Association of Underlying Comorbidities and progression of COVID-19 Infection Among 2586 Patients Hospitalized in the National Capital Region of India: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract Objectives This study is conducted to observe the association of diabetes (DM), hypertension (HTN), and chronic kidney disease on the prognosis and mortality of COVID-19 infection in hospital admitted patients.Methods This is a single centre, observational, retrospective study carried out at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India. the burden of comorbidities on the prognosis and clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients admitted patients from April 8, 2020, to October 4, 2020. Chi-square and relative risk test were used to observe the association of comorbidities and disease prognosis.Results A total of 2586 patients were included in the study consisting of 69.6% of male patients. All the comorbidities were significantly associated with ICU admission and mortality. The relative risk showed that CKD is most prone to severity as well as mortality of the COVID-19 infection followed by HTN and DM. Further with the increase in comorbidity, the risk of ICU admission and mortality increases.Conclusion Diabetes, hypertension and CKD, all are associated with progression of COVID-19 disease to severity and higher mortality risk. The number of underlying comorbid condition is directly proportional to the progression of disease severity and mortality.

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COVID-19 disease and comorbidity: an outcome? A study on Indian population in a COVID care hospital

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20214409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 3277

Author(s):

Namrata Makkar ◽

Amit Singla ◽

Ajeet Jain ◽

Lalendra Upreti ◽

B. L. Sherwal

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Comorbid Condition ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Comorbid Conditions ◽

Chi Square ◽

Icu Admission ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Background: The world has been severely affected by the novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19). Continuously rising number of cases has put a significant strain on healthcare resources of all countries of the world. Preliminary studies show that people suffering from comorbid conditions are at a relatively higher risk of severe disease and poor outcome.Methods: We studied the risk of ICU admission in 152 Covid-19 positive patients with comorbidity compared to those without comorbid conditions. We studied effect of old age (>65 years), male sex, presence of at least one comorbidity, presence of multiple comorbidities, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, CAD, respiratory disease, neurological disease, skin disease, and hypothyroidism on outcome of coronavirus disease with two tailed Student’s t-test, odds ratio, Chi-square test was used to test significance of results at 95% confidence interval 95% (95% CI). Fisher’s test was also used if one expected value (row total × column total/grand total) was less than 5.Results: In this study, 23 (15.13%) required ICU care. We found higher odds of ICU admission in Covid-19 patients in case of presence of comorbid condition (OR=7.3, 95% CI=2.674, 20.038), diabetes mellitus (OR=2.8, 95% CI=1.035, 8.028), hypertension (OR=1.3, 95% CI=0.396, 4.258), coronary artery disease (OR=2.3, 95% CI=0.430, 12.978) and malignancy (OR=6.5, 95% CI=1.516, 28.54). Case fatality rate (CFR) of those with comorbid conditions was higher (7.55) compared to those without comorbidity (3.03).Conclusions: This study shows that presence of comorbid conditions in Covid-19 positive patients results in significantly higher risk of ICU admission and poor outcome.

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HIV prevention, care and treatment in the national capital region (DC metropolitan area): Moving into the fourth decade of the epidemic

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e628452012-055 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Gregory Pappas

Keyword(s):

Hiv Prevention ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

National Capital Region ◽

Capital Region ◽

Fourth Decade ◽

National Capital ◽

Care And Treatment

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Does Brand Awareness Impact Purchase Decision: A Case of Organic Grocery

International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology ◽

10.23956/ijermt.v6i7.182 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Gunjan Gumber ◽

Jyoti Rana

Keyword(s):

Organic Food ◽

Brand Awareness ◽

National Capital Region ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Brand Recall ◽

Brand Building ◽

Brand Recognition ◽

National Capital ◽

High Level ◽

Structured Questionnaire

In India, the concept of organic food is gaining widespread acceptability. Consumers are becoming more conscious about their health and are looking for food that serves as a promising alternative. Corporates, NGOs, Spiritual leaders and Government are also promoting this food, as it is free from irradiation, chemicals and artificial additives. A number of organic food brands are available in the market. The main objective of this study is to find out the level of brand awareness and its influence on purchase of organic grocery. The data was collected from 150 organic consumers in National Capital Region (Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad and Noida) through a structured questionnaire. Questions related to brand recall, brand recognition and purchase of organic grocery were asked. It was found that in general, there is a low level of brand awareness among consumers, and those who have high level of awareness; they consume organic grocery more often. The study will help corporates to make effective communication and brand-building strategies.

