scholarly journals Infectivity of Adult and Pediatric COVID-19 Patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahir Kapmaz ◽  
Ozlem Dogan ◽  
Hacer Akturk ◽  
Berna Ozer ◽  
Elif Nurtop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Median Duration ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Positive Antibody ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
Antibody Positivity ◽  
Test Result

Abstract We report infectivity of adult and pediatric COVID-19 patients in presence of viral shedding and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response A total of 408 consequent samples from eleven adult and five pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. The samples every second day from saliva, nasopharynx, feces, serum, urine, tear were studied by RT-PCR and viral culture. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were measured. The median duration of RNA shedding in all specimens was 7(2-15) days in adults and 5(3-19) days in children. The median duration from onset of symptoms to admission was three days.The viral RNA was positive in 44.7 % of the nasopharynx and 37.6% of saliva samples up 16 days in adults and 19 days in chldren. The latest viral culture positivity was detected on day 8 of symptoms in nasopharynx. The viral RNA was found in 6.1% of feces, 4.4% ofserum, 4.3 % of tear, 2.9% of urine. The earliest seroconversion was the 7th day for adults and 8th day for children. Atthe 14th day, total antibody positivity was 78% in adults, and 80% in children. After seroconversion, the viral RNA was still detected in the nasopharynx and saliva of three patients, however, the infectious virus was not present. Earlier hospital admission could be associated with shorter SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding. The infectivity of patient is very low after 8 days of symptoms. The risk of fecal-oral transmission is very low, and strict hand hygiene measures could be preventive. The positive antibody test result could be used as a discharge criterion.

scholarly journals Understanding viral shedding of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Review of current literature

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Fontana ◽  
Angela Holly Villamagna ◽  
Monica K. Sikka ◽  
Jessina C. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Median Duration ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Discharge Management ◽  
Evidenced Based ◽  
And Control ◽  
Respiratory Coronavirus

Abstract Objective: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has significant implications for hospital infection prevention and control, discharge management, and public health. We reviewed available literature to reach an evidenced-based consensus on the expected duration of viral shedding. Design: We queried 4 scholarly repositories and search engines for studies reporting SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding dynamics by PCR and/or culture available through September 8, 2020. We calculated the pooled median duration of viral RNA shedding from respiratory and fecal sources. Results: The review included 77 studies on SARS-CoV-2. All studies reported PCR-based testing and 12 also included viral culture data. Among 28 studies, the overall pooled median duration of RNA shedding from respiratory sources was 18.4 days (95% CI, 15.5–21.3; I2 = 98.87%; P < .01). When stratified by disease severity, the pooled median duration of viral RNA shedding from respiratory sources was 19.8 days (95% CI, 16.2–23.5; I2 = 96.42%; P < .01) among severely ill patients and 17.2 days (95% CI, 14.0–20.5; I2 = 95.64%; P < .01) in mild-to-moderate illness. Viral RNA was detected up to 92 days after symptom onset. Viable virus was isolated by culture from −6 to 20 days relative to symptom onset. Conclusions: SARS-COV-2 RNA shedding can be prolonged, yet high heterogeneity exists. Detection of viral RNA may not correlate with infectivity since available viral culture data suggests shorter durations of shedding of viable virus. Additional data are needed to determine the duration of shedding of viable virus and the implications for risk of transmission.

scholarly journals Understanding COVID-19 Epidemiology and Implications for Control: The Experience from a Greek Semi-Closed Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2765
Author(s):  
Ourania S. Kotsiou ◽  
Dimitrios Papagiannis ◽  
Evangelos C. Fradelos ◽  
Garyfallia Perlepe ◽  
Angeliki Miziou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
Positive Antibody ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Clinical Correlations ◽  
Test Result

Background: We aimed to estimate the SARS-CoV-2 antigen and antibody seroprevalence in one of the worst-affected by the pandemic semi-closed communities in Greece, Deskati, and evaluate the sociodemographic and clinical correlations of functional antibody responses. Methods: The Ag2019n-CoV V1310/V1330 Rapid Test (Prognosis Biotech, Greece) was used for antigen detection. The Rapid Test 2019-nCoV Total Ig, V1210/V1230 (Prognosis Biotech, Greece), and the SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant method (Architect, Abbott, Illinois, USA) were used for antibody testing. Results: None of the participants had a positive antigen result. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity ranged from 13% to 45% in the study population, depending on the method. One-third of the participants with known past infection had a positive antibody test result 77 ± 13 days after infection. Two-fifths of infections determined by serology were asymptomatic. The advancing age and hospitalization predicted seropositivity among patients with past infection. Half of the participants who tested positive for antibodies were not aware of past infection. Conclusions: High-burden contexts in Greece, such as Deskati, are not so far from herd immunity thresholds. We highlighted the value of low-cost serosurveys targeting both symptomatic and asymptomatic populations to evaluate the natural immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in nonvaccinated susceptibles and design evidence-based policies for lifting lockdowns.

