scholarly journals Assisting PNA Transport Through Cystic Fibrosis Human Airway Epithelia With Biodegradable Hybrid Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles

Author(s):  
Marika Comegna ◽  
Gemma Conte ◽  
Andrea Falanga ◽  
Maria Marzano ◽  
Gustavo Cernera ◽  
...  

Abstract Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is characterized by an airway obstruction caused by a thick mucus due to a malfunctioning Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein. The sticky mucus restricts drugs in reaching target cells limiting the efficiency of treatments. The development of new approaches to enhance drug delivery to the lungs represents CF treatment's main challenge. In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of hybrid core-shell nanoparticles (hNPs) comprising a PLGA core and a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) shell engineered for inhalation. We loaded hNPs with a 7-mer peptide nucleic acid (PNA) previously considered for its ability to modulate the post-transcriptional regulation of the CFTR gene. We also investigated the in vitro release kinetics of hNPs and their efficacy in PNA delivery across the human epithelial airway barrier using an ex vivo model based on human primary nasal epithelial cells (HNEC) from CF patients. Confocal analyses and hNPs transport assay demonstrated the ability of hNPs to overcome the mucus barrier and release their PNA cargo within the cytoplasm, where it can perform its biological function.

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marika Comegna ◽  
Gemma Conte ◽  
Andrea Patrizia Falanga ◽  
Maria Marzano ◽  
Gustavo Cernera ◽  
...  

AbstractCystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by an airway obstruction caused by a thick mucus due to a malfunctioning Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein. The sticky mucus restricts drugs in reaching target cells limiting the efficiency of treatments. The development of new approaches to enhance drug delivery to the lungs represents CF treatment's main challenge. In this work, we report the production and characterization of hybrid core–shell nanoparticles (hNPs) comprising a PLGA core and a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) shell engineered for inhalation. We loaded hNPs with a 7-mer peptide nucleic acid (PNA) previously considered for its ability to modulate the post-transcriptional regulation of the CFTR gene. We also investigated the in vitro release kinetics of hNPs and their efficacy in PNA delivery across the human epithelial airway barrier using an ex vivo model based on human primary nasal epithelial cells (HNEC) from CF patients. Confocal analyses and hNPs transport assay demonstrated the ability of hNPs to overcome the mucus barrier and release their PNA cargo within the cytoplasm, where it can exert its biological function.


Author(s):  
Sudarshan Singh ◽  
Sandip G Maru ◽  
Sunil Bothara B

Bioadhesive materials are agents which adhere to the mucous membrane due to specific properties and release the drug at the site of action in controlled manner. Since the biodegradability of the synthetic polymer is at some instance hesitant. In this exploration, a bioadhesive polymer has been developed which was isolated from leaves of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. The mucilage isolated from A. vera were used as a bioadhesive polymer in tablet formulation and evaluated for the parameters such as swelling, pH, and bioadhesive property like bioadhesive strength, record of adherence and ex-vivo residence time. The buccal bioadhesive tablet was prepared using glipizide as model drug. The prepared tablet was evaluated against existing bioadhesive polymer such as guar gum and hydroxyl propyl cellulose. Swelling index and surface pH was found to be 13.12-18.06% and 6.5-6.9 respectively. The drug permeation through goat buccal mucosa was found to be 60.21 ± 0.06 % in the end of 7 h with a Jss of 0.24 mg h-1 cm-2. The stability studies were performed on optimized formulation as per ICH guideline, result showed that there was no significant change in physical characteristic, adhesive strength and in vitro release. It was observed that as the concentration of mucilage increases swelling index also increases. Results of pH showed that mucilage is slightly near to neutral in nature. Formulations were evaluated for preformulation parameters, in vitro drug release profile and release kinetics. The formulations were found to have good preformulation characteristics. FTIR spectroscopy showed no significant chemical interaction within drug and excipients. The release mechanism of glipizide from buccal tablets indicated anomalous (non-fickian) transport mechanism and followed zero order kinetics. It was concluded that the mucilage of A. vera can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient in buccal bioadhesive drug delivery systems.


2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-213
Author(s):  
A.M. Di Lullo ◽  
M. Scorza ◽  
F. Amato ◽  
M. Comegna ◽  
V. Raia ◽  
...  

