay, I argue that this is problematic for a number of reasons, not the least being that, as Husserl, following Hume, has noted, even the existence, much less the nature, of a (quasi-Noumenal) “Real” world, outside or transcending our experiences of phenomenal “Appearances,” is no more empirically verifiable than is Plato’s transcendental realm. Nor may understanding of (the meaning of ) the concepts signified by the linguistic communications of others be derived from these appearances, since my understanding of how things appear to others presupposes my understanding of the language they must employ to communicate this to me. Furthermore, and contra Husserl, as Hermeneutic Phenomenologists such as Heidegger recognized, the very appearances from which we may seek to drive our concepts are always already mediated by our conceptions or preconceptions. All of this being so, then as we shall perhaps not be surprised to see, the (semantic meaning of ) concepts signified by language are, as de Saussure has argued, derived from the syntactic relations which delineate them. Consequently, as Derrida has shown, they change over time (or diachronically) as such relations change. Unable therefore to establish the veracity of individuals’ understanding of concepts communicated either within a single language, or between languages, by appealing outside language to an independent criterion of arbitration, we must instead rely upon the coherence of linguistic articulation and communication; a coherence which, although a necessary condition of ensuring the correspondence of our understanding with that of others, can never be sufficient to do so. However, confidence in our understanding increases with the specificity and number of communications achieved without the occurrence of incoherence.

Act or Be Acted Upon: Revolutionizing Accounting Curriculums with Data Analytics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon J. Richardson ◽  
Marcia Weidenmier Watson
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Accounting Curriculum ◽  
Framework Approach ◽  
Business Acumen ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Do So

Technology is revolutionizing accounting. To survive, accountants must focus on areas where they can complement technology and carve out a competitive advantage where the expertise of accountants is uniquely needed. To do so, we highlight the new core competencies emphasizing the use of data analytics. We propose a new, revolutionized curriculum focusing on (1) providing students with a step-by-step framework/approach for analyzing the data that includes the use of statistics; (2) using data analytics across the accounting curriculum to build data analytics skills; and (3) incorporating the use of real-world data for its analysis. This new curriculum combines business acumen to provide context as well as technological adeptness to analyze the data, and prepares the CPA professional for the future. We conclude by arguing that the accounting profession faces a choice: either master technology or be mastered by technology. The choice is ours. Act or be acted upon.

scholarly journals Hearing without listening: Attending to a quiet audiobook

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1663-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hettie Roebuck ◽  
Kun Guo ◽  
Patrick Bourke
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Real ◽  
Hearing Ability ◽  
Spoken Words ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Cognitive Consequences ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

Careful systematic tests of hearing ability may miss the cognitive consequences of sub-optimal hearing when listening in the real world. In Experiment 1, sub-optimal hearing is simulated by presenting an audiobook at a quiet but discriminable level over 50 min. Recall of facts, words and inferences are assessed and performance compared to another group at a comfortable listening volume. At the quiet intensity, participants are able to detect, discriminate and identify spoken words but do so at a cost to sequential accuracy and fact recall when attention must be sustained over time. To exclude other interpretations, the effects are studied in Experiment 2 by comparing recall to the same sentences presented in isolation. Here, the differences disappear. The results demonstrate that the cognitive consequences of listening at low volume arise when sustained attention is demanded over time.

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