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Geologic map of the national parks in the National Capital region, Washington, D.C., Virginia, Maryland, and West Virginia

Open-File Report ◽

10.3133/ofr20051331 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Scott Southworth ◽

Danielle Denenny

Keyword(s):

West Virginia ◽

National Parks ◽

National Capital Region ◽

Capital Region ◽

National Capital ◽

Geologic Map

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Contract Specialist Turnover Rate and Contract Management Maturity in the National Capital Region Contracting Center: An Analysis

10.21236/ada514011 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Dina T. Jeffers

Keyword(s):

Turnover Rate ◽

Contract Management ◽

National Capital Region ◽

Capital Region ◽

National Capital

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Reviewing the Crop Residual Burning and Aerosol Variations during the COVID-19 Pandemic Hit Year 2020 over North India

Pollutants ◽

10.3390/pollutants1030011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 127-140

Author(s):

Manoj Hari ◽

Rajesh Kumar Sahu ◽

Bhishma Tyagi ◽

Ravikant Kaushik

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

North India ◽

National Capital Region ◽

Industrial Emissions ◽

Indian States ◽

Back Trajectories ◽

In Situ Data ◽

National Capital ◽

Waste Burning

The north Indian states of Haryana and Punjab are believed to be the key sources of air pollution in the National Capital Region due to massive agricultural waste burning in crop harvesting seasons. However, with the pandemic COVID-19 hitting the country, the usual practices were disrupted. COVID-19 preventive lockdown led to restricted vehicular and industrial emissions and caused the labours to leave the agricultural business in Haryana and Punjab. With the changed scenario of 2020, the present study investigates the variations in air quality over the Haryana and Punjab, and their relative impact on the air quality of Delhi. The work attempts to understand the change in agricultural waste burning during 2020 and its implication on the local air quality over both the states and the transported pollution on the national capital Delhi. The study utilises in-situ data for the year 2019–2020 with satellite observations of MODIS aqua/terra for fire counts, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and back-trajectories run by the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model (HYSPLIT).

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White-nose syndrome-related changes to Mid-Atlantic bat communities across an urban-to-rural gradient

BMC Zoology ◽

10.1186/s40850-021-00079-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sabrina Deeley ◽

Joshua B. Johnson ◽

W. Mark Ford ◽

J. Edward Gates

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Myotis Lucifugus ◽

National Capital Region ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

White Nose Syndrome ◽

Species Of Conservation Concern ◽

National Capital ◽

Park Service ◽

Bat Conservation ◽

Conservation Concern

Abstract Background White-nose Syndrome (WNS) has reduced the abundance of many bat species within the United States’ Mid-Atlantic region. To determine changes within the National Park Service National Capital Region (NCR) bat communities, we surveyed the area with mist netting and active acoustic sampling (2016–2018) and compared findings to pre-WNS (2003–2004) data. Results The results indicated the continued presence of the threatened Myotis septentrionalis (Northern Long-eared bat) and species of conservation concern, including Perimyotis subflavus (Tri-colored bat), Myotis leibii (Eastern Small-footed bat) and Myotis lucifugus (Little Brown bat). However, we documented a significant reduction in the abundance and distribution of M. lucifugus and P. subflavus, a decrease in the distribution of M. septentrionalis, and an increase in the abundance of Eptesicus fuscus (Big Brown bat). Conclusions Documented post-WNS M. septentrionalis recruitment suggests that portions of the NCR may be important bat conservation areas. Decreases in distribution and abundance of P. subflavus and M. lucifugus indicate probable extirpation from many previously occupied portions of the region.

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