La fibrosi cistica (FC) è una malattia autosomica recessiva causata da mutazioni nel gene CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator). Finora sono state descritte circa 2000 mutazioni, ma per la maggior parte di esse è difficile definirne l’effetto senza complesse procedure in vitro. Abbiamo effettuato il campionamento (mediante brushing), la cultura e l’analisi di cellule epiteliali nasali umane (HNEC) utilizzando una serie di tecniche che possono aiutare a testare l’effetto delle mutazioni CFTR. Abbiamo eseguito 50 brushing da pazienti FC e controlli, e in 45 casi si è ottenuta una coltura positiva. Utilizzando cellule in coltura: i) abbiamo dimostrato l’espressione ampiamente eterogenea del CFTR nei pazienti e nei controlli; ii) abbiamo definito l’effetto di splicing di una mutazione sul gene CFTR; iii) abbiamo valutato l’attività di gating di CFTR in pazienti portatori di differenti mutazioni; iv) abbiamo dimostrato che il butirrato migliora in modo significativo l’espressione di CFTR. I dati provenienti dal nostro studio sperimentale dimostrano che l’uso del modello ex-vivo di cellule epiteliali nasali è un importante e valido strumento di ricerca e di diagnosi nella studio della FC e può anche essere mirato alla sperimentazione ed alla verifica di nuovi farmaci. In definitiva, in base ai nostri dati è possibile esprimere le seguenti conclusioni: 1) il prelievo delle cellule epiteliali nasali mediante brushing è applicabile senza alcuna anestesia ed è ben tollerato da tutti i pazienti affetti da FC (bambini e adulti), è scarsamente invasivo e facilmente ripetibile, è anche in grado di ottenere una sufficiente quantità di HNECs rappresentative, ben conservate, idonee allo studio della funzionalità di CFTR; 2) la conservazione delle cellule prelevate è possibile fino a 48 ore prima che si provveda all’allestimento della coltura e ciò permette di avviare studi multicentrici con prelievi in ogni sede e quindi di ottenere una ampia numerosità campionaria; 3) la coltura di cellule epiteliali nasali può essere considerata un modello adatto a studiare l’effetto molecolare di nuove mutazioni del gene CFTR e/o mutazioni specifiche di pazienti “carriers” dal significato incerto; 4) il modello ex-vivo delle HNECs consente inoltre di valutare, prima dell’impiego nell’uomo, l’effetto di farmaci (potenziatori e/o correttori) sulle cellule di pazienti portatori di mutazioni specifiche di CFTR; tali farmaci possono modulare l’espressione genica del canale CFTR aprendo così nuove frontiere terapeutiche e migliori prospettive di vita per pazienti affetti da una patologia cronica come la Fibrosi Cistica; 5) la metodologia da noi istituita risulta essere idonea alla misura quantitativa, mediante fluorescenza, dell’attività di gating del canale CFTR presente nelle membrane delle cellule epiteliali nasali prelevate da pazienti portatori di differenti genotipi; in tal modo è possibile individuare: a) pazienti FC portatori di 2 mutazioni gravi con un’attività < 10% (in rapporto ai controlli -100%), b) soggetti FC portatori contemporaneamente di una mutazione grave e di una lieve con un’attività tra 10-30%, c) i cosiddetti portatori “carriers”- eterozigoti - con un’attività tra 40-70%. In conclusione la possibilità di misurare l’attività del canale CFTR in HNECs fornisce un importante contributo alla diagnosi di FC, mediante individuazione di un “cut-off diagnostico”, ed anche alla previsione della gravità fenotipica della malattia; quindi quanto rilevabile dalla misura del suddetto canale permette di prospettare per il futuro la possibilità di valutare meglio i pazienti per i quali il test del sudore ha dato risultati ambigui (borderline o negativi). La metodica da noi sperimentata consente anche di monitorare i pazienti durante il trattamento farmacologico, valutando in tal modo i reali effetti delle nuove terapie.