scholarly journals Assessing Viral Shedding and Infectivity of Asymptomatic or Mildly Symptomatic Patients with COVID-19 in a Later Phase

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujin Sohn ◽  
Su Jin Jeong ◽  
Won Suk Chung ◽  
Jong Hoon Hyun ◽  
Yae Jee Baek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Rna ◽  
Community Treatment ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Later Phase

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a major global public health issue. SARS-CoV-2 infection is confirmed by the detection of viral RNA using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Prolonged viral shedding has been reported in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the presence of viral RNA does not always correlate with infectivity. Therefore, the present study aimed to confirm the presence of viable virus in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients in the later phase of the disease, more than two weeks after diagnosis. Method: Asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients who had been diagnosed with the disease at least two weeks previously and admitted to a community treatment center (CTC) from 15 March to 10 April 2020 were enrolled in this study. Nasopharyngeal and salivary swab specimens were collected from each patient. Using these specimens, RT-PCR assay and viral culture were performed. Result: In total, 48 patients were enrolled in this study. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patient groups. RT-PCR assay and viral culture of SARS-CoV-2 were performed using nasopharyngeal and salivary swabs. The results of RT-PCR performed using salivary swab specimens, in terms of cycle threshold (Ct) values, were similar to those of RT-PCR using nasopharyngeal swab specimens. In addition, no viable virus could be cultured from swab specimens collected from the late-phase COVID-19 patients with prolonged viral RNA shedding. Conclusions: In conclusion, our study suggests that even if viral shedding is sustained in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with later phase of COVID-19, it can be expected that the transmission risk of the virus is low. In addition, saliva can be used as a reliable specimen for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Prolonged Viral Shedding in Vertically Acquired SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Preterm Infants–Shedding Versus Infectivity

2021 ◽  
pp. 097321792110656
Author(s):  
Chokkiyil Ponnambath Hafis Ibrahim ◽  
Amir Mohammed Abelshafy ◽  
Maqbool Qadir
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Median Duration ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Newborn Period ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Viral Shedding

The reported median duration of viral shedding after infection with SARS-CoV2 is between 12 and 20 days. It is now established that infected individuals can continue to shed viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) without shedding live virus. This has implications for quarantine and infection control practices. COVID in the acute phase seems to be milder in children, and the duration of viral RNA shedding is shorter in children compared to adults. SARS-CoV-2 infections in the newborn period is rare. Little is known about the duration of viral shedding in preterm infants with vertically acquired SARS-CoV-2. 3 of the 4 preterm infants cared for at our center had prolonged shedding up to 34 days with live viral shedding not seen beyond the second week when tested in 3 of them.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Persistent Viral Shedding in the Context of Hydroxychloroquine-Azithromycin Treatment

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 890
Author(s):  
Michel Drancourt ◽  
Sébastien Cortaredona ◽  
Cléa Melenotte ◽  
Sophie Amrane ◽  
Carole Eldin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
D Dimer

SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal shedding contributes to the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. Among 3271 COVID-19 patients treated at the Hospital University Institute Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France from 3 March to 27 April 2020, tested at least twice by qRT-PCR, the median SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal shedding duration was 6 days (range 2–54 days). Compared with short shedders (qRT-PCR positivity < 10 days), 34 (1.04%) persistent shedders (qRT-PCR positivity ≥ 17 days; mean ± SD: 23.3 ± 3.8 days) were significantly older, with associated comorbidities, exhibiting lymphopenia, eosinopenia, increased D-dimer and increased troponin (p < 0.05), and were hospitalized in intensive care unit in 17.7% vs. 1.1% of cases (p < 0.0001). Viral culture was positive in six persistent shedders after day 10, including in one patient after day 17, and no viral co-pathogen was detected in 33 tested patients. Persistent shedders received azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine ≥ 3 days in 26/34 (76.5%) patients, a figure significantly lower than in short shedders (86.6%) (p = 0.042). Accordingly, mortality was 14.7% vs. 0.5% (p < 0.0001). Persistent shedding was significantly associated with persistent dyspnea and anosmia/ageusia (p < 0.05). In the context of COVID-19 treatment, including treatment with azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine, the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal shedding was a rare event, most frequently encountered in elderly patients with comorbidities and lacking azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine treatment.

