scholarly journals Serum Sodium in Relation to Various Domains of Cognitive Function in the Elderly US Population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohyae Lee ◽  
Jin-young Min ◽  
Beom Kim ◽  
Sang-Won Ha ◽  
Jeohng Ho Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background:Recent evidence suggests that sodium imbalances may be associated with cognitive impairment; however, the association between specific domains of cognition remains unclear. This study examines the association between serum sodium levels and immediate and delayed verbal memory as measured by the CERAD Word Learning Test (CERAD WLT), executive function as measured by the Animal Fluency test (AFT), and sustained attention, working memory, and processing speed as measured by the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST) in the elderly population of the US aged 60 and older who participated in the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (n=2,700). Methods:Cognitive function tests were performed by trained interviewers and sodium levels were measured using indirect ion selective electrode methodology. Results:After adjusting for all covariates, CERAD WLT scores showed significant positive associations with sodium levels (Immediate recall (IR) β = 0.11 (SE = 0.04, p-value 0.018); Delayed recall (DR) β = 0.07 (SE = 0.03, p-value 0.009)). Compared to individuals with normal sodium levels, individuals with hyponatremia were significantly associated with lower CERAD WLT-DR (β = -0.71, SE = 0.23, p-value 0.005) and AFT scores (β = -1.58, SE = 0.68, p-value 0.027), and showed a borderline significant relationship with lower CERAD WLT-DR scores (β = -1.11, SE = 0.56, p-value 0.057). Individuals with hypernatremia did not show any significant relationships with cognitive test scores, compared to those with normal sodium levels. Conclusions:Our cross-sectional study showed that lower sodium levels were associated with cognitive change, especially regarding memory and executive function.

scholarly journals Serum sodium in relation to various domains of cognitive function in the elderly US population

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohyae Lee ◽  
Jin-young Min ◽  
Beom Kim ◽  
Sang-Won Ha ◽  
Jeohng Ho Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Recent evidence suggests that sodium imbalances may be associated with cognitive impairment; however, the association between specific domains of cognition remains unclear. This study examines the association between serum sodium levels and immediate and delayed verbal memory as measured by the CERAD Word Learning Test (CERAD WLT), executive function as measured by the Animal Fluency test (AFT), and sustained attention, working memory, and processing speed as measured by the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST) in the elderly population of the US aged 60 and older who participated in the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (n = 2,541). Methods Cognitive function tests were performed by trained interviewers and sodium levels were measured using indirect ion selective electrode methodology. Results After adjusting for all covariates, quintiles of CERAD WLT scores showed significant positive associations with log-transformed sodium levels (Immediate recall (IR) β = 4.25 (SE = 1.83, p-value 0.027); Delayed recall (DR) β = 6.54 (SE = 1.82, p-value 0.001)). Compared to normal sodium levels, hyponatremia was significantly associated with lower CERAD WLT-IR (β = -0.34, SE = 0.15, p-value 0.035) and CERAD WLT-DR scores (β -0.48, SE = 0.10, p-value < 0.001) and showed borderline significance with AFT scores (β = = -0.38, SE = 0.19, p-value 0.052). Hypernatremia did not show any significant relationships with cognitive test scores, compared to normal sodium levels. Conclusions Our cross-sectional study showed that lower sodium levels were associated with cognitive change, especially regarding memory and executive function.

scholarly journals Chloroform and Cognitive Function in the General Population of the US Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohyae Lee ◽  
Jin-Young Min ◽  
Kyoung-Bok Min
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
P Value ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Us

Abstract Background Chloroform is a water disinfection by-product associated with hepatic, renal and neurotoxicity. High concentrations of chloroform are known to cause central nervous system depression; however, the association between blood chloroform levels and cognitive function in the general elderly population is unknown. In this study, we investigated the association between blood chloroform levels and cognitive function in the elderly US population (n=782). Methods We analyzed blood chloroform levels and cognitive function, as measured by the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), from the 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) for participants aged 60 years and older. Blood chloroform levels were measured using capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring detection and istotope-dilution. Results After adjusting for all covariates, increases in log-transformed blood chloroform levels were significantly associated with decreased DSST scores (β = -1.56, SE = 0.57, p-value 0.010). Compared with individuals in the lowest quartile of blood chloroform, the regression coefficients were significantly lower among those in the second and third tertile (tertile 2 β = -3.00 (SE = 1.25, p-value 0.022); tertile 3 β = -4.05 (SE = 1.22, p-value 0.002)). After stratification by obesity status, increases in log-transformed chloroform levels showed borderline significant associations with decreased DSST scores among the obese (β = -1.71, SE = 0.85, p-value 0.052). Conclusions Our finding suggest a possible link between blood chloroform levels and cognitive function in the US elderly population.