Author(s):  
Sylvester O. Eraga ◽  
Matthew I. Arhewoh ◽  
Ogochukwu A. Meko

Background: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of arachis oil and liquid paraffin on metoclopramide release from transdermal films. Objectives: Batches of metoclopramide films were prepared with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), arachis oil or liquid paraffin and Tween 80 as plasticizer. The films were evaluated for their physiochemical properties, in vitro and ex vivo drug release and drug release kinetics. Drug-excipient interactions were investigated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Methods: The transdermal films had a weight range of 0.22-0.24 g, folding endurance of 300-306, percentage moisture content and uptake of 2%-10% and 19%-110%, respectively and drug content of 98%-104%. There was similar condition in vitro release profile for the films but their ex vivo profiles exhibited variable drug release with the P3 (30% arachis oil) giving the highest drug (almost 100%) release.  Results: The release kinetics of metoclopramide followed the first order and Korsemeyer-Peppas models more closely as seen in their correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9832 and 0.9560, respectively. Drug-excipient compatibility studies showed no interactions between excipients and metoclopramide. Conclusion: The formulated transdermal films showed controlled drug release over a period of 12 h. Arachis oil and liquid paraffin showed similar permeation enhancing ability. These enhanced permeation properties of the films could be helpful in the development of alternative route for metoclopramide administration in the management of emesis with improved patient acceptance.


1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (02) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Monreal ◽  
Luis Monreal ◽  
Rafael Ruiz de Gopegui ◽  
Yvonne Espada ◽  
Ana Maria Angles ◽  
...  

SummaryThe APTT has been considered the most suitable candidate to monitor the anticoagulant activity of hirudin. However, its use is hampered by problems of standardization, which make the results heavily dependent on the responsiveness of the reagent used. Our aim was to investigate if this different responsiveness of different reagents when added in vitro is to be confirmed in an ex vivo study.Two different doses of r-hirudin (CGP 39393), 0.3 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, were administered subcutaneously to 20 New Zealand male rabbits, and the differences in prolongation of APTT 2 and 12 h later were compared, using 8 widely used commercial reagents. All groups exhibited a significant prolongation of APTT 2 h after sc administration of hirudin, both at low and high doses. But this prolongation persisted 12 h later only when the PTTa reagent (Boehringer Mannheim) was used. In general, hirudin prolonged the APTT most with the silica- based reagents.In a further study, we compared the same APTT reagents in an in vitro study in which normal pooled plasma was mixed with increasing amount of hirudin. We failed to confirm a higher sensitivity for silica- containing reagents. Thus, we conclude that subcutaneous administration of hirudin prolongs the APTT most with the silica-based reagents, but this effect is exclusive for the ex vivo model.


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 920-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Gato-Calvo ◽  
Tamara Hermida-Gómez ◽  
Cristina R. Romero ◽  
Elena F. Burguera ◽  
Francisco J. Blanco

Background: Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) has recently emerged as a potential treatment for osteoarthritis (OA), but composition heterogeneity hampers comparison among studies, with the result that definite conclusions on its efficacy have not been reached. Objective: 1) To develop a novel methodology to prepare a series of standardized PRP releasates (PRP-Rs) with known absolute platelet concentrations, and 2) To evaluate the influence of this standardization parameter on the anti-inflammatory properties of these PRP-Rs in an in vitro and an ex vivo model of OA. Methods: A series of PRPs was prepared using the absolute platelet concentration as the standardization parameter. Doses of platelets ranged from 0% (platelet poor plasma, PPP) to 1.5·105 platelets/µl. PRPs were then activated with CaCl2 to obtain releasates (PRP-R). Chondrocytes were stimulated with 10% of each PRP-R in serum-free culture medium for 72 h to assess proliferation and viability. Cells were co-stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β (5 ng/ml) and 10% of each PRP-R for 48 h to determine the effects on gene expression, secretion and intra-cellular content of common markers associated with inflammation, catabolism and oxidative stress in OA. OA cartilage explants were co-stimulated with IL-1β (5 ng/ml) and 10% of either PRP-R with 0.75·105 platelets/µl or PRP-R with 1.5·105 platelets/µl for 21 days to assess matrix inflammatory degradation. Results: Chondrocyte viability was not affected, and proliferation was dose-dependently increased. The gene expression of all pro-inflammatory mediators was significantly and dose-independently reduced, except for that of IL-1β and IL-8. Immunoblotting corroborated this effect for inducible NO synthase (NOS2). Secreted matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) was reduced to almost basal levels by the PRP-R from PPP. Increasing platelet dosage led to progressive loss to this anti-catabolic ability. Safranin O and toluidine blue stains supported the beneficial effect of low platelet dosage on cartilage matrix preservation. Conclusion: We have developed a methodology to prepare PRP releasates using the absolute platelet concentration as the standardization parameter. Using this approach, the composition of the resulting PRP derived product is independent of the donor initial basal platelet count, thereby allowing the evaluation of its effects objectively and reproducibly. In our OA models, PRP-Rs showed antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-catabolic properties. Platelet enrichment could favor chondrocyte proliferation but is not necessary for the above effects and could even be counter-productive.


