scholarly journals Sex differences in association between cognitive impairment and clinical correlates in Chinese patients with first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Zhao ◽  
Xiao Hong Wang ◽  
Chuan Yi Kang ◽  
Yue Zheng ◽  
Li Ying Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hamilton Depression Scale ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
Male Patients

Abstract Background Schizophrenia is a complex mental illness with significant sex differences. Cognitive impairment is common in patients with schizophrenia, even in remission. This study was designed to examine the sex differences in the relationship between cognitive impairment and clinical correlations with first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) schizophrenia. Methods 93 FEDN patients (male/female = 45/48) and 160 controls (male/female = 74/86) were enrolled to compare the sex differences in cognitive functions measure by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) were used to evaluated patients' clinical symptoms. We compared cognitive impairment with sociodemographic characteristics and measures of different genders, as well as group-by-sex interactions. Results Our results showed that the MCCB total and index score in FEDN were lower than in the control group, except for category fluency and social cognition. Male patients had significantly lower symbol coding, digital sequence, and verbal learning scores than female patients, and the controls showed a similar sex difference. Interestingly, we also found six indexes and MCCB total score that showed diagnosis-by-sex interactions, belonging to the speed of processing, attention, working memory, and verbal learning. The MCCB total score showed correlations with PANSS total score and education for both genders. In female patients, education showed significant positive correlations with MCCB total and all ten index scores. Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that negative symptoms and general psychopathology of PANSS, HAMD total score, and education were independent contributors to MCCB total score. In male patients, only education was an independent contributor to MCCB total score. Conclusions These findings revealed significant sex differences in cognitive impairments and clinical symptoms in FEDN. These results should be considered, which will be worthy of a follow-up study of schizophrenia in the future.

scholarly journals Sex differences in association between cognitive impairment and clinical correlates in Chinese patients with first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Zhao ◽  
Xiao Hong Wang ◽  
Chuan Yi Kang ◽  
Yue Zheng ◽  
Li Ying Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Hamilton Depression Scale ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
Male Patients

Abstract Background Schizophrenia is a complex mental illness with significant sex differences. Cognitive impairment is common in patients with schizophrenia, even in remission. This study was designed to examine the sex differences in the relationship between cognitive impairment and clinical correlations with first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) schizophrenia. Methods 93 FEDN patients (male/female = 45/48) and 160 controls (male/female = 74/86) were enrolled to compare the sex differences in cognitive functions measured by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) were used to evaluate patients' clinical symptoms. We compared cognitive impairment with sociodemographic characteristics and measures of different genders, as well as group-by-sex interactions. Results Our results showed that male patients had significantly lower scores for symbol coding, digital sequence, and verbal learning than female patients, while the healthy controls showed similar sex differences. In female patients, multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that PANSS negative symptoms and general psychopathology scores, HAMD total score, and education level were independent contributors to MCCB total score. In male patients, only education was an independent contributor to MCCB total score. Conclusions These findings revealed significant sex differences in cognitive impairments and clinical symptoms in FEDN, which will be worthy of a follow-up study of schizophrenia in the future.

scholarly journals Interrelationships Between BDNF, Superoxide Dismutase, and Cognitive Impairment in Drug-Naive First-Episode Patients With Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1498-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Hong Xiu ◽  
Zezhi Li ◽  
Da Chun Chen ◽  
Song Chen ◽  
Maile E Curbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Redox System ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Neuropsychological Status ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Drug Naïve

Abstract The pathogenesis and etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) remains unclear. Accumulating studies showed that complex interrelationships between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and an imbalanced redox system has a crucial role in the psychopathology of SCZ. However, the influence of the interrelationships of BDNF and superoxide dismutase (SOD) on cognitive impairment and clinical symptomatology in drug-naive first-episode (DNFE) SCZ patients has not been studied thoroughly. Serum BDNF levels, plasma total SOD, manganese-SOD (Mn-SOD), copper/zinc-containing SOD (CuZn-SOD) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in 327 DNFE patients with SCZ and 391 healthy controls. Cognitive functions were measured using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological status (RBANS) and clinical symptoms were evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Compared with the controls, the DNFE patients had increased activities of total SOD and CuZn-SOD, and reduced levels of BDNF and MDA. BDNF levels were positively correlated with CuZn-SOD activity in patients. In addition, we found that elevated Mn-SOD and CuZn-SOD activities were related to PANSS depression factor. Moreover, an interactive effect of BDNF levels and Mn-SOD activity was associated with attentional index score in the patients. Therefore, our findings suggested that interrelationships between BDNF and antioxidant mechanisms might underlie the pathological mechanisms of cognitive impairments and symptomatology in the DNFE patients with SCZ.

