Chloroform and Cognitive Function in the General Population of the US Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Background Chloroform is a water disinfection by-product associated with hepatic, renal and neurotoxicity. High concentrations of chloroform are known to cause central nervous system depression; however, the association between blood chloroform levels and cognitive function in the general elderly population is unknown. In this study, we investigated the association between blood chloroform levels and cognitive function in the elderly US population (n=782). Methods We analyzed blood chloroform levels and cognitive function, as measured by the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), from the 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) for participants aged 60 years and older. Blood chloroform levels were measured using capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring detection and istotope-dilution. Results After adjusting for all covariates, increases in log-transformed blood chloroform levels were significantly associated with decreased DSST scores (β = -1.56, SE = 0.57, p-value 0.010). Compared with individuals in the lowest quartile of blood chloroform, the regression coefficients were significantly lower among those in the second and third tertile (tertile 2 β = -3.00 (SE = 1.25, p-value 0.022); tertile 3 β = -4.05 (SE = 1.22, p-value 0.002)). After stratification by obesity status, increases in log-transformed chloroform levels showed borderline significant associations with decreased DSST scores among the obese (β = -1.71, SE = 0.85, p-value 0.052). Conclusions Our finding suggest a possible link between blood chloroform levels and cognitive function in the US elderly population.

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Serum sodium in relation to various domains of cognitive function in the elderly US population

BMC Geriatrics ◽

10.1186/s12877-021-02260-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sohyae Lee ◽

Jin-young Min ◽

Beom Kim ◽

Sang-Won Ha ◽

Jeohng Ho Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Serum Sodium ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cognitive Change ◽

Cognitive Test ◽

P Value ◽

Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Recent evidence suggests that sodium imbalances may be associated with cognitive impairment; however, the association between specific domains of cognition remains unclear. This study examines the association between serum sodium levels and immediate and delayed verbal memory as measured by the CERAD Word Learning Test (CERAD WLT), executive function as measured by the Animal Fluency test (AFT), and sustained attention, working memory, and processing speed as measured by the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST) in the elderly population of the US aged 60 and older who participated in the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (n = 2,541). Methods Cognitive function tests were performed by trained interviewers and sodium levels were measured using indirect ion selective electrode methodology. Results After adjusting for all covariates, quintiles of CERAD WLT scores showed significant positive associations with log-transformed sodium levels (Immediate recall (IR) β = 4.25 (SE = 1.83, p-value 0.027); Delayed recall (DR) β = 6.54 (SE = 1.82, p-value 0.001)). Compared to normal sodium levels, hyponatremia was significantly associated with lower CERAD WLT-IR (β = -0.34, SE = 0.15, p-value 0.035) and CERAD WLT-DR scores (β -0.48, SE = 0.10, p-value < 0.001) and showed borderline significance with AFT scores (β = = -0.38, SE = 0.19, p-value 0.052). Hypernatremia did not show any significant relationships with cognitive test scores, compared to normal sodium levels. Conclusions Our cross-sectional study showed that lower sodium levels were associated with cognitive change, especially regarding memory and executive function.

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Serum Sodium in Relation to Various Domains of Cognitive Function in the Elderly US Population

10.21203/rs.3.rs-71448/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sohyae Lee ◽

Jin-young Min ◽

Beom Kim ◽

Sang-Won Ha ◽

Jeohng Ho Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Serum Sodium ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cognitive Change ◽

Cognitive Test ◽

P Value ◽

Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background:Recent evidence suggests that sodium imbalances may be associated with cognitive impairment; however, the association between specific domains of cognition remains unclear. This study examines the association between serum sodium levels and immediate and delayed verbal memory as measured by the CERAD Word Learning Test (CERAD WLT), executive function as measured by the Animal Fluency test (AFT), and sustained attention, working memory, and processing speed as measured by the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST) in the elderly population of the US aged 60 and older who participated in the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (n=2,700). Methods:Cognitive function tests were performed by trained interviewers and sodium levels were measured using indirect ion selective electrode methodology. Results:After adjusting for all covariates, CERAD WLT scores showed significant positive associations with sodium levels (Immediate recall (IR) β = 0.11 (SE = 0.04, p-value 0.018); Delayed recall (DR) β = 0.07 (SE = 0.03, p-value 0.009)). Compared to individuals with normal sodium levels, individuals with hyponatremia were significantly associated with lower CERAD WLT-DR (β = -0.71, SE = 0.23, p-value 0.005) and AFT scores (β = -1.58, SE = 0.68, p-value 0.027), and showed a borderline significant relationship with lower CERAD WLT-DR scores (β = -1.11, SE = 0.56, p-value 0.057). Individuals with hypernatremia did not show any significant relationships with cognitive test scores, compared to those with normal sodium levels. Conclusions:Our cross-sectional study showed that lower sodium levels were associated with cognitive change, especially regarding memory and executive function.