scholarly journals Hubungan Fungsi Kognitif Dengan Risiko Jatuh Pada Lanjut Usia Di Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Budi Sejahtera Banjarbaru

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 402-413
Author(s):  
Suci Martha Aprilia ◽  
Dhian Ririn Lestari ◽  
Kurnia Rachmawati
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
P Value ◽  
Risk Of Falling ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Simple Logistic

Latar Belakang: Jatuh padaalansia merupakanahal yangasering terjadi. Kejadian jatuh padaalansia dapat disebabkan oleh perubahan fungsi organatubuh. Salah satu perubahan fungsi organ yang terjadi adalahaperubahan fungsianeuron yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan fungsi kognitif.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan fungsi kognitif dengan risiko jatuh pada lanjut usia di PantiaSosialaTresna Werdha BudiaSejahteraaBanjarbaru.Metode: Penelitianaini menggunakan metode observasional dan survei denganapendekatanaCross Sectional. Pengumpulanadata dilakukanadengan menggunakanaMini MentalaState Examinationa(MMSE) pada fungsi kognitif dengan mengadopsi dari penelitian sebelumnya dan TimeaUp andaGo Testa (TUG) padaarisikoa jatuh. Pengambilanasampel dengan totalasamplingasebanyak 63 orang. Metodeaanalisis data menggunakan uji chi square dan untuk mencari nilai OR dengan  Regresi logistik sederhana.Hasil: Terdapat hubungan fungsi kognitif dan risikoajatuh padaausia lanjutadi PantiaSosial TresnaaWerdha BudiaSejahteraaBanjarbaru (p value = 0,000, OR = 7,58 kali).Diskusi: Penurunan fungsi kognitif pada lansia menjadiasalah satuafaktorarisiko penyebabameningkatnyaarisiko jatuhapadaalansia. Diharapkanaperawat danalanjut usiaauntuk memperhatikanafungsi kognitifaagar dapatamenurunkanarisiko jatuhapada lanjutausia.KataaKunci: fungsiakognitif, lanjut usia, risikoajatuh Abstract Introduction: Falling on the elderly is a common thing. Falling events in the elderly can be caused by changes in bodily organs. One change in organ function that occurs is a change in the function of neurons that can cause impaired cognitive function.Objective: To determine the relationship of cognitive function with the risk of falling in the elderly at the Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Budi Sejahtera Banjarbaru. Method: This study used observational methods and surveys with a cross-sectional approach. Data collection was done by using MiniaMental StateaExaminationa(MMSE) on cognitive function by adopting from previous research and Time Up and Go Test (TUG) on the risk of falling. Sampling with a total sampling of 63 people. The method of data analysis used the chi-square test and to find the OR value with simple logistic regression.Results: There is a relationship between cognitive function and the risk of falling in the elderly at the Tresna Werdha Social Institution Budi Banjarbaru Prosperous (p-value = 0.000, OR = 7.58 times).Discussion: Decreasing cognitive function in the elderly is one of the risk factors for increasing the risk of falls in the elderly. It is expected that nurses and the elderly to pay attention to cognitive function to reduce the risk of falling in the elderly. Keywords: cognitive function, elderly, risk of falling

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN ANTARA LIFESTYLE DENGAN FUNGSI KOGNITIF PADA LANSIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Sambodo Sriadi Pinilih ◽  
Retna Tri Astuti ◽  
Desi Risaditia Rini
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Pattern ◽  
Relationship Of

