scholarly journals The combined healthy lifestyle score is a protective factor for cardiovascular disease: a representative national cohort study in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Chieh Tsai ◽  
Tzu-Lin Yeh ◽  
Hsin-Yin Hsu ◽  
Le-Yin Hsu ◽  
Chun-Chuan Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Normal Body Mass Index ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Cvd Risk

Abstract BackgroundThe protective effect of different healthy lifestyle scores for the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was reported but the comparisons of performance were lack. We compared the performance measures of cardiovascular diseases from different healthy lifestyle scores among adult Taiwan.MethodsWe conducted a nationwide prospective cohort study of 6042 participants (median age 43 years, 50.2% women) in Taiwan’s Hypertensive, Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia Survey, 2002 who were free of CVD at baseline. Simple and weighted Taiwan healthy lifestyle score was defined as combination of normal body mass index, Mediterranean diet, adequately physical activity, not smoking and regular healthy drinking and each dichotomous lifestyle factor. World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) cancer prevention recommended lifestyle and Life's Simple 7 following the guideline definition. The incidence of cardiovascular disease incidence among the 4 healthy lifestyle score each divided into 4 groups based on scores were estimated.ResultsDuring a median 14.3 years follow-up period, totally 520 cases developed CVD events. In multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, adherence to highest category compared with lowest one of simple Taiwan lifestyle score for hazard ratio 0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2, 0.94) and weighted Taiwan lifestyle score for 0.44 (95%CI 0.28, 0.68) were independently and significantly. In addition, age played a significant effect modifier for the protective effect of healthy lifestyle scores for CVD risk. Specifically, when the simple and weighted Taiwan healthy lifestyle score were added to the classical model, the Harrell’s C-statistic increasing from 0.85 to 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84, 087; Pdiff=0.02) in both lifestyle scores. The performance measures by integrated discriminative improvement showed significant increasing after adding simple Taiwan healthy lifestyle score (integrated discriminative improvement: 0.51, 95% CI 0.16, 0.86, P=0.002) and weighted Taiwan lifestyle score (integrated discriminative improvement: 0.38, 95% CI 0.01,0.74, P=0.021) information.Conclusions We demonstrated that healthy lifestyle scores with an inverse association with CVD, and the reduction of CVD risk was more for young adults than for old adult. Further investigations to study the mechanism of lifestyle role on CVD prevention are warranted.

scholarly journals Comparison of four healthy lifestyle scores for predicting cardiovascular events in a national cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Chieh Tsai ◽  
Tzu-Lin Yeh ◽  
Hsin-Yin Hsu ◽  
Le-Yin Hsu ◽  
Chun-Chuan Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Research ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Lifestyle Factor ◽  
Normal Body Mass Index ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Cvd Risk

AbstractThe protective effect of different healthy lifestyle scores for the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was reported, although the comparisons of performance were lacking. We compared the performance measures of CVDs from different healthy lifestyle scores among Taiwanese adults. We conducted a nationwide prospective cohort study of 6042 participants (median age 43 years, 50.2% women) in Taiwan’s Hypertensive, Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia Survey, of whom 2002 were free of CVD at baseline. The simple and weighted the Mediterranean diet related healthy lifestyle (MHL) scores were defined as a combination of normal body mass index, Mediterranean diet, adequate physical activity, non-smokers, regular healthy drinking, and each dichotomous lifestyle factor. The World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research cancer prevention recommended lifestyle and Life's Simple 7 following the guideline definition. The incidence of CVD among the four healthy lifestyle scores, each divided into four subgroups, was estimated. During a median 14.3 years follow-up period, 520 cases developed CVD. In the multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, adherence to the highest category compared with the lowest one was associated with a lower incidence of CVD events, based on the simple (hazard ratio [HR] 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2–0.94) and weighted MHL scores (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.28–0.68). Additionally, age played a role as a significant effect modifier for the protective effect of the healthy lifestyle scores for CVD risk. Specifically, the performance measures by integrated discriminative improvement showed a significant increase after adding the simple MHL score (integrated discriminative improvement: 0.51, 95% CI 0.16–0.86, P = 0.002) and weighted MHL score (integrated discriminative improvement: 0.38, 95% CI 0.01–0.74, P = 0.021). We demonstrated that the healthy lifestyle scores with an inverse association with CVD and reduced CVD risk were more likely for young adults than for old adults. Further studies to study the mechanism of the role of lifestyle on CVD prevention are warranted.