Author(s):  
Sahil Kumar ◽  
Bandna Sharma ◽  
Tilak R. Bhardwaj ◽  
Rajesh K. Singh

Aims: In the present study, polymer-drug conjugates were synthesized based on azo-bond cleavage drug delivery approach for targeting erlotinib as anticancer drug specifically to the colon for the proficient treatment of colon cancer. Background: Colon cancer (CC) is the third commonly detected tumor worldwide and it make up about 10 % of all cases of cancers. Most of the chemotherapeutic drugs available for treating colon cancer are not only toxic to cancerous cells but also to the normal healthy cells. Among the various approaches to get rid of the adverse effects of anticancer agents, prodrugs are one of the most imperative approaches. Objective: The objective of the study is to chemically modify the erlotinib drug through azo-bond linkage and suitable spacer which will be finally linked to polymeric backbone to give desired polymer linked prodrug. The azo reductase enzyme present in colon is supposed to cleave the azo-bond specifically and augment the drug release at the colon. Methods: The synthesized conjugates were characterized by IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The cleavage of aromatic azobond resulted in a potential colon-specific liberation of drug from conjugate studied in rat fecal contents. In vitro release profiles of polyphosphazene-linked conjugates of erlotinib have been studied at pH 1.2, pH 6.8 and pH 7.4. The stability study was designed to exhibit that free drug was released proficiently and unmodified from polyphosphazene-erlotinib conjugates having aromatic azo-bond in artificial colon conditions. Results: The synthesized conjugates were demonstrated to be stable in simulated upper gastro-intestinal tract conditions. The drug release kinetics shows that all the polymer-drug conjugates of erlotinib follow zero-order release kinetics which indicates that the drug release from the polymeric backbone is independent of its concentration. Kinetic study of conjugates with slope (n) shows the anomalous type of release with an exponent (n) > 0.89 indicating a super case II type of release. Conclusion: These studies indicate that polyphosphazene linked drug conjugates of erlotinib could be the promising candidates for the site-specific treatment of colon cancer with least detrimental side-effects.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aled E. L. Roberts ◽  
Lydia C. Powell ◽  
Manon F. Pritchard ◽  
David W. Thomas ◽  
Rowena E. Jenkins

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1655
Author(s):  
Zvezdelina Yaneva ◽  
Donika Ivanova ◽  
Nikolay Popov

The main goal of the present study was to investigate the microencapsulation, in vitro release capacity and efficiency of catechin-rich Acacia catechu extract by Clinosorbent-5 (CLS-5) microparticles by in-depth detailed analyses and mathematical modelling of the encapsulation and in vitro release kinetics behaviour of the polyphenol-mineral composite system. The bioflavanol encapsulation and release efficiency on/from the mineral matrix were assessed by sorption experiments and interpretative modelling of the experimental data. The surface and spectral characteristics of the natural bioactive substance and the inorganic microcarrier were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet/Visible (UV/Vis) spectrophotometric analyses. The maximum extent of catechin microencapsulation in acidic medium was 32%. The in vitro release kinetics study in simulated enzyme-free gastric medium (pH = 1.2) approved 88% maximum release efficiency achieved after 24 h. The in vitro release profile displayed that the developed bioflavanol/clinoptilolite microcarrier system provided sustained catechin in vitro release behaviour without an initial burst effect. Thus, the results from the present study are essential for the design and development of innovative catechin-CLS-5 microcarrier systems for application in human and veterinary medicine.


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