scholarly journals Sex Difference in the Interrelationship Between TNF-α and Oxidative Stress Status in First-episode Drug-naïve Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minghuan Zhu ◽  
Zhenjing Liu ◽  
Jaelin Rippe ◽  
Mst. Sadia Sultana ◽  
Kang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract BackgroundIncreasing evidence indicates that dysregulated TNF-α and oxidative stress (OxS) contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Additionally, previous evidence has demonstrated sex differences in many aspects of schizophrenia including clinical characteristics, cytokines and OxS markers. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study investigating sex differences in the association between TNF-α, the OxS system, and their interaction with clinical symptoms in schizophrenia patients, especially in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) patients. MethodsA total of 119 FEDN schizophrenia patients and 135 healthy controls were recruited for this study. Serum TNF-α, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was applied to evaluate psychotic symptoms. Two-way ANOVA, partial correlation analysis and multivariate regression analysis were performed. ResultsA sex difference in MDA levels was demonstrated only in healthy controls (F = 7.06, p Bonferroni = 0.045) and not seen in patients. Furthermore, only male patients had higher MDA levels than male controls (F = 8.19, p Bonferroni = 0.03). Additionally, sex differences were observed in the association of TNF-α and MDA levels with psychotic symptoms (all pBonferroni<0.05). The interaction of TNF-α and MDA was only associated with general psychopathology symptom in male patients (B = -0.07, p = 0.02). ConclusionOur results demonstrate the sex difference in the relationship between TNF-α, MDA, and their interaction with psychopathological symptoms of patients with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Sex difference in the interrelationship between TNF-α and oxidative stress status in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minghuan Zhu ◽  
Zhenjing Liu ◽  
Yanhong Guo ◽  
Mst. Sadia Sultana ◽  
Kang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract Background Increasing evidence indicates that dysregulated TNF-α and oxidative stress (OxS) contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Additionally, previous evidence has demonstrated sex differences in many aspects of schizophrenia including clinical characteristics, cytokines, and OxS markers. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study investigating sex differences in the association between TNF-α, the OxS system, and their interaction with clinical symptoms in schizophrenia patients, especially in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) patients. Methods A total of 119 FEDN schizophrenia patients and 135 healthy controls were recruited for this study. Serum TNF-α, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was applied to evaluate psychotic symptoms. Two-way ANOVA, partial correlation analysis, and multivariate regression analysis were performed. Results A sex difference in MDA levels was demonstrated only in healthy controls (F = 7.06, pBonferroni = 0.045) and not seen in patients. Furthermore, only male patients had higher MDA levels than male controls (F = 8.19, pBonferroni = 0.03). Additionally, sex differences were observed in the association of TNF-α and MDA levels with psychotic symptoms (all pBonferroni < 0.05). The interaction of TNF-α and MDA was only associated with general psychopathology symptom in male patients (B = − 0.07, p = 0.02). Conclusion Our results demonstrate the sex difference in the relationship between TNF-α, MDA, and their interaction with psychopathological symptoms of patients with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Implementation of NAVIGATE Coordinated Specialty Care for First Episode Psychosis: the Michigan Experience

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-178
Author(s):  
Eric D. Achtyes ◽  
Kari Kempema ◽  
Zhehui Luo ◽  
Katharine N. Thakkar ◽  
Catherine Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Episode Psychosis ◽  
Specialty Care ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Block Grant ◽  
Episode Psychosis