An increase in the elderly population as a consequence of an increase in life expectancy.Increasing life expectancy is an indication of the success of long-term development, one of whichimproves both the economic condition and the living standard of society. This increase in lifeexpectancy is related to the changes that occur in the cognitive and mental function of the elderly.Cognitive function in the future is determined by someone’s life experience, health status and lifestyle.This study aims to determine the relationship of lifestyle with cognitive function in elderly atPosyandu Lansia Ngudi Rahayu Kelurahan Gelangan Kota Magelang in 2017.This research description corelation using cross-sectional approach. Research is done bymeasuring or observing independent and dependent variables at the same time. Independent variablein this research is life pattern, and dependent variable in this research is cognitive function.Spearman-rank test result shows that there is a significant relationship between lifestyle toelderly cognitive function at Posyandu Lansia Ngudi Rahayu Kelurahan Gelangan Kota Magelang pvalue 0,000 (p value <α 0,05) so it result in the rejection of H0 and acceptance of Ha. So it can beconcluded that there is a relationship between lifestyle with cognitive function in elderly at PosyanduLansia Ngudi Rahayu Kelurahan Gelangan Kota Magelang in 2017 that the better the elderly lifestyle,the better their cognitive function became.   Peningkatan jumlah penduduk lansia sebagai konsekuensi dari peningkatan usia harapan hidup.Peningkatan usia harapan hidup merupakan indikasi berhasilnya pembangunan jangka panjang, salahsatunya bertambah baik keadaan ekonomi dan taraf hidup masyarakat.Meningkatnya angka harapanhidup ini berkaitan dengan perubahan yang terjadi pada fungsi kognitif dan mental lansia.Fungsikognitif di kemudian hari sangat ditentukan oleh pengalaman hidup, status kesehatan dan gaya hidupseseorang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuihubungan gaya hidup dengan fungsi kognitifpada lansia di Posyandu Lansia Ngudi Rahayu kelurahan Gelangan Kota Magelang Tahun 2017.Penelitian description corelation ini menggunakan pendekatan cross-sectional. Penelitiandilakukan dengan mengukur atau mengamati variabel independen dan variabel dependen pada saatbersamaan. Variabel independen pada penelitian ini adalah pola hidup, dan variabel dependen padapenelitian ini adalah fungsi kognitif.Hasil uji spearman-rank menunjukan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara gaya hidup denganfungsi kognitif pasa lansia di posyandu Ngudi Rahayu Kelurahan Gelangan Kota Magelang nilai p0,000 (p value < α 0,05) sehingga didapatkan hasil bahwa H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima. Sehingga dapatdisimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara gaya hidup dengan fungsi kognitifpada lansia diposyandu lansia Ngudi Rahayu Kelurahan Gelangan Kota Magelang tahun 2017 yaitu semakin baikgaya hidup lansia semakin baik pula fungsi kognitif pada lansia

scholarly journals Factors Related to Cognitive Function in Elderly People

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fransiska YD Mardiyanto ◽  
Dedeh S Jahja ◽  
Yenni Limyati
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional

Each year in the world, especially in Indonesia, many elderly people exposed to higher risk of dementia due to an increased number of the elderly population and the incidence of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly. The aim of this study is to find out what factors are related with cognitive function in the elderly population. The study used analytic method with cross sectional study design. Subjects were 60 elderly people; male or female ≥ 60 years old. Data were analysed with Chi Square Test (α = 0.05). Cognitive function was measured by MMSE test. The result were found a significant relation between age and cognitive function ( p = 0.014), level of education and cognitive function (p value = 0.000), physical activity and cognitive function (p value = 0.003), cognitive activity and cognitive function (p value = 0.002), and social interaction and cognitive function (p value = 0.000). Gender variable did not have relation with cognitive function (p value = 0.343). This study conclude that there was a relation between age, education level, physical activity, cognitive activity and social interaction with cognitive function in the elderly population. There was no relation between gender and cognitive function in the elderly population.Keywords: cognitive function, cognitive impairment, elderly, MMSE

scholarly journals Hubungan Antara Tingkat Aktivitas Fisik dengan Fungsi Kognitif Pada Lanjut Usia

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Oktafina Safita Nisa ◽  
Arief Wahyudi Jatmiko
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional

Along with the aging process, all systems of the body dealing with changes or gradual deterioration functions, one of which was a decrease in physical activity. A decrease in physical activity in the elderly was one of the causes of cognitive impairment. Decline in cognitive function in the elderly is the biggest cause of the inability to perform normal daily activities. The purpose of the study was to know the correlation between the level of physical activity and cognitive function in the elderly in Pucangan Village Kartasura SubDistrict. This research was cross sectional design. The population were in this study are listed on the elderly Posyandu Pucangan Village Kartasura Sub-District aged >60 years and include in inclusion criteria. The total sample in this study were 95 respondents. Sampling technique used is nonprobability sampling technique with proportional sampling method. The instrument used to measure the level of physical activity is GPPAQ (General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire) and for cognitive function using the MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination). Analys of the data used was Chi Square test. Results of univariate known that elderly people who have high levels of physical activity inactive (35.8%) and active as much (21.1%). The percentage of elderly who have normal cognitive function as many (29.5%) and those with severe cognitive disorders amounted to (43.2%). The result of bivariate analysis there was no relationship between the level of physical activity and cognitive function in which showed the value of p value = 0.010 (p> 0.05) means that Ho was rejected. The conclusions of this study shows there is a relationship between the level of physical activity and cognitive function in the elderly in Pucangan Village Kartasura Sub-District.

scholarly journals Role of cumulative biological risk in mediating socioeconomic disparities in cognitive function in the elderly: a mediation analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e035847
Author(s):  
Jimmy Akrivos ◽  
Carolyn Wei Zhu ◽  
Vahram Haroutunian
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Family Income ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Biological Risk

ObjectivesTo evaluate whether allostatic load (AL), a measure of cumulative biological risk, fully or partially mediates observed socioeconomic status (SES) differences in cognitive function in the elderly.DesignCross-sectional mediation analysis.SettingCommunity-dwelling US elderly who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).ParticipantsThe NHANES uses a complex, multistage, probability sampling design to select a nationally representative sample. Of the 4976 elderly (60 years or older) who were selected, 3234 agreed to participate in the household and medical exam interviews (65% response rate).Primary and secondary outcome measuresPerformance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)—a measure of cognitive function.ResultsRelative to participants with the lowest level of education or family income, participants who were college graduates (β=24.4, 95% CI 22 to 26.8, p<0.0001) or in the highest income quartile (β=17.3, 95% CI 15.2 to 19.4, p<0.0001) had the highest DSST scores and the least AL burden (β=−0.72, 95% CI −0.98 to −0.47 and β=−0.82, 95% CI −1 to −0.57; p<0.0001, respectively). Although, AL was significantly negatively associated with cognitive performance (β = −1, 95% CI −1.4 to −0.5, p<0.0001), it mediated at most 4.5% of the SES effect on DSST performance.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that AL, as measured by a summary index of parameters for cardiovascular function, metabolism and chronic inflammation, is not a significant mediator of SES-related differences in cognitive function in the elderly. Further efforts are required to elucidate the exact physiological pathways and mechanisms through which SES impacts cognitive function in late life.

scholarly journals Association of Drug Burden Index With Measures of Cognitive Function Among Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 11-11
Author(s):  
Janie DiNatale ◽  
Kristi Crowe-White ◽  
Amy Ellis ◽  
Joy Douglas ◽  
Ian McDonough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Apoe Genotype ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Full Cohort ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drug Burden Index ◽  
Daily Dose

