Comparative analysis and epidemiological study of SARS-CoV-2 in first wave among different states of India

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 has now spread worldwide, and various governments are attempting to control the disease's spread before it becomes a global health crisis. Data from 28 Indian states and 8 Union Territories (UTs) provides a detailed look at the transmission pathways and case fatality rate (CFR) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The case fatality ratios were calculated in each zone of India i.e. Central, Eastern, North Eastern, and Northern, Southern and Western zone. Moreover, the CFR was calculated in different periods of month. The CFR wassignificantly higher (P<0.01) in April to June period of 2020. The period of month had significantly different (P<0.01) on CFR. CFR was compared in different zones in India, western zone showed highest CFR as compared to other zones. The effect of Covid-19 was compared with different age groups and co-morbidities patients. This analysis showed that the mortality in Maharashtra was higher because of the poor adherence to the safety norms and due to the most visited and crowded place of India.

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Disease Profile and Death Pattern among the Children Admitted in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital

TAJ Journal of Teachers Association ◽

10.3329/taj.v34i1.54906 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 55-62

Author(s):

Be Nazir Ahmmad ◽

Fazlur Rahman ◽

Naznin Parvin ◽

Md Shamsul Alam ◽

Shitangshu Banerjee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Age Groups ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Medical College Hospital ◽

Watery Diarrhea ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

College Hospital ◽

Under Five ◽

Medical College

Background: Rajshahi medical college hospital is a tertiary care teaching and referral center in the North-West part of Bangladesh. To assess the epidemiological trend in hospital admission, including morbidity and mortality pattern of illness in the pediatric population, it needs to develop effective health care planning, appropriate resource allocation, and integration of existing health care service facilities. Objective: To evaluate the diseases and deaths of children admitted in the department of pediatrics, Rajshahi medical college hospital, Rajshahi. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study. The collected case records of all patients admitted in the department of pediatrics from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2019 (3 years) were analyzed. Result: A total of 62000 children were admitted during the mentioned study period. All the patients were distributed into three age groups infant, under five, and more than five, contributing 22%, 27.5%, and 19%, respectively. Acute watery diarrhea (21%), hereditary hemolytic anemia (18%), bronchopneumonia (10.4%), acute gastritis (9.4%), and acute bronchiolitis and wheezy child (7.17%) were the top five diseases in each of the three years of admission. Among the total admitted patients, 1003 (1.61%) patients died. Infant, under five, and more than five age groups constitute 61.3%, 28.1%, and 15.1%, respectively. Encephalitis and fulminant hepatic failure found the top two diseases causing death with a case fatality rate was 61% and 43%, respectively. The next highest case fatality rate was found in acute leukemia (15%). Other common causes of death include meningitis, cerebral palsy with complications (7.5%), bronchopneumonia with complications (3.8%). Conclusion: An admission-related comprehensive evaluation of this study will help to understand the diseases and death patterns of a hospital, leading to the development of more effective planning and case management strategies. TAJ 2021; 34: No-1: 55-62

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Phylogenetic group and serotype of E. coli isolates are important risk factors affecting intensity of colibacillosis in broilers

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-3583 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

S. Kumar ◽

R. Gupta ◽

N. Jindal and Y.C. Bangar

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Age Groups ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Phylogenetic Group ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Phylogenetic Groups ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

E Coli ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Class 1

The study was conducted on 106 E. coli isolates to determine the phylogenetic group, serotype and carriage of Class 1 integrons in isolates and ascertain their association along with other parameters with vital disease measures in broiler flocks affected with colibacillosis. Out of 32 isolates of which “O” antigen was characterized, serogroup O2 comprising of 12 (37.5%) isolates was most prevalent in the present study. Most of the isolates (85/106; 80.19%) belonged to phylogenetic group B2. Mean apparent morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate (CFR) were 3.77%, 2.32% and 61.49%, respectively. There was significant difference in number of outbreaks reported in different age groups (p less than 0.0001). Also, there was significant association between phylogenetic group and age of outbreak due to E. coli (p=0.024). Comparatively, no significant association was observed between age of outbreaks and serotypes (p=0.980). There was significant association between various disease measures and E. coli isolates affiliated to various phylogenetic groups and serotypes. All the measures (apparent morbidity, mortality and CFR) of disease were highest in outbreaks due to isolates of phylogenetic group B2 and serogroup O20. However, the measures were not significantly affected by the presence of integrons in the E. coli.

