scholarly journals Elucidation of Triadic Relationship Among Light Environment, Host Plant Quality, and Feeding Behavior of Zizeeria maha (Kollar) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) IN Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidales: Oxalidaceae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Sharie Ann Yamaguchi ◽  
Keiko Yamaji ◽  
Shigeru Matsuyama
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Specialist Herbivore ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Triadic Relationship

Abstract In the dynamics of light-plant-insect interaction, the light affects plant metabolisms which may directly influence the production of defensive secondary metabolites and may consequently alter the feeding behavior of herbivores. The present study aimed to investigate the triadic interactions by using Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidales: Oxalidaceae) and its specialist herbivore, Zizeeria maha (Kollar) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), in relation to the light intensity of plant habitats and physicochemical properties of the plants which would affect the larval feeding behavior of Z. maha. Firstly, leaves of O. corniculate in the field with seven different light conditions were collected. A part of which was subjected to chemical analyses, and the rest was fed to Z. maha larvae to evaluate growth and feeding activity; larval period, death rate, weight, amount of consumption, and amount of frass were measured to calculate the relative growth rate, approximate digestion rate, and relative consumption rate. Secondly, light/shade mock environment test tests were conducted with laboratory-grown O. corniculata. The results under both field and laboratory conditions showed positive effects of light intensity on the production of the defensive compound, oxalic acid, in the plants. Furthermore, the larval feeding activity was higher when fed with leaves in higher light intensities. These results relate to our previous study that demonstrated oxalic acid stimulates the feeding of Z. maha larvae. Thus, the triadic interaction among light, O. corniculata, and Z. maha larvae could be explained by the light-driven up-regulated production of oxalic acid positively influenced the larval feeding.

scholarly journals Are Microplastics Impairing Marine Fish Larviculture?—Preliminary Results with Argyrosomus regius

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Diana Campos ◽  
Andreia C. M. Rodrigues ◽  
Rui J. M. Rocha ◽  
Roberto Martins ◽  
Ana Candeias-Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Argyrosomus Regius ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Aquaculture Facilities

The presence of small-sized (<300 µm) microplastics (MPs) in aquaculture facilities may threaten finfish hatchery, as their (in)voluntary ingestion by fish larvae may compromise nutritional requirements during early ontogeny, and consequently larval health and performance. Thus, we addressed the short-term effects (7 h) of polyethylene microplastics (0.1, 1.0, 10 mg/L, PE-MPs) in meagre larvae Argyrosomus regius (15 dph) in the presence/absence of food. Larval feeding behavior, oxidative stress status, neurotoxicity, and metabolic requirements were evaluated. Results showed that meagre larvae ingested PE-MPs regardless of their concentration, decreasing in the presence of food (Artemia metanauplii). The presence of PE-MPs compromised larval feeding activity at the highest concentration. Under starvation, exposed larvae activated the antioxidant defenses by increasing the total glutathione levels and inhibiting catalase activity, which seemed efficient to prevent oxidative damage. Such larvae also presented increased energy consumption potentially related to oxidative damage prevention and decreased neurotransmission. Biochemical responses of fed larvae showed a similar trend, except for LPO, which remained unaffected, except at 0.1 mg/PE-MPs/L. Our results suggest that small-sized MPs in finfish hatcheries may compromise larvae nutritional requirements, but at considerably higher levels than those reported in marine environments. Nevertheless, cumulative adverse effects due to lower MPs concentrations may occur.

scholarly journals Feeding behavior of lambs fed castor mealom farelo de mamona

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hellenn Cardoso Oliveira ◽  
Rasmo Garcia ◽  
Vitor Visintin Silva de Almeida ◽  
Aline Cardoso Oliveira ◽  
Aureliano José Vieira Pires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Castor Meal

The experiment aimed to evaluate the feeding behavior of Santa Inês lambs fed diets containing different levels of detoxified castor meal in the concentrate. Twenty-four sheep with an average body weight of 18.5± 2.26 kg, at four months of age, were distributed in a randomized complete design with four treatment and six replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of castor meal (0, 33, 67, and 100%) replacing soybean meal. Animals underwent a 15-day adaptation period and an experimental period of 84 days. The diet was composed of 60% sugarcane silage and 40% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. Animal behavior (idle, rumination, and feeding activities) were observed visually for two 24-h periods with 5-min intervals, and recorded. The number of rumination chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud per day were counted using a digital stopwatch. Dry matter (DM) intake was not affected by inclusion of castor meal in the concentrate, averaging 884.02 g day?1. The feeding activity was not affected by addition of castor meal. Rumination time increased linearly, whereas the idle and rumination times decreased linearly with addition of castor meal. Feeding time, expressed in min per kg of DM and NDF, was not influenced by the inclusion of the meal in the diet, averaging 373.3 and 880.0 min, respectively. The number of chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud were not changed by inclusion of castor meal in the diet. Feed efficiency, expressed in grams DM and NDF per hour, was not influenced by castor meal inclusion in the diet. Rumination efficiency expressed in g DM h?1 decreased, but was not affected when expressed in g NDF h?1. Total replacement of soybean meal by castor meal in the concentrate does not affect the feeding time or feed efficiency of feedlot sheep, but leads to a small reduction of their rumination efficiency. Thus, we recommend the inclusion of castor meal in sheep diets at the levels tested in this study.

