scholarly journals Mathematical Model For Forwarding Packets In Communication Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaa Adel Ibrahim Hussein ◽  
Fayez Wanis Zaki ◽  
Mohammed Ashour
Keyword(s):  
Data Transfer ◽  
Solution Procedure ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Phase Type Distribution ◽  
Application Performance ◽  
Phase Type ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Matrix Geometric Solution ◽  
System States

Abstract In recent years, SDN technology has been applied to several networks such as wide area network (WAN). IT provides many benefits, such as: enhancing data transfer, promoting Application performance and reducing deployment costs. Software Defined-WAN networks lack studies and references. This paper introduced a system for SD-WAN network using PH/PH/C queues. It concentrates on the study of algebraic estimates the probability distribution of the system states. The Matrix-Geometric solution procedure of a phase type distribution queue with first-come first-served discipline is used.

scholarly journals Study of Data Transfer in a Heterogeneous LoRa-Satellite Network for the Internet of Remote Things

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 3384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Lysogor ◽  
Leonid Voskov ◽  
Alexey Rolich ◽  
Sergey Efremov
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Satellite Communication ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Satellite Network ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Data Encoding ◽  
Experimental Stand

In the absence of traditional communication infrastructures, the choice of available technologies for building data collection and control systems in remote areas is very limited. This paper reviews and analyzes protocols and technologies for transferring Internet of Things (IoT) data and presents an architecture for a hybrid IoT-satellite network, which includes a long range (LoRa) low power wide area network (LPWAN) terrestrial network for data collection and an Iridium satellite system for backhaul connectivity. Simulation modelling, together with a specialized experimental stand, allowed us to study the applicability of different methods of information presentation for the case of transmitting IoT data over low-speed satellite communication channels. We proposed a data encoding and packaging scheme called GDEP (Gateway Data Encoding and Packaging). It is based on the combination of data format conversion at the connection points of a heterogeneous network and message packaging. GDEP enabled the reduction of the number of utilized Short Burst Data (SBD) containers and the overall transmitted data size by almost five times.

scholarly journals Overcoming Limitations of LoRa Physical Layer in Image Transmission

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Jebril ◽  
Aduwati Sali ◽  
Alyani Ismail ◽  
Mohd Rasid
Keyword(s):  
Data Transfer ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
Image Sensor ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
The Future

As a possible implementation of a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN), Long Range (LoRa) technology is considered to be the future wireless communication standard for the Internet of Things (IoT) as it offers competitive features, such as a long communication range, low cost, and reduced power consumption, which make it an optimum alternative to the current wireless sensor networks and conventional cellular technologies. However, the limited bandwidth available for physical layer modulation in LoRa makes it unsuitable for high bit rate data transfer from devices like image sensors. In this paper, we propose a new method for mangrove forest monitoring in Malaysia, wherein we transfer image sensor data over the LoRa physical layer (PHY) in a node-to-node network model. In implementing this method, we produce a novel scheme for overcoming the bandwidth limitation of LoRa. With this scheme the images, which requires high data rate to transfer, collected by the sensor are encrypted as hexadecimal data and then split into packets for transfer via the LoRa physical layer (PHY). To assess the quality of images transferred using this scheme, we measured the packet loss rate, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity (SSIM) index of each image. These measurements verify the proposed scheme for image transmission, and support the industrial and academic trend which promotes LoRa as the future solution for IoT infrastructure.

scholarly journals Data transfer over the wide area network with a large round trip time

2010 ◽  
Vol 219 (6) ◽  
pp. 062056 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Matsunaga ◽  
T Isobe ◽  
T Mashimo ◽  
H Sakamoto ◽  
I Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Data Transfer ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Round Trip Time ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Round Trip ◽  
Trip Time ◽  
Large Round

Concentrated matrix exponential distributions with real eigenvalues

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
András Mészáros ◽  
Miklós Telek
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Models ◽  
Laplace Transformation ◽  
Matrix Exponential ◽  
Phase Type Distribution ◽  
Exponential Distributions ◽  
Inverse Laplace Transformation ◽  
Complex Eigenvalues ◽  
Phase Type ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Laplace Transform

Abstract Concentrated random variables are frequently used in representing deterministic delays in stochastic models. The squared coefficient of variation ( $\mathrm {SCV}$ ) of the most concentrated phase-type distribution of order $N$ is $1/N$ . To further reduce the $\mathrm {SCV}$ , concentrated matrix exponential (CME) distributions with complex eigenvalues were investigated recently. It was obtained that the $\mathrm {SCV}$ of an order $N$ CME distribution can be less than $n^{-2.1}$ for odd $N=2n+1$ orders, and the matrix exponential distribution, which exhibits such a low $\mathrm {SCV}$ has complex eigenvalues. In this paper, we consider CME distributions with real eigenvalues (CME-R). We present efficient numerical methods for identifying a CME-R distribution with smallest SCV for a given order $n$ . Our investigations show that the $\mathrm {SCV}$ of the most concentrated CME-R of order $N=2n+1$ is less than $n^{-1.85}$ . We also discuss how CME-R can be used for numerical inverse Laplace transformation, which is beneficial when the Laplace transform function is impossible to evaluate at complex points.