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Protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection frequency; severity and mortality, among Indian Healthcare Workers: Multicenter, pan-Fortis study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055978/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Subrat Acharya ◽

Gaurav Mahindra ◽

Purushottam Nirala ◽

Sulabh Tripathi ◽

Bishnu Panigrahi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Population Control ◽

Real Life ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Infection Frequency ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Indian States ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract During COVID-19 pandemic, Healthcare Workers (HCWs) were at increased risk for exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus and prioritized for early administration of COVID-19 vaccines in India. Real-life scenario information among vaccinated HCWs acquiring COVID-19 infection, is scarce. We retrospectively analyzed COVID-19 infection frequency, severity, and associated mortality among healthcare workers, immunized with either Covishield or Covaxin vaccines at 27 Fortis Hospitals across 11 Indian states. Positive cases were identified based on RT-PCR or rapid antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 between 16th January 2021 till 15th May 2021. 20034 HCWs received vaccination. 3971 received 1 dose, 16063 received 2 doses. Post-vaccination, 1139 HCWs acquired COVID-19 infection, 180 (4.53%) and 959 (5.97%) among partially and fully vaccinated category, respectively. Breakthrough infection occurred among 913 (5.68%) HCWs. Concurrently, Case Positivity Rate was 11.9%, among general population (control). Among 1139 positive cases, mild, moderate, and severe infections were 1059 (93%), 71 (6.2%) and 9 (0.8%), respectively with Case Fatality Rate of 0.18%, compared to 0.92% among general population (p=0.0043). The Case Fatality Rate in vaccinated HCWs was found to be 80% less than that in general population (control). Hence, COVID-19 vaccines available in India seem to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 virus.

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Ten-Year Study of Pediatric Drownings and Near-Drownings in King County, Washington: Lessons in Injury Prevention

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.83.6.1035 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 83 (6) ◽

pp. 1035-1040

Author(s):

Linda Quan ◽

Edmond J. Gore ◽

Kim Wentz ◽

Jill Allen ◽

Alvin H. Novack

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Age Groups ◽

Case Fatality ◽

King County ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Swimming Pools ◽

Older Children ◽

History Of ◽

Water Sports ◽

Preschool Aged Children

The factors associated with submersion events among <20-year-old persons that occurred in King County from 1974 to 1983 were studied to focus prevention efforts. Near-drowning (n = 103) and drowning (n = 96) victims were identified from medical examiners' reports, paramedics' reports, and hospital discharge registers. Annual incidence was 5.5; the mortality rate was 2.6 per 100,000 children. Although preschool-aged children had the largest incidence (12.8), followed by older adolescents (4.9), adolescents had the largest case fatality rate, 77%. Lake and river victims had the largest incidence, mortality, and case fatality rate; swimming pools, the smallest case fatality rate (25%). A total of 89% of all victims had absent or no supervision; victims supervised by lifeguards had a 42% case fatality rate. Prior seizures were part of the history of 7.5% of all victims; 25% of fatal submersions by adolescents were associated with alcohol. Bathtub submersions were associated with child abuse in three of 16 preschool-aged children and epilepsy in four of five older children. Certain age groups and sites combined had the greatest incidence: preschool-aged children in swimming pools, infants in bathtubs, teenagers in lakes and rivers. Incidence decreased in public and semipublic pools coincident with fencing regulations. These findings suggest prevention strategies: extending fencing requirements to private pools, discouraging alcohol consumption during water sports, changing bathing practices of epileptics, and improving lifeguard efficacy.

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Chagas Disease-Related Mortality in Spain, 1997 to 2018

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9091991 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1991

Author(s):

Jose-Manuel Ramos-Rincon ◽

Jara Llenas-García ◽

Hector Pinargote-Celorio ◽

Veronica Sánchez-García ◽

Philip Wikman-Jorgensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Chagas Disease ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Infected People ◽