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Factors Related to Cognitive Function in Elderly People

Journal Of Medicine & Health ◽

10.28932/jmh.v1i6.547 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Fransiska YD Mardiyanto ◽

Dedeh S Jahja ◽

Yenni Limyati

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Social Interaction ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Elderly People ◽

Elderly Population ◽

Cognitive Activity ◽

The Elderly ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional

Each year in the world, especially in Indonesia, many elderly people exposed to higher risk of dementia due to an increased number of the elderly population and the incidence of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly. The aim of this study is to find out what factors are related with cognitive function in the elderly population. The study used analytic method with cross sectional study design. Subjects were 60 elderly people; male or female ≥ 60 years old. Data were analysed with Chi Square Test (α = 0.05). Cognitive function was measured by MMSE test. The result were found a significant relation between age and cognitive function ( p = 0.014), level of education and cognitive function (p value = 0.000), physical activity and cognitive function (p value = 0.003), cognitive activity and cognitive function (p value = 0.002), and social interaction and cognitive function (p value = 0.000). Gender variable did not have relation with cognitive function (p value = 0.343). This study conclude that there was a relation between age, education level, physical activity, cognitive activity and social interaction with cognitive function in the elderly population. There was no relation between gender and cognitive function in the elderly population.Keywords: cognitive function, cognitive impairment, elderly, MMSE

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The Relationship between Physical Activities and Cognitive Function in The Elderly

NurseLine Journal ◽

10.19184/nlj.v5i2.17652 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 267

Author(s):

Wisoedhanie Widi Anugrahanti ◽

Romaden Marbun ◽

Nadia Oktiffany Putri

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Physical Activities ◽

P Value ◽

Social Activities ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Brain

ABSTRACT Physical activity is a factor that can inhibit cognitive decrease in the elderly. One of the preventive actions that can be done by the elderly in slowing down the decrease of cognitive function is to increase physical activity. Physical activity is thought to stimulate nerve growth which might inhibit cognitive decrease in the elderly. When doing physical activity, the brain will be stimulated so that it will increase the Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor which plays a role in keeping nerve cells fit and healthy. Based on the explanation, the aim of this study was to identify the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in the elderly. This study was a quantitative study with a categorical correlative analytic method. The study used cross sectional study design. The chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression test were used for data analysis. The results of this study stated that the overall physical activities which were exercise, mild activity, heavy activity, use of stairs and participate in social activities showed a significant relationship to cognitive function. Participating in social activities and mild activity were the most significant physical activities that showed relationship to cognitive function, with p-value = 0.001 < 0.05. In conclusion, the findings highlight that the choice of appropriate physical activity can help to maintain cognitive function in the elderly. Keywords: physical activity, cognitive function, elderly

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Prevalence of disabilities and non-communicable diseases in an elderly population in the Telangana state, India: a population-based cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041755 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. e041755

Author(s):

Srinivas Marmamula ◽

Satya Brahmanandam Modepalli ◽

Thirupathi Reddy Kumbham ◽

Rajesh Challa ◽

Jill E Keeffe

Keyword(s):

Elderly Population ◽

Self Care ◽

The Elderly ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Self Report ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Non Communicable Diseases

ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of disabilities (vision, hearing, mobility, cognitive, self-care and communication) and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among the elderly population in two districts in Telangana, India.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study using a cluster random sampling method to select the study clusters.SettingElderly population in Khammam and Warangal districts were recruited. Detailed interviews were conducted by trained community health workers. Personal and demographic information such as age, gender, level of education and a self-report of NCDs was collected. The Washington Disability Questionnaire was administered to assess the presence of disabilities.Participants1821 participants aged ≥60 years, 54.5% were women, and 73.3% had no education.Primary outcome measurePrevalence of disabilities and NCDs.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of at least disability was 20.3% (95% CI 16.3 to 24.9). The prevalence of self- reported disabilities were: seeing (5.9%; 95% CI 4.4 to 7.8), mobility (12.8%; 95% CI 9.7 to 16.8), hearing (3.6%; 95% CI 2.7 to 4.8), cognition (4.8%; 95% CI 3.5 to 6.7), self-care (3.3%; 95% CI 2.3 to 4.7) and communication (1.8%; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6). Overall, the prevalence of at least one NCD was 34.2% (95% CI 30.9 to 37.7). Hypertension was the most common systemic condition (25.4%; 95% CI 22.4 to 28.7), followed by diabetes (9.0%; 95% CI 7.3 to 11.0), and body pains (muscle-skeletal) (9.9%; 95% CI 8.1 to 12.2).ConclusionEvery fifth elderly person in the districts of Khammam and Warangal in Telangana had at least one self-reported disability. Besides, a third of the elderly had at least one NCD. There is a definite need to develop comprehensive public health strategies to address disabilities and NCDs in Telangana.