Cardiovascular Risk Based on ASCVD and KDIGO Categories in Chinese Adults: A Nationwide, Population-Based, Prospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
pp. ASN.2020060856
Author(s):  
Yu Xu ◽  
Mian Li ◽  
Guijun Qin ◽  
Jieli Lu ◽  
Li Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Ascvd Risk ◽  
Risk Categories

BackgroundThe Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) clinical practice guideline used eGFR and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) to categorize risks for CKD prognosis. The utility of KDIGO’s stratification of major CVD risks and predictive ability beyond traditional CVD risk prediction scores are unknown.MethodsTo evaluate CVD risks on the basis of ACR and eGFR (individually, together, and in combination using the KDIGO risk categories) and with the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) score, we studied 115,366 participants in the China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort study. Participants (aged ≥40 years and without a history of cardiovascular disease) were examined prospectively for major CVD events, including nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and cardiovascular death.ResultsDuring 415,111 person-years of follow-up, 2866 major CVD events occurred. Incidence rates and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of CVD events increased significantly across the KDIGO risk categories in ASCVD risk strata (all P values for log-rank test and most P values for trend in Cox regression analysis <0.01). Increases in c statistic for CVD risk prediction were 0.01 (0.01 to 0.02) in the overall study population and 0.03 (0.01 to 0.04) in participants with diabetes, after adding eGFR and log(ACR) to a model including the ASCVD risk score. In addition, adding eGFR and log(ACR) to a model with the ASCVD score resulted in significantly improved reclassification of CVD risks (net reclassification improvements, 4.78%; 95% confidence interval, 3.03% to 6.41%).ConclusionsUrinary ACR and eGFR (individually, together, and in combination using KDIGO risk categories) may be important nontraditional risk factors in stratifying and predicting major CVD events in the Chinese population.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle mass in relation to 10 year cardiovascular disease incidence among middle aged and older adults: the ATTICA study

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanos Tyrovolas ◽  
Demosthenes Panagiotakos ◽  
Ekavi Georgousopoulou ◽  
Christina Chrysohoou ◽  
Dimitrios Tousoulis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Appendicular Skeletal Muscle

BackgroundSkeletal muscle mass (SMM) is inversely associated with cardiometabolic health and the ageing process. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the relation between SMM and 10 year cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence, among CVD-free adults 45+ years old.MethodsATTICA is a prospective, population-based study that recruited 3042 adults without pre-existing CVD from the Greek general population (Caucasians; age ≥18 years; 1514 men). The 10 year study follow-up (2011–2012) captured the fatal/non-fatal CVD incidence in 2020 participants (50% men). The working sample consisted of 1019 participants, 45+ years old (men: n=534; women: n=485). A skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was created to reflect SMM, using appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) standardised by body mass index (BMI). ASM and SMI were calculated with specific indirect population formulas.ResultsThe 10 year CVD incidence increased significantly across the baseline SMI tertiles (p<0.001). Baseline SMM showed a significant inverse association with the 10 year CVD incidence (HR 0.06, 95% CI 0.005 to 0.78), even after adjusting for various confounders. Additionally, participants in the highest SMM tertile had 81% (95% CI 0.04 to 0.85) lower risk for a CVD event as compared with those in the lowest SMM tertile.ConclusionsThe presented findings support the importance of SMM evaluation in the prediction of long-term CVD risk among adults 45+ years old without pre-existing CVD. Preservation of SMM may contribute to CVD health.

scholarly journals Early-life exposures and cardiovascular disease risk among Ghanaian migrant and home populations: the RODAM study

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Boateng ◽  
Ina Danquah ◽  
Rihlat Said-Mohamed ◽  
Liam Smeeth ◽  
Mary Nicolaou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
Ascvd Risk ◽  
Early Life Exposures