Male Sex

Background. Chagas disease (CD) is associated with excess mortality in infected people in endemic countries, but little information is available in non-endemic countries. The aim of the study was to analyze mortality in patients admitted to the hospital with CD in Spain. Methods. A retrospective, observational study using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. We used the CD diagnostic codes of the 9th and 10th International Classification of Diseases to retrieve CD cases from the national public registry from 1997 to 2018. Results. Of the 5022 hospital admissions in people with CD, there were 56 deaths (case fatality rate (CFR) 1.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8%, 1.4%), 20 (35.7%) of which were considered directly related to CD. The median age was higher in those who died (54.5 vs. 38 years; p < 0.001). The CFR increased with age, peaking in the 70–79-year (7.9%, odds ratio (OR) 6.27, 95% CI 1.27, 30.90) and 80–89-year (16.7%, OR 14.7, 95% CI 2.70, 79.90) age groups. Men comprised a higher proportion of those who died compared to survivors (50% vs. 22.6%; p < 0.001). Non-survivors were more likely to have neoplasms (19.6% vs. 3.4%; p < 0.001), heart failure (17.9% vs. 7.2%; p = 0.002), diabetes (12.5% vs. 3.7%; p = 0.001), chronic kidney failure (8.9% vs. 1.6%; p < 0.001), and HIV (8.9% vs. 0.8%; p < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, the variables associated with mortality were age (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.07), male sex (aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.03, 3.14), cancer (aOR: 4.84, 95% CI 2.13, 11.22), and HIV infection (aOR 14.10 95% CI 4.88, 40.73). Conclusions. The case fatality rate of CD hospitalization was about 1%. The mortality risk increased with age, male sex, cancer, and HIV infection.

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Protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection frequency; severity and mortality, among Indian Healthcare Workers: Multicenter, pan-Fortis study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1056314/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Subrat Acharya ◽

Gaurav Mahindra

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Population Control ◽

Real Life ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Infection Frequency ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Indian States ◽

Increased Risk

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Morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate from chronic hepatitis B with and without a delta agent in Kyrgyzstan for the period 2010–2017

Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology ◽

10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-170-10-39-44 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (10) ◽

pp. 39-44

Author(s):

K. A. Nogoibaeva ◽

S. T. Tobokalova ◽

K. T. Kasymbekova ◽

S. I. Umarova

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B ◽

Viral Hepatitis ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Age Groups ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Viral Hepatitis B ◽

Microsoft Office

The purpose of the study is to research the morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate y of chronic viral hepatitis B without and with a delta agent from 2010–2017. in Kyrgyzstan.Materials and methods: analyzed state reporting forms No. 12 “Report on morbidity and preventive work (family medicine center, dispensary)” and “C51 — Distribution of deaths by sex, age groups and causes of death” from 2010–2017. Data processed by Microsoft Office Excel.Results: In the country from 2010–2017 3292 cases of chronic viral hepatitis B were detected, 1738 patients of them verified an independent course (СhHBV), and 1,554 patients combined with a delta agent (СhHDV), while the incidence did not have a statistically significant difference (3.80/0000, 95% CI 2.4–4.0 and 3.40/0000, 95% CI 2.2–3.4, СhHBV and СhHDV, respectively) were 20 times lower compared to the HBV Carrier (60 40/0000). There was no statistically significant difference between the cumulative morbidity, mortality, case fatality rate and the proportion of deaths in СhHBV and СhHDV. The death rate СhHBV increased by 4.7 times (0.090/0000 and 0.410/0000), case fatality rate — by 11.8 times (1355.00/0000 and 16025.60/0000) amid a decrease the incidence is 2.5 times (6.40/0000 and 2.50/0000) from 2014 to 2017, respectively. At СhHDV, the mortality rate was also increased by 4.7 times (0.030/0000 and 0.160/0000), case fatality rate — by 32.3 times (793.70/0000 and 25641.80/0000) against the background of a decrease in incidence by 6.9 times (4.40/0000 and 0.60/0000) from 2014 to 2017, respectively.Conclusion: In Kyrgyzstan from 2010–2017, relatively low detectability of chronic forms of HBV infection with and without delta agent was found, compared with the “HBV carrier”. There has been an increase in mortality and case fatality rate over the past 4 years, with a sharp rise in 2017 against the background of a downward trend in the incidence of СhHBV and СhHDV.