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Relations of Food Pattern and Physical Activity with Academic Achievement and Cognitive Function

Green Medical Journal ◽

10.33096/gmj.v2i2.50 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 56-65

Author(s):

Ayu Wulandari ◽

Zulhaida Lubis ◽

Evawani Aritonang

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Academic Achievement ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Activity Level ◽

P Value ◽

Moderate Physical Activity ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Food Pattern ◽

Food Patterns

Introduction: The results of the initial survey showed that there were seven children with low food pattern and moderate physical activity was having a cognitive function and low academic achievement at school, and three children with good food pattern and moderate physical activity were having good cognitive and high academic achievement in school. This study was to determine the relations of food patterns and physical activity with academic achievement and cognitive function. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted at Elementary School 2 Blangkeujeren, West Labuhanhaji Sub-district, South Aceh District from March 2017 to June 2017. This study used a total sampling design is 81 students. Subjects are all students in grade five (42 students) and six (39 students). Data were collected by using questionnaires include Food Frequency Questionary (FFQ), Food Recall 24 hours, Physical Activity Level (PAL). Last year's report card value and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were used to assess cognitive children. Results: The relationship between the type and the amount of macro and micronutrient intake obtained p-value<0.05. This study also showed a relationship between food patterns and cognitive function in children. Based on the research results, there is a relationship between physical activity and academic achievement (p<0.05). There is a relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in children. Conclusion: There is a relationship between food patterns, physical activity, academic achievement, and cognitive function.

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Correlation between hair zinc level and cognitive function in elderly population

World Nutrition Journal ◽

10.25220/wnj.v03.i2.0008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 59

Author(s):

Dian Sarah Mutiara ◽

Diana Sunardi ◽

Esthika Dewiasty

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Zinc Level ◽

P Value ◽

Hair Zinc ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean

Introduction: Neurodegenerative disease is the most problem in elderly. Amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation is the major cause of cognitive impairment. Zinc has an important role in antioxidant and Aβ accumulation process. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between hair zinc level and cognitive function in elderly.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted involving 58 subjects of elderly in Jakarta. Subjects were recruited by consecutive sampling. Hair zinc level was measured by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICPS) and cognitive function assessed by abbreviated mental test (AMT). Data analysis was done by spearman rank correlation test and p-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: The mean of age was 65.4 ± 4.4 years old and 56.9% of subjects were female. The mean of hair zinc level was 123.23 ± 69.71 µg/gram hair and 32.8% subjects had hair zinc deficiency. There was 91.4% subjects had normal cognitive function. The study showed no correlation between hair zinc level and cognitive function in elderly (p=0.871 ; r=-0.022).Conclusions: There was no correlation between hair zinc level and cognitive function in elderly. Further research is expected to be performed with different level of cognitive function.Keywords: cognitive, elderly, hair zinc level, zinc.

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Age-related Smell and Taste Impairments and Vitamin D Associations in the U.S. Adults National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12040984 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 984

Author(s):

Galya Bigman

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

National Health ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Nutritional Deficiencies ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Age Related ◽

The Us

Smell and taste decline with aging, and markedly deteriorate when nutritional deficiencies occur. This study aims to examine the associations between Vitamin D (VD) deficiency and smell and taste impairments among adults. This paper details a cross-sectional study utilizing data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2013–2014.). Smell impairment was assessed by the Pocket Smell Test and defined as failing to correctly identify six or more of the eight odors. Taste impairment was defined as failing to correctly identify quinine or sodium chloride. VD was measured as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin. Multivariable weighted logistic regressions were utilized. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were presented. Overall, 2216 (smell sample) and 2636 (taste sample) participants were included, aged between 40 and 80 years old. Of those, 18.3% had taste impairment, 12.2% had smell impairment, and 20% had VD deficiency (<20 ng/mL). Compared to participants with sufficient VD (>30 ng/mL), those with VD deficiency were more likely by 39% to report a higher prevalence of smell impairment (OR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.02–1.89); and only participants aged 70–80 years with VD inadequacy (20–30 ng/mL) were more likely by 96% to report a higher prevalence of taste impairment (OR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.35–1.85). VD may have a significant role in age-related smell impairment in adults aged 40 years or older, and in age-related taste impairment in the elderly aged 70–80 years.

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