AbstractEarly-life environmental and nutritional exposures are considered to contribute to the differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden. Among sub-Saharan African populations, the association between markers of early-life exposures such as leg length and sitting height and CVD risk is yet to be investigated. This study assessed the association between leg length, sitting height, and estimated 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk among Ghanaian-born populations in Europe and Ghana. We constructed sex-specific quintiles for sitting height and leg length for 3250 participants aged 40–70 years (mean age 52 years; men 39.6%; women 60.4%) in the cross-sectional multicenter Research on Diabetes and Obesity among African Migrants study. Ten-year risk of ASCVD was estimated using the Pooled Cohort Equations; risk ≥7.5% was defined as “elevated” CVD risk. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated to determine the associations between sitting height, leg length, and estimated 10-year ASCVD risk. For both men and women, mean sitting height and leg length were highest in Europe and lowest in rural Ghana. Sitting height was inversely associated with 10-year ASCVD risk among all women (PR for 1 standard deviation increase of sitting height: 0.75; 95% confidence interval: 0.67, 0.85). Among men, an inverse association between sitting height and 10-year ASCVD risk was significant on adjustment for study site, adult, and parental education but attenuated when further adjusted for height. No association was found between leg length and estimated 10-year ASCVD risk. Early-life and childhood exposures that influence sitting height could be the important determinants of ASCVD risk in this adult population.

scholarly journals Progression of retinopathy and incidence of cardiovascular disease: findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2019-315333
Author(s):  
Juan E Grunwald ◽  
Maxwell Pistilli ◽  
Gui-Shuang Ying ◽  
Maureen G Maguire ◽  
Ebenezer Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Renal Insufficiency ◽  
Chronic Renal Insufficiency ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Increased Risk

PurposeChronic kidney disease (CKD) patients often develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) and retinopathy. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between progression of retinopathy and concurrent incidence of CVD events in participants with CKD.DesignWe assessed 1051 out of 1936 participants in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study that were invited to have fundus photographs obtained at two timepoints separated by 3.5 years, on average.MethodsUsing standard protocols, presence and severity of retinopathy (diabetic, hypertensive or other) and vessel diameter calibre were assessed at a retinal image reading centre by trained graders masked to study participants’ information. Participants with a self-reported history of CVD were excluded. Incident CVD events were physician adjudicated using medical records and standardised criteria. Kidney function and proteinuria measurements along with CVD risk factors were obtained at study visits.ResultsWorsening of retinopathy by two or more steps in the EDTRS retinopathy grading scale was observed in 9.8% of participants, and was associated with increased risk of incidence of any CVD in analysis adjusting for other CVD and CKD risk factors (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.25 to 5.22, p<0.01). After imputation of missing data, these values were OR=1.66 (0.87 to 3.16), p=0.12.ConclusionProgression of retinopathy is associated with higher incidence of CVD events, and retinal-vascular pathology may be indicative of macrovascular disease even after adjustment for kidney diseases and CVD risk factors. Assessment of retinal morphology may provide important information when assessing CVD in patients with CKD.

scholarly journals Serum sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors in young men: a population-based study

2014 ◽  
Vol 170 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Canoy ◽  
T M Barber ◽  
A Pouta ◽  
A L Hartikainen ◽  
M I McCarthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Hormone Binding ◽  
Cvd Risk

ObjectiveReduced sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentration predicts insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is unclear. We examined the association between SHBG and cardiovascular risk factors, independently of total testosterone (TT), in young men.DesignObservational, cross-sectional study.SettingGeneral community.ParticipantsThe study included 2716 men aged 31 years in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort in 1996 with clinical examination data and fasting blood samples.Outcome variablesBlood pressure (BP), lipids and C-reactive protein (CRP) as biological CVD risk markers.ResultsSHBG concentration was significantly and inversely related to systolic and diastolic BP, triglycerides and CRP, but positively to HDL cholesterol after adjusting for insulin, BMI, waist circumference, smoking, education and physical activity (allP<0.05). These linearly graded associations persisted with additional adjustment for TT. SHBG was significantly associated with total cholesterol only with adjustment for covariates and TT (P<0.05). The direction and magnitude of associations between TT and risk factors were variable, but further adjustment for insulin, adiposity and SHBG showed positive associations between TT and BP, total and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and an inverse association with CRP (allP<0.05), but its relation with HDL-cholesterol was no longer significant.ConclusionsIn this cohort of young adult men, higher SHBG concentration was associated with a more favourable CVD risk profile, independently of TT. SHBG concentration modified the associations of TT with CVD risk factors.