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"Epidemiology of Diphtheria in Yemen, 2017-2018: Surveillance Data Analysis" (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.27224 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed Alamad ◽

Yousef S. Khader, Khader

Keyword(s):

Surveillance System ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Age Groups ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Warning System ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Vaccination Status ◽

Age Group ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Probable Case

BACKGROUND As a consequence of war and collapse of health system in Yemen, diphtheria fatal epidemic occurred at the end of 2017 OBJECTIVE This study aims to describe epidemiology of diphtheria in Yemen, determine its incidence and case fatality rate METHODS Data of patients with diphtheria was obtained from the Diphtheria program in a form of line list which were collected on daily basis by electronic Diseases Early Warning System (eDEWS). Probable case was defined as any person suffered from laryngitis or pharyngitis or tonsillitis and adherent membrane of the tonsils, pharynx and/or nose. Confirmed case was defined as probable case that is laboratory-confirmed or linked epidemiologically to laboratory-confirmed case RESULTS A total of 2,243 cases were reported during the period between July 2017 and August 2018. About 49% of cases were males and 51% of cases were females. About 44% of cases were 5 -15 years old. Respiratory tract infection was the predominant symptoms (91%) followed by psedumembrane (81%). Based on the vaccination status, the percentage of partial vaccinated patients, vaccinated, unvaccinated, and unknown were 7%, 31%, 48% and 14%, respectively. The overall incidence of diphtheria was 8 per 100,000 of population. The highest incidence was among age group <15 years (11 per 100,000) and the lowest incidence was among age group of ≥ 15 years (5 per 100,000). The overall case fatality rate (CFR) among all age groups was 5%, being higher (10%) in the age group < 5 years. . Five of difficult to access governorates had double CFR (22%) which were Raymah, Abyan , Sa'ada, Lahj, Al Jawf. CONCLUSIONS : Diphtheria in Yemen in 2017-2018 affected a significant number of people. The majority of patients were partially or not vaccinated. Children ≤ 15 years were more affected with higher fatality among children < five years. Five of difficult to access governorates had double CFR of WHO estimate. To control diphthereia epidemic in Yemn, it is recommended to increase vaccination coverage through campaigns and boosters, increase public health awareness toward diphtheria and strengthen the surveillance system for early detection and immediate response and provide antitoxin for management of severe cases.

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Patient and strain characteristics in relation to the outcome of meningococcal disease: a multivariate analysis

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800057472 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 112 (1) ◽

pp. 115-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

R. J. P. M. Scholten ◽

H. A. Bijlmer ◽

H. A. Valkenburg ◽

J. Dankert

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Meningococcal Disease ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Fatal Outcome ◽

Age Groups ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Surface Characteristics ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Meningococcal Strain

SummaryTo investigate the joint association of patient and strain characteristics with the outcome of meningococcal disease (MD), data were collected on 563 consecutive cases of MD reported between 1989 and 1990 in The Netherlands. The meningococcal isolates were characterized with regard to their surface characteristics. Sequelae occurred in 8.5% of the patients, and were only associated with the presence of bacteraemia. The case-fatality rate was 7.7%. Infants aged ≤ 5 months and patients in the age-groups of 10–19 years and ≥ 50 years had an increased risk for a fatal outcome compared with children from 6 months to 9 years old (Odds Ratios [ORs]: 5.1, 3.4 and 9.8, respectively). The OR for females versus males was 2.3. The ORs for patients with bacteraemia, or a combination of bacteraemia and meningitis, compared with meningitic patients, were 2.3 and 3.1. Meningococcal strain characteristics did not influence the case-fatality rate substantially. In conclusion, host factors were found to be determinants for a fatal outcome of MD in The Netherlands from 1989 to 1990.

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The unavoidable costs of frailty: a geriatric perspective in the time of COVID-19

Geriatric Care ◽

10.4081/gc.2020.8989 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Maria Cristina Polidori ◽

Stefania Maggi ◽

Francesco Mattace-Raso ◽

Alberto Pilotto

Keyword(s):

Older Persons ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Age Groups ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Healthcare Systems ◽

World Population ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Human Beings ◽

The World ◽

Older Subjects

The world is facing speechless one of the most feared, greatest catastrophes for human beings. Despite better healthcare systems, despite warnings through similar situations and even documented threats, as the COVID-19 pandemic hit, it found us largely unprepared. It offered to us on a silver tray the fragility of mankind. And once again, but this time in a particularly overwhelming way, the most vulnerable part of the world population is mowed down: older persons. Indeed, recent data from the Italian Istituto Superiore di Sanità showed that COVID-19 is more lethal in older subjects: in Italy, at the date of March 17, 2020, the overall case-fatality rate was 7.2% and 96.4% of died patients had more than 60 years. When data were stratified by age groups, individuals aged 70 years or older represent 35.5% of cases, while subjects aged ≥80 years were 52.3%. These data confirm once again that the older generation payed the highest price in time of crisis...

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