scholarly journals Infectivity of healthcare workers diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) approximately 2 weeks after onset of symptoms: A cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Yves Longtin ◽  
Hugues Charest ◽  
Caroline Quach ◽  
Patrice Savard ◽  
Mariana Baz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Respiratory Coronavirus ◽  
Respiratory Specimens

Abstract We performed viral culture of respiratory specimens in 118 severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–infected healthcare workers (HCWs), ∼2 weeks after symptom onset. Only 1 HCW (0.8%) had a positive culture. No factors for prolonged viral shedding were identified. Infectivity is resolved in nearly all HCWs ∼2 weeks after symptom onset.

scholarly journals Does the SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test result correlate with the viral culture result?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Yamamoto ◽  
Mami Nagashima ◽  
Isao Yoshida ◽  
Kenji Sadamasu ◽  
Masami Kurokawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antigen Test ◽  
Culture Result ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Test Result

scholarly journals COVID-19-related pneumonia with a predominant lymphocyte fraction in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Ueda ◽  
Taro Yoneda ◽  
Hayato Koba ◽  
Hiroko Morita ◽  
Kazuyuki Kakeshita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Positive Antibody ◽  
Lymphocyte Fraction

A 48-year-old woman, considered as a close contact of her husband who was diagnosed with COVID-19. She was clinically diagnosed with COVID-19-related pneumonia because of a positive antibody test. Her BALF contained an elevated lymphocyte fraction, which might explain why steroids are effective against COVID-19-related pneumonia.

scholarly journals Investigating SARS-CoV-2 surface and air contamination in an acute healthcare setting during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in London

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhou ◽  
Jonathan A. Otter ◽  
James R. Price ◽  
Cristina Cimpeanu ◽  
Danel Meno Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Healthcare Setting ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Acute Healthcare

ABSTRACTBackgroundEvaluation of SARS-CoV-2 surface and air contamination during the COVID-19 pandemic in London.MethodsWe performed this prospective cross-sectional observational study in a multi-site London hospital. Air and surface samples were collected from seven clinical areas, occupied by patients with COVID-19, and a public area of the hospital. Three or four 1.0 m3 air samples were collected in each area using an active air sampler. Surface samples were collected by swabbing items in the immediate vicinity of each air sample. SARS-CoV-2 was detected by RT-qPCR and viral culture; the limit of detection for culturing SARS-CoV-2 from surfaces was determined.ResultsViral RNA was detected on 114/218 (52.3%) of surfaces and 14/31 (38.7%) air samples but no virus was cultured. The proportion of surface samples contaminated with viral RNA varied by item sampled and by clinical area. Viral RNA was detected on surfaces i and in air in public areas of the hospital but was more likely to be found in areas immediately occupied by COVID-19 patients than in other areas (67/105 (63.8%) vs. 29/64 (45.3%) (odds ratio 0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.2-0.9, p=0.025, Chi squared test)). The high PCR Ct value for all samples (>30) indicated that the virus would not be culturable.ConclusionsOur findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from environmental contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, physical distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.

scholarly journals Original SARS-CoV-2 vaccine model

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-132
Author(s):  
I. E. Khoroshilov
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The new coronavirus infection COVID-19 that appeared at the end of 2019 is signifi cantly different from the viral infections that existed previously. The new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus combines two transmission routes—aerosol and oral-intestinal. The targets for this virus are both cells of the respiratory system and the human gastrointestinal tract. Along with the classical form of this disease, the so-called “gastrointestinal” form is described, in which the clinical picture is dominated by signs of damage to the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia). These symptoms are detected, in general, in 20% of patients with COVID-19. More than 80% of patients have mild forms, a third of these individuals had diarrhea. Although SARSCoV-2 viral RNA is detected in faeces samples of patients with COVID-19, it does not carry an infectious onset, and not a single case of fecal-oral transmission has been confi rmed. Since the intestines are the most powerful organ of our immune system, we can introduce SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA into the gastrointestinal tract to ensure the formation of immunity to this infection.

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