scholarly journals A Phase-Type Distribution for the Sum of Two Concatenated Markov Processes Application to the Analysis Survival in Bladder Cancer

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2099
Author(s):  
Belén García-Mora ◽  
Cristina Santamaría ◽  
Gregorio Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Distribution Function ◽  
Survival Function ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Phase Type Distribution ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Phase Type ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Analysis Survival

Stochastic processes are useful and important for modeling the evolution of processes that take different states over time, a situation frequently found in fields such as medical research and engineering. In a previous paper and within this framework, we developed the sum of two independent phase-type (PH)-distributed variables, each of them being associated with a Markovian process of one absorbing state. In that analysis, we computed the distribution function, and its associated survival function, of the sum of both variables, also PH-distributed. In this work, in one more step, we have developed a first approximation of that distribution function in order to avoid the calculation of an inverse matrix for the possibility of a bad conditioning of the matrix, involved in the expression of the distribution function in the previous paper. Next, in a second step, we improve this result, giving a second, more accurate approximation. Two numerical applications, one with simulated data and the other one with bladder cancer data, are used to illustrate the two proposed approaches to the distribution function. We compare and argue the accuracy and precision of each one of them by means of their error bound and the application to real data of bladder cancer.

scholarly journals LPWAN-based hybrid backhaul communication for intelligent transportation systems: architecture and performance evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taghi Shahgholi ◽  
Amir Sheikhahmadi ◽  
Keyhan Khamforoosh ◽  
Sadoon Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Intelligent Transportation ◽  
Traffic Monitoring ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Emergency Vehicle ◽  
Wide Area Network

AbstractIncreased number of the vehicles on the streets around the world has led to several problems including traffic congestion, emissions, and huge fuel consumption in many regions. With advances in wireless and traffic technologies, the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has been introduced as a viable solution for solving these problems by implementing more efficient use of the current infrastructures. In this paper, the possibility of using cellular-based Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) communications, LTE-M and NB-IoT, for ITS applications has been investigated. LTE-M and NB-IoT are designed to provide long range, low power and low cost communication infrastructures and can be a promising option which has the potential to be employed immediately in real systems. In this paper, we have proposed an architecture to employ the LPWAN as a backhaul infrastructure for ITS and to understand the feasibility of the proposed model, two applications with low and high delay requirements have been examined: road traffic monitoring and emergency vehicle management. Then, the performance of using LTE-M and NB-IoT for providing backhaul communication infrastructure has been evaluated in a realistic simulation environment and compared for these two scenarios in terms of end-to-end latency per user. Simulation of Urban MObility has been used for realistic traffic generation and a Python-based program has been developed for evaluation of the communication system. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of using LPWAN for ITS backhaul infrastructure mostly in favor of the LTE-M over NB-IoT.

scholarly journals A Long-Distance Communication Architecture for Medical Devices Based on LoRaWAN Protocol

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 940
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Cristina Gaitan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Communication Architecture ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Distance Communication

Recent market studies show that the market for remote monitoring devices of different medical parameters will grow exponentially. Globally, more than 4 million individuals will be monitored remotely from the perspective of different health parameters by 2023. Of particular importance is the way of remote transmission of the information acquired from the medical sensors. At this time, there are several methods such as Bluetooth, WI-FI, or other wireless communication interfaces. Recently, the communication based on LoRa (Long Range) technology has had an explosive development that allows the transmission of information over long distances with low energy consumption. The implementation of the IoT (Internet of Things) applications using LoRa devices based on open Long Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocol for long distances with low energy consumption can also be used in the medical field. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed and developed a long-distance communication architecture for medical devices based on the LoRaWAN protocol that allows data communications over a distance of more than 10 km.

scholarly journals Comparison of LPWAN Technologies: Cost Structure and Scalability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Istiak Hossain ◽  
Jan I. Markendahl
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Generic Framework ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

AbstractSmall-scale commercial rollouts of Cellular-IoT (C-IoT) networks have started globally since last year. However, among the plethora of low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies, the cost-effectiveness of C-IoT is not certain for IoT service providers, small and greenfield operators. Today, there is no known public framework for the feasibility analysis of IoT communication technologies. Hence, this paper first presents a generic framework to assess the cost structure of cellular and non-cellular LPWAN technologies. Then, we applied the framework in eight deployment scenarios to analyze the prospect of LPWAN technologies like Sigfox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, LTE-M, and EC-GSM. We consider the inter-technology interference impact on LoRaWAN and Sigfox scalability. Our results validate that a large rollout with a single technology is not cost-efficient. Also, our analysis suggests the rollout possibility of an IoT communication Technology may not be linear to cost-efficiency.

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