scholarly journals POLA PEMANGSAAN LARVA IKAN KAKAP MERAH, Lutjanus sebae

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Regina Melianawati ◽  
Philip Teguh Imanto ◽  
Made Suastika
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Feeding Pattern ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Digestion Rate ◽  
Minimum Light ◽  
Intensity Condition

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola pemangsaan dari larva ikan kakap merah, L. sebae umur 5 dan 10 hari yang dipelihara dengan kondisi pencahayaan alami. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan setiap satu jam pada masing-masing umur tersebut. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa secara alami pola pemangsaan larva L. sebae tergantung pada kondisi pencahayaan, di mana aktivitas pemangsaan berlangsung secara maksimal pada saat tersedia pencahayaan dengan intensitas yang mencukupi untuk larva menangkap mangsanya. Intensitas cahaya minimal yang diperlukan oleh larva L. sebae untuk melakukan pemangsaan berada pada kisaran 400—600 lux. Maksimal pemangsaan satu larva pada umur 5 dan 10 hari adalah 6,2 dan 25,3 individu rotifer. Lama waktu pencernaan larva umur 5 dan 10 hari adalah 4 dan 5 jam, sedangkan laju cerna larva pada masing-masing umur tersebut adalah 1,50 dan 2,76 individu rotifer per jam.The aim of this research was to get the information about the feeding pattern of emperor snapper L. sebae larvae at 5 and 10 days olds reared under natural light intensity. Larvae samples were taken every hour from each age. The result showed that naturally, feeding pattern of emperor snapper larvae depend on the light intensity condition, feeding activity would be done when the light intensity was enough available for supporting larvae to feed. Minimum light intensity that needed by the larvae for feeding activity was range between 400—600 lux. Maximum feeding per larvae at 5 and 10 days olds were 6.2 and 25.3 individual rotifers. Digestion time of larvae at those ages was 4 and 5 hours, while digestion rate were 1.50 and 2.76 individual rotifers per hour.

scholarly journals Effects of LED light on Acacia melanoxylon bud proliferation in vitro and root growth ex vitro

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubin Li ◽  
Lili Zhou ◽  
Sipan Wu ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Meng Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Light Illumination ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Ex Vitro ◽  
Blue Led ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Acacia Melanoxylon

AbstractThis study examines the effects of light emitting diodes (LEDs) on tissue culture proliferation of Acacia melanoxylon plantlets among five different clones (FM1, FM2, FM4, FM5, and FM10). Shoot bud apex cuttings were transplanted onto Murashige and Skoog basal medium containing 0.1 mg L-1 6-benzyladenine and 0.5 mg L-1 naphthalene acetic acid and cultured in vitro for 40 days. Root growth was studied under different light intensities and photoperiods ex vitro. The bud proliferation coefficient was greatest under a light intensity of 45 μmol m-2 s-1 photosynthetic photon flux and photoperiod of 16 h light, but decreased as the light intensity increased. However, the greatest light intensity was beneficial for the growth of robust plantlets. Plantlets exposed to red and blue LED combinations grew tall and green, with a small number of roots. Plantlets also grew taller and some roots expanded under the longer photoperiod. Increased light intensity had positive effects on root number and rooting rate, and prolonged light greatly increased root number. Therefore, lower light intensity and a short photoperiod were beneficial for bud proliferation, while red/blue LED combinations, increased light intensity, and longer light illumination were beneficial for plantlet growth and root growth of Acacia melanoxylon.

