scholarly journals Parallel processes of temporal control in the supplementary motor area and the frontoparietal circuit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuanyu Wang ◽  
Shunyu Shi ◽  
Yan Bao
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Parallel Processes

Abstract Durations in the several seconds' range are cognitively accessible during active timing. Functional neuroimaging studies suggest the engagement of basal ganglia (BG) and supplementary motor area (SMA). However, their functional relevance and arrangement remain unclear because non-timing cognitive processes temporally coincide with the active timing. To examine the potential contamination by parallel processes, we introduced a sensory control and a motor control to the duration reproduction task. By comparing their hemodynamic functions, we decomposed the neural activities in multiple brain loci linked to different cognitive processes. Our results show a dissociation of two cortical neural circuits: the SMA for both active timing and motor preparation, followed by a prefrontal-parietal circuit related to duration working memory. We argue that these cortical processes represent duration as the content but at different levels of abstraction, while the subcortical structures including BG and thalamus provide the logistic basis of timing by coordinating temporal framework across brain structures.

scholarly journals How beat perception coopts motor neurophysiology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan J. Cannon ◽  
Aniruddh D. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
List Type ◽  
Neural Firing ◽  
Temporal Prediction

AbstractBeat perception is central to music cognition. The motor system is involved in beat perception, even in the absence of movement, yet current frameworks for modeling beat perception do not strongly engage with the motor system’s neurocomputational properties. We believe fundamental progress on modeling beat perception requires a synthesis between cognitive science and motor neuroscience, yielding predictions to guide research. Success on this front would be a landmark in the study of how “embodied cognition” is implemented in brain activity. We illustrate this approach by proposing specific roles for two key motor brain structures (the supplementary motor area, and the dorsal striatum of the basal ganglia) in covert beat maintenance, building on current research on their role in actual movement.Highlights⍰Components of the brain’s motor system are activated by the perception of a musical beat, even in the absence of movement, and may play an important role in beat-based temporal prediction.⍰Two key brain regions involved in movement, the supplementary motor area and dorsal striatum, have neurocomputational properties that lend themselves to beat perception.⍰In supplementary motor area, neural firing rates represent the phase of cyclic sensorimotor processes.⍰Supplementary motor area’s involvement in perceptual suppression of self-generated sounds suggests that it could play a broader role in informing auditory expectations.⍰Dorsal striatum plays a central role in initiating and sequencing units of movement, and may serve similar functions in structuring beat-based temporal anticipation.

scholarly journals Time-Frequency Characterization of Resting Brain in Bipolar Disorder during Euthymia—A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Adrian Andrzej Chrobak ◽  
Bartosz Bohaterewicz ◽  
Anna Maria Sobczak ◽  
Magdalena Marszał-Wiśniewska ◽  
Anna Tereszko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Left Middle ◽  
Left Insula

The goal of this paper is to investigate the baseline brain activity in euthymic bipolar disorder (BD) patients by comparing it to healthy controls (HC) with the use of a variety of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) analyses, such as amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF), fractional ALFF (f/ALFF), ALFF-based functional connectivity (FC), and r egional homogeneity (ReHo). We hypothesize that above-mentioned techniques will differentiate BD from HC indicating dissimilarities between the groups within different brain structures. Forty-two participants divided into two groups of euthymic BD patients (n = 21) and HC (n = 21) underwent rs-fMRI evaluation. Typical band ALFF, slow-4, slow-5, f/ALFF, as well as ReHo indexes were analyzed. Regions with altered ALFF were chosen as ROI for seed-to-voxel analysis of FC. As opposed to HC, BD patients revealed: increased ALFF in left insula; increased slow-5 in left middle temporal pole; increased f/ALFF in left superior frontal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, left middle occipital gyrus, right putamen, and bilateral thalamus. There were no significant differences between BD and HC groups in slow-4 band. Compared to HC, the BD group presented higher ReHo values in the left superior medial frontal gyrus and lower ReHo values in the right supplementary motor area. FC analysis revealed significant hyper-connectivity within the BD group between left insula and bilateral middle frontal gyrus, right superior parietal gyrus, right supramarginal gyrus, left inferior parietal gyrus, left cerebellum, and left supplementary motor area. To our best knowledge, this is the first rs-fMRI study combining ReHo, ALFF, f/ALFF, and subdivided frequency bands (slow-4 and slow-5) in euthymic BD patients. ALFF, f/ALFF, slow-5, as well as REHO analysis revealed significant differences between two studied groups. Although results obtained with the above methods enable to identify group-specific brain structures, no overlap between the brain regions was detected. This indicates that combination of foregoing rs-fMRI methods may complement each other, revealing the bigger picture of the complex resting state abnormalities in BD.