Abstract Objectives Many conditions associated with aging result in polypharmacy, and certain medications may impact cognition. One way to assess exposure to such medications is through the use of the drug burden index (DBI)- a validated measure of exposure to anticholinergic and sedative medications, with a higher DBI score indicating a higher drug burden. The objective of this cross-sectional analysis was to investigate the association between DBI and cognitive function assessed by two widely utilized cognitive tests among older adults. Methods The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study was a prospective study of community-dwelling adults ages 70–79 years at enrollment. Using baseline data, DBI was calculated by dividing the daily dose of the medication taken by the sum of the daily dose taken and the minimum efficacious dose as approved by the Food and Drug Association. After adjusting for biological sex, race, education, and APOE genotype, the association between DBI and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and Modified Mini-Mental Status Exam (3MS) score was assessed by partial Spearman's rank correlation. Kruskal-Wallis tests were employed to assess significance among DBI scores by tertile. Results Among those with completed measures (n = 790, 52.4% male, 63.3% white), mean scores were as follows: DBI 0.84 ± 0.48, 3MS 90.12 ± 7.9, and DSST 34.7 ± 14.6. Results suggest that DBI was not significantly associated with either 3MS or DSST. However, DBI scores by tertile were significantly associated with DSST scores. Compared to tertile 2, participants in the lowest tertile had significantly lower DBI scores along with significantly higher DSST scores. Mean differences between tertile 1 and 2 were as follows: DBI = 0.1666 and DSST = 3.39. Conclusions Analyses among the full cohort suggest that DBI was not associated with slower processing speed as assessed by the DSST or with global cognition as assessed by 3MS. Yet with expanded analysis by tertile, results suggest that DBI scores were significantly associated with DSST scores. Future investigations on cognitive function among older adults may benefit from including the DBI analysis by tertile to explain some variance in cognitive test scores. Funding Sources This is an ancillary analysis, there is no funding applicable.

scholarly journals Choline Intake Correlates with Cognitive Performance among Elder Adults in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Lu Liu ◽  
Song Qiao ◽  
Liying Zhuang ◽  
Shanhu Xu ◽  
Linhui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Choline Intake

Objective. This research attempted to explore the neuroprotective effect of choline and establish evidence for future dietary recommendations and nutritional interventions to maintain a proper cognitive function among elders aged >60 years in the US. Method. This cross-sectional study retrieved data of 2,393 eligible elderly participants from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Combining dietary and supplement choline intake, total choline intake was evaluated using the 24-hour dietary recall method and the dietary supplement questionnaire. Total choline intake was categorized into tertiles, which ranged at <187.60 mg/day (T1), 187.60-399.50 mg/day (T2), and >399.50 mg/day (T3). The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) Word Learning subtest, Animal Fluency (AF) test, and Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST) was used to measure cognitive function. Participants who scored the lowest 25th percentile in each cognitive test were classified in the low cognitive function (LC) group. Logistic regression models were implemented to examine the association between total choline intake and the incidence of LC. Results. In the CERAD test, the risk of LC was significantly lower in T2 than T1 (OR: 0.668, 95% CI: 0.493-0.904, and P = 0.006 ) when adjusted for age, gender, BMI, alcohol consumption, and hypertension. Similarly, T2 was associated with a significantly lower risk of LC when assessed by the AF test (OR: 0.606, 95% CI: 0.580-0.724, and P < 0.001 ) and DSST (0.584, 95% CI: 0.515-0.661, and P < 0.001 ). In all three cognitive measures, the T3 of the total choline intake was not associated with cognitive function compared to T1. Conclusion. Total choline intake at 187.06-399.50 mg/day reduces the risk of LC by approximately 50% compared to intake at <187.6 mg/day. The findings of this research may be used to establish dietary recommendations and nutritional interventions to optimize the cognitive function among elders.

scholarly journals The Correlation Between Cognitive Function with the Quality of Life in the Elderly in Barusari Village South Semarang District

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Nur Aini
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional

The problem faced by the elderly as human aging process is a process and natural. Some problems and disorders that frequently arise or occur in the elderly is declining cognitive function. Cognitive decline in the elderly is usually preceded by decline of memory or memory (forgetfulness) and other cognitive mengggu real life activities. The purpose of this study was to find out: "The correlation between cognitive function and quality of life in the elderly (60-74 years) in Barusari Vilage of South Semarang. This research is a descriptive correlative with cross sectional design. The population in this study is that all elderly people aged 60-74 years.The sampling technique used is total sampling. Bivariate test using chi square test. The results showed that the cognitive function of elderly most categories of serious disturbance (48.1%), and most of the quality of life category is independently as many as 32 people (61.5%). Statistical test results found there is significant correlation between cognitive function and quality of life in the elderly (60-74 years) in Barusari Vilage of South Semarang with p value of 0.000.Based on the results of the study are expected to nursing profession are expected to provide nursing assistance to the elderly who have suffered physical setbacks by helping in order to keep good quality of life and help in order to have good cognitive abilities.

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