Maintenance of quality and bioactive compounds of cold stored pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit by organic acids treatment

2020 ◽  
pp. 108201322094046
Author(s):  
Sakineh Ehteshami ◽  
Farzin Abdollahi ◽  
Asghar Ramezanian ◽  
Mahsa Rahimzadeh ◽  
Abdolmajid Mirzaalian Dastjerdi
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Pomegranate Fruit

Pomegranate is a subtropical and chilling sensitive fruit. In this study, the effects of malic acid (50 and 100 mM) and oxalic acid (5 and 10 mM) on quality properties of pomegranate during cold storage (2 ℃) were investigated. The lowest weight loss was observed in fruit treated with 50 mM malic acid. Malic acid had positive effects on color parameters ( L*, a*, and b*) of pomegranate at low temperature. Organic acid treatments reduced chilling injury, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide and increased catalase activity. The lowest activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase was observed in 5 mM oxalic acid-treated fruit. On the other hand, fruit treated with 50 mM malic acid showed the maximum ascorbic acid and citric acid content. The most antioxidant activity was found in fruit treated with 5 mM oxalic acid and 50 mM malic acid. Also, all treatments except 10 mM oxalic acid and 100 mM malic acid resulted in higher titratable acidity than control fruit. Overall, 50 mM malic acid and 5 mM oxalic acid were the most effective for preserving the quality of pomegranate fruit at low temperature.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LIGHTING CONDITIONS ON FEEDING ACTIVITY AND EYE ADAPTATION OF POST LARVAE PENAEUS VANNAMEI

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (33) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noorsyarinah Sanudin ◽  
Audrey Daning Tuzan ◽  
Gunzo Kawamura ◽  
Annita Seok Kian Yong
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Light Condition ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Penaeus Vannamei ◽  
Dark Condition ◽  
Clear Zone ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Pigment Granules ◽  
Screening Pigment ◽  
Dark Conditions

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of light and dark conditions on feeding activity and eye adaptations of post larvae (PL5, PL10, PL20 and PL30) Penaeus vannamei fed with frozen Artemia. Shrimp PL were placed individually in beakers and after acclimatization under the light or dark condition, PL were left to ingest known number of Artemia for 30 minutes. Thereafter, each PL was subsequently anesthetized by putting an ice cube into the beakers followed by adding few drops of paraformaldehyde. The results showed that the PL5 ingested significantly more frozen Artemia under light condition compared to dark condition (P<0.05). The eye structures of PL5 comprises of crystalline cone, rhabdom and fasciculated zone. However, it was incomplete due to the lack of clear zone and no migration of the screening pigment granules was observed under light and dark conditions. On the contrary, the number of frozen Artemia ingested by the latter stages PL10, PL20 and PL30 showed no significant differences (P>0.05) under both light conditions and these PL have complete eye structures with define clear zone. The width of clear zone was found to increase proportionally with the growth of the PL. Besides that, the screening pigment granules were able to migrate under light and dark conditions. The ability of the PL10, PL20 and PL30 to ingest almost similar numbers of Artemia under light and dark conditions suggests that different lighting conditions did not affect the feeding activity of the PL and other sensory organs may play roles in detecting food, while PL5 need light to improve their feeding activity. Based on these results, we suggest that in aquaculture practice, during the rearing of early stage of PL (<PL5), a brighter environment or light should be provided to enhance larval feeding activities. Whereas, later stages of PL (>PL10) can be cultured under any light condition.

scholarly journals Preference for outbred host plants and positive effects of inbreeding on egg survival in a specialist herbivore

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1796) ◽  
pp. 20141421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aino Kalske ◽  
Anne Muola ◽  
Pia Mutikainen ◽  
Roosa Leimu
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Specialist Herbivore ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Vincetoxicum Hirundinaria

Inbreeding can profoundly affect the interactions of plants with herbivores as well as with the natural enemies of the herbivores. We studied how plant inbreeding affects herbivore oviposition preference, and whether inbreeding of both plants and herbivores alters the probability of predation or parasitism of herbivore eggs. In a laboratory preference test with the specialist herbivore moth Abrostola asclepiadis and inbred and outbred Vincetoxicum hirundinaria plants, we discovered that herbivores preferred to oviposit on outbred plants. A field experiment with inbred and outbred plants that bore inbred or outbred herbivore eggs revealed that the eggs of the outbred herbivores were more likely to be lost by predation, parasitism or plant hypersensitive responses than inbred eggs. This difference did not lead to differences in the realized fecundity as the number of hatched larvae did not differ between inbred and outbred herbivores. Thus, the strength of inbreeding depression in herbivores decreases when their natural enemies are involved. Plant inbreeding did not alter the attraction of natural enemies of the eggs. We conclude that inbreeding can significantly alter the interactions of plants and herbivores at different life-history stages, and that some of these alterations are mediated by the natural enemies of the herbivores.

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