scholarly journals An fMRI Study Using a Combined Task of Interval Discrimination and Oddball Could Reveal Common Brain Circuits of Cognitive Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Sol Garcés ◽  
Irene Alústiza ◽  
Anton Albajes-Eizagirre ◽  
Javier Goena ◽  
Patricio Molero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Brain

Recent functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the brain networks responsible for time processing are involved during other cognitive processes, leading to a hypothesis that time-related processing is needed to perform a range of tasks across various cognitive functions. To examine this hypothesis, we analyze whether, in healthy subjects, the brain structures activated or deactivated during performance of timing and oddball-detection type tasks coincide. To this end, we conducted two independent signed differential mapping (SDM) meta-analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies assessing the cerebral generators of the responses elicited by tasks based on timing and oddball-detection paradigms. Finally, we undertook a multimodal meta-analysis to detect brain regions common to the findings of the two previous meta-analyses. We found that healthy subjects showed significant activation in cortical areas related to timing and salience networks. The patterns of activation and deactivation corresponding to each task type partially coincided. We hypothesize that there exists a time and change-detection network that serves as a common underlying resource used in a broad range of cognitive processes.

scholarly journals Features of intraoperative neuromonitoring of the supplementary motor area of the brain. Literature review and case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
D. S. Kanshina ◽  
M. G. Podgurskaya ◽  
D. V. Yakovleva ◽  
O. V. Malysheva ◽  
K. A. Chemodakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Current Strength ◽  
Early Postoperative Period ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Sma Syndrome ◽  
Symptom Complex ◽  
Clinical Cases

Introduction. Supplementary motor area (SMA) syndrome is a symptom complex resulting from damage to the premotor cortex and it’s subcortical projection. There is no generally accepted protocol for functional mapping of SMA during neurosurgical intervention in this area.The objective of the publication is to present a review of the literature and clinical cases from practice that describes the treatment of two patients with glioblastomas in the posterior regions of the superior frontal gyrus with IOM. Given the localization of the tumor in the dominant hemisphere, one operation was performed with awakening, the other according to the protocol of total intravenous anesthesia with mapping of only motor representative areas.Clinical cases. In both cases, during intraoperative direct electrical stimulation of the cortex subjected to resection, evoked motor responses were not recorded. The modalities used made it possible to continuously evaluate the viability of the cortico‑spinal tract. During the surgery with awakening, episodes of an instantaneous termination of the initia‑ tion of speech and counter directional movements in the arm were recorded – in the subcortical projection of the SMA at a current strength of 1–2 mA. Both patients in the early postoperative period showed the development of a gross transient neurological deficit in the form of hemiparesis and sensorimotor aphasia, which was a manifestation of pos‑ tresection SMA syndrome. During the follow‑up (control) examination 6–7 months after the operation, the following was observed in the clinical picture: mild hemiparesis up to 4–5 points, impaired bimanual coordination; difficulty the ini‑ tiation of speech spontaneous speech.Conclusion. When mapping the cortex and subcortical structures, the localization of SMA can be assumed in the event of a negative motor response of the cerebral cortex using the protocol of low‑frequency 1 Hz stimulation under EcoG control. Standardization of the SMA mapping protocol would be useful in clinical practice for determining the bounda

Lateral Somatotopic Organization During Imagined and Prepared Movements

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 811-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Michelon ◽  
Jean M. Vettel ◽  
Jeffrey M. Zacks
Keyword(s):  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Lateral Organization

Motor imagery is a complex cognitive operation that requires memory retrieval, spatial attention, and possibly computations that are analogs of the physical movements being imagined. Likewise, motor preparation may or may not involve computations that are analogs of actual movements. To test whether motor imagery or motor preparation activate representations that are specific to the body part whose movement is imagined or prepared, participants performed, imagined, and prepared hand movements while undergoing functional MRI scanning. Actual hand movements activated components of the motor system including primary motor and somatosensory cortex, the supplementary motor area, the thalamus, and the cerebellum. All of these areas showed strong lateral organization, such that moving a given hand activated the contralateral cortex and ipsilateral cerebellum most strongly. During motor imagery and motor preparation, activity throughout the motor system was much reduced relative to overt movement. However, significant lateral organization was observed during both motor imagery and motor preparation in primary motor cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the thalamus. These results support the view that the subjective experience of imagined movement is accompanied by computations that are analogs of the physical movement that is imagined. They also suggest that in this regard motor imagery and motor preparation are similar.

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