AbstractStudy ObjectivesCoordinated specialty care (CSC) is widely accepted as an evidence-based treatment for first episode psychosis (FEP). The NAVIGATE intervention from the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode Early Treatment Program (RAISE-ETP) study is a CSC intervention which offers a suite of evidence-based treatments shown to improve engagement and clinical outcomes, especially in those with shorter duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). Coincident with the publication of this study, legislation was passed by the United States Congress in 2014–15 to fund CSC for FEP via a Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) block grant set-aside for each state. In Michigan (MI) the management of this grant was delegated to Network180, the community mental health authority in Kent County, with the goal of making CSC more widely available to the 10 million people in MI. Limited research describes the outcomes of implementation of CSC into community practices with no published accounts evaluating the use of the NAVIGATE intervention in a naturalistic setting. We describe the outcomes of NAVIGATE implementation in the state of MI.MethodsIn 2014, 3 centers in MI were selected and trained to provide NAVIGATE CSC for FEP. In 2016 a 4th center was added, and 2 existing centers were expanded to provide additional access to NAVIGATE. Inclusion: age 18–31, served in 1 of 4 FEP centers in MI. Data collection began in 2015 for basic demographics, global illness (CGI q3 mo), hospital/ED use and work/school (SURF q3 mo) and was expanded in 2016 to include further demographics, diagnosis, DUP, vital signs; and in 2018 for clinical symptoms with the modified Colorado Symptom Inventory (mCSI q6 mo), reported via an online portal. This analysis used data until 12/31/19. Mixed effects models adjusted by age, sex and race were used to account for correlated data within patients.ResultsN=283 had useable demographic information and were included in the analysis. Age at enrollment was 21.6 ± 3.0 yrs; 74.2% male; 53.4% Caucasian, 34.6% African American; 12.9 ± 1.7 yrs of education (N=195). 18 mo retention was 67% with no difference by sex or race. CGI scores decreased 20% from baseline (BL) to 18 mo (BL=3.5, N=134; 15–18 mo=2.8, N=60). Service utilization via the SURF was measured at BL (N=172) and 18 mo (N=72): psychiatric hospitalizations occurred in 37% at BL and 6% at 18 mo (p<0.01); ER visits occurred in 40% at BL and 13% at 18 mo (p<0.01). 44% were working or in school at BL and 68% at 18 mo (p<0.01). 21% were on antipsychotics (AP) at BL (N=178) and 85% at 18 mo (N=13) with 8% and 54% on long acting injectable-AP at BL and 18 mo, respectively. Limitations include missing data and lack of a control group.ConclusionThe implementation of the NAVIGATE CSC program for FEP in MI resulted in meaningful clinical improvement for enrollees. Further support could make this evidence-based intervention available to more people with FEP.FundingSupported by funds from the SAMHSA Medicaid State Block Grant set-aside awarded to Network180 (Achtyes, Kempema). The funders had no role in the design of the study, the analysis or the decision to publish the results.

An Audit of Treatment of Genital Warts: Opening the Feedback Loop

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Reynolds ◽  
M Murphy ◽  
M A Waugh ◽  
C J N Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Genital Warts ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Anogenital Warts ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
General Infirmary ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Time Of Presentation

An audit of the treatment of patients (100 men and 90 women) presenting with a first episode of anogenital warts to the Genitourinary Medicine Department at Leeds General Infirmary was performed. Treatment of patients was monitored for a period of 6 months from the time of presentation. The management of patients with genital warts lacked a clearly defined strategy and treatment was unselective and poorly monitored. Excluding patients who defaulted, at follow-up 44 (44%) men and 36 (38%) women still had genital warts at 3 months. Of those patients clear of warts at 3 months, the mean time to remission for men and women was 7.1 and 8.3 weeks respectively. Podophyllin 25% in tincture of benzoin was by far the predominant therapeutic modality used. A total of 96 (96%) men and 76 (84%) women received treatment with podophyllin. Both male and female patients had a mean of 5 treatments with podophyllin 25% (range 1–19 and 1–12 respectively). Physical methods of treatment i.e. cryotherapy and electrocautery, were underutilized, both as primary therapies and when topical agents had failed. Patients saw an average of 3 (range 1–7) doctors over the course of their treatment. Patients with warts affecting 2 or more sites, male patients with anal/perianal warts, and female patients with cervical and vaginal warts had higher failure rates from treatment at 3 months. On the basis of these findings, specific treatment protocols for the management of anogenital warts have been devised.

scholarly journals Abnormalities of EEG Microstates In Drug-Naïve, First-Episode Schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaoling Sun ◽  
Linlin Zhao ◽  
Liwen Tan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Class D ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
Microstate Analysis ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia

Abstract Objective: Microstate analysis is a powerful tool to probe the brain functions, and changes in microstates under electroencephalography (EEG) have been repeatedly reported in patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of EEG microstates in drug-naïve, first-episode schizophrenia (FE-SCH) and to test the relationship between EEG microstates and clinical symptoms.Methods: Resting-state EEG were recorded for 23 patients with FE-SCH and 23 healthy controls using a 64-channel cap. Three parameters, i.e., contribution, duration, and occurrence, of the four microstate classes were calculated. Group differences in EEG microstates and their clinical symptoms (assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) were analyzed.Results: Compared with healthy controls, patients with FE-SCH showed increased duration, occurrence and contribution of microstate class C and decreased contribution and occurrence of microstate class D. In addition, the score of positive symptoms in PANSS was negatively correlated with the occurrence of microstate D.Conclusions: Our findings showed abnormal patterns of EEG microstates in drug-naïve, first-episode schizophrenia, which might help distinguish individuals with schizophrenia in the early stage and develop early intervention strategies.

scholarly journals The Condition of Cognitive Functions in Patients with Stage 1 and Stage 2 Hypertension of 2-3 Degrees, with Moderate and High Cardiovascular Risk and Gender Characteristics of the Revealed Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 1-2 (33-34) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
V. Skybchyk ◽  
◽  
O. Pylypiv ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
High Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Stage 1

Context. It is known that in addition to transient ischemic attacks and insults, hypertension is often the cause of asymptomatic brain damage, including cognitive impairment (CI). Most of these studies show a positive relationship between midlife hypertension and cognitive decline at the advanced age. CI significantly affect the quality of life of patients, reduce the ability to learn, acquire new knowledge and skills, force them to change their usual way of life and often stop or reduce professional activities. Objective. To analyze the condition of cognitive functions in patients with stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension of 2nd-3rd degrees, with moderate and high cardiovascular risk and evaluate their gender peculiarities. Materials and methods. The study included 90 patients with stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension. The average age of patients with hypertension was 49.66 ± 8.74 years old. The average course of the disease was 7.7 ± 3.9 years. The comparison group consisted of 46 healthy individuals with normal blood pressure levels and without hypertension in anamnesis (the average age - 45.88 ± 3.03 years old). Applied methods included general clinical, methods of neuropsychological testing (MMSE, GPCOG, W. Schulte test), standard general clinical and biochemical laboratory methods (blood lipid spectrum, blood glucose, creatinine with GFR, electrolytes), instrumental (12-lead ECG, ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure, echocardiography in B-, D-modes), and statistical methods. Results. Patients with hypertension scored significantly less on the MMSE scale (26.82 ± 1.41 scores vs. 28.89 ± 0.82 scores, p = 0.001) and GPCOG (6.63 ± 1.88 scores vs. 8.35 ± 0.71 scores, p = 0.001) compared with healthy individuals and spent more time on performing Walter Schulte test (46.51 ± 8.59 seconds vs. 36.69 ± 6.77 seconds, p = 0.001). Moderate CI were detected in 36 patients (40.00 %) among the examined hypertensive patients; it means that the total score of MMSE was 24-26 scores (the norm is 27-30 scores). The total score on the MMSE scale was 25.47 ± 0.88 in hypertensive patients with CI and was significantly lower than in hypertensive patients without CI (р = 0.001). Cognitive functions in patients with CI were characterized by poorer indices of memory, counting and executive functions. It should be noted that the revealed changes had more reliable manifestations in male hypertensive patients. In particular, the total score on the MMSE scale was 26.57 ± 1.37, while in female ones it was 27.19 ± 1.41 scores (p = 0.04). CI on the MMSE scale were diagnosed in 43.4 % (n = 23) of male patients and in 35.1 % (n = 13) of female patients. The total score was also higher on the GPCOG scale in female patients - 6.89 ± 1.85 scores vs. 6.45 ± 1.89 scores, p = 0.26. Instead, the time to complete the tasks according to the Walter Schulte tables was longer in male patients - 47.74 ± 8.85 seconds vs. 47.73 ± 7.99 seconds, p = 0.10, respectively. The parameters of counting functions were significantly lower (p = 0.01) in the group of male hypertensive patients compared with female ones. Besides, men had lower indicators of short-term memory and orientation, women reproduced worse verbal material, but the difference was statistically insignificant (p-value more than 0.05). The sum of scores on the MMSE scale conversely correlated with male gender (r = -0.22, p = 0.03). The risk of low values of MMSE indices in male patients with hypertension was 42.00 % higher than in female ones (OR = 1.42 ± 0.32, with 95% CІ [0.18-2.65]). Conclusions. Hypertension is a significant independent risk factor for developing new cases of cognitive impairment. In particular, among the patients with stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension of 2nd-3rd degrees, with moderate and high cardiovascular risk, moderate cognitive impairment was revealed in 36 patients (40,00 %), the revealed changes were more manifested in male hypertensive patients.

scholarly journals Vitamin E Level In Friedreich’s Ataxic Phenotype Patients In Four Major Hospitals In Baghdad

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-136
Author(s):  
Ahmed Hasan Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Friedreich Ataxia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Radical Trapping ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Classic Form ◽  
Age Range

Background: Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is the most common form of inherited ataxia, comprising one-half of all hereditary ataxias with a carrier rate between 1 in 60 to 1 in 90 and with a disease prevalence of 1 per 29,000. It can occur in two forms the classic form or in association with a vitamin E dependent ataxia. The precise role of Vitamin E in the nervous system is unknown; An Oxidative attack is suspected to play a role in Ataxia with Vitamin E deficiency, as well as in Friedreich ataxia. Vitamin E is the major free-radical-trapping antioxidant. Objective: Theobjectives of the study is to asses vitamin E level in patients with Friedreichs ataxia phenotype in Iraqi patients. Type of the study:Cross-sectional study. Method: This study was conducted at the neuroscience hospital and Baghdad teaching hospital during the period from the 1st of November 2013 through November 2014. Forty patients with friedreich's ataxia attended in neuroscience hospital and Baghdad teaching hospital during this period; there was12 male, 20 female patients and their age range between (4-50) years. Results: Regarding the level of vitamin E in patients in the present study, The study revealed that mean level of vitamin E for Friedreich ataxia patients was (10.92 μg/ml) ranging from (8-18 μg/ml),while in the control group the mean was (28.06μg/ml) ranging from (22-36μg/ml), the difference in mean level was found to be statistically significant (p=0.0001.) Thirty percents of (FRDA) patients was (8-9.9μg/ml), while half of patients (50%) were within (10-11.9 μg/ml),and low percentage (15 %)of patients were within (12-13.9 μg/ml ). The rest (5%) were had vitamin E level equal or more than 14 μg/ml. these finding revealed that majority of Friedreich ataxia patients were found with low level of vitamin E (32 patients(80%)), and low percentage with normal level (8 patients(20%.)) Patients with Friedreich ataxia were found to have a comparable level 10.47±1.79(8.4-13.5),11.48±2.61(9.4-18) and 10.66±1.26(9-12.5) for those with less than 10 years, 10-19 years , equal or more than 20 years of age respectively (p=0.382), while it was found to have a significantly decreasing level with advance in the age for the control group, 30.57±4.61(24.5-36), 27.46±3.16(23.7-33.5), 25.50±3.03 (22.9-29) for those less than 10 years, 10-19 years, 20 years or more respectively (p=0.006.) Vitamin E level in relation to Gender showed that Friedriech ataxia male patients had significantly higher vitamin E level compared to females [12.05±2.66 (9.0-18.0) compared to 10.17±1.07 (8.4-12.0)] (p=0.003), while relation to gender in the control group was not of significant value statistically [27.08±2.90 (22.9-30.0) for male compared to 29.04±4.97 (23.7-36) for females] , p=0.136. Conclusion: In the light of the results of the present study, the following conclusions were made:  The level of vitamin E in friedreichs ataxic phenotype patients was subnormal than normal range representing 80% of the sample selected for the test.  The level of vitamin E in male patients of freidriechs ataxic phenotype patients was higher than female patients.  

Cognitive Deficits and Clinical Symptoms with Hippocampal Subfields in First-Episode and Never-Treated Patients with Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Mei Hong Xiu ◽  
XiaoE Lang ◽  
Da Chun Chen ◽  
Bo Cao ◽  
Thomas R Kosten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Granule Cell Layer ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Hippocampal Subfields

Abstract Memory dysfunction and associated hippocampal disturbances play crucial roles in cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. To examine the relationships between cognitive function and the hippocampal subfields (HSs) in first-episode never-treated (FENT) schizophrenia patients, the HSs were segmented in 39 FENT patients and 30 healthy controls using a state-of the-art automated algorithm. We found no significant differences in any HSs between the patients and controls. However, multivariate regression analysis showed that the left cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), left hippocampal tail, left presubiculum, and right molecular layer contributed 40% to the variance of the PANSS negative symptom score. After adjusting for sex, age, education, and intracranial volume, the partial correlation analysis showed that the volumes of left CA1, CA3, CA4, molecular layer, granule cell layer and both left and right subiculum were negatively correlated with the MATRICS consensus cognitive battery (MCCB) Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT). Multiple regression analysis showed that the left CA1 and CA3 hippocampal abnormalities contributed 66% to the variance of the HVLT. Our results suggest no detectable HS deficits were found in FENT schizophrenia patients. However, the HSs may be involved in the symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia patients in the early phase of their illness.

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