scholarly journals New Zealand Diabetes Cohort Study cardiovascular risk score for people with Type 2 diabetes: validation in the PREDICT cohort

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Robinson ◽  
C Raina Elley ◽  
Sue Wells ◽  
Elizabeth Robinson ◽  
Tim Kenealy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Cardiovascular Event ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Risk Equation ◽  
Framingham Risk

INTRODUCTION: New Zealand (NZ) guidelines recommend treating people for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk on the basis of five-year absolute risk using a NZ adaptation of the Framingham risk equation. A diabetes-specific Diabetes Cohort Study (DCS) CVD predictive risk model has been developed and validated using NZ Get Checked data. AIM: To revalidate the DCS model with an independent cohort of people routinely assessed using PREDICT, a web-based CVD risk assessment and management programme. METHODS: People with Type 2 diabetes without pre-existing CVD were identified amongst people who had a PREDICT risk assessment between 2002 and 2005. From this group we identified those with sufficient data to allow estimation of CVD risk with the DCS models. We compared the DCS models with the NZ Framingham risk equation in terms of discrimination, calibration, and reclassification implications. RESULTS: Of 3044 people in our study cohort, 1829 people had complete data and therefore had CVD risks calculated. Of this group, 12.8% (235) had a cardiovascular event during the five-year follow-up. The DCS models had better discrimination than the currently used equation, with C-statistics being 0.68 for the two DCS models and 0.65 for the NZ Framingham model. DISCUSSION: The DCS models were superior to the NZ Framingham equation at discriminating people with diabetes who will have a cardiovascular event. The adoption of a DCS model would lead to a small increase in the number of people with diabetes who are treated with medication, but potentially more CVD events would be avoided. KEYWORDS: Cardiovascular disease; diabetes; prevention; risk assessment; reliability and validity

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in Male Twins With Discordant Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Nationwide Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (10) ◽  
pp. 1114-1123
Author(s):  
Marcel Ballin ◽  
Anna Nordström ◽  
Peter Nordström
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Familial Factors ◽  
All Cause Mortality

Abstract Whether genetic and familial factors influence the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is unknown. Two cohorts were formed based on data from 1,212,295 men aged 18 years who were conscripted for military service in Sweden during 1972–1996. The first comprised 4,260 twin pairs in which the twins in each pair had different CRF (≥1 watt). The second comprised 90,331 nonsibling pairs with different CRF and matched on birth year and year of conscription. Incident CVD and all-cause mortality were identified using national registers. During follow-up (median 32 years), there was no difference in CVD and mortality between fitter twins and less fit twins (246 vs. 251 events; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.83, 1.20). The risks were similar in twin pairs with ≥60-watt difference in CRF (HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.57, 1.64). In contrast, in the nonsibling cohort, fitter men had a lower risk of the outcomes than less fit men (4,444 vs. 5,298 events; HR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.79, 0.86). The association was stronger in pairs with ≥60-watt difference in CRF (HR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.71). These findings indicate that genetic and familial factors influence the association of CRF with CVD and mortality.

scholarly journals Identification of a High-Risk Group of New-Onset Cardiovascular Disease in Occupational Drivers by Analyzing Heart Rate Variability

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11486
Author(s):  
Ying-Chuan Wang ◽  
Chung-Ching Wang ◽  
Ya-Hsin Yao ◽  
Wei-Te Wu
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Hypertensive Disease ◽  
Cvd Risk

Purpose: This cohort study evaluated the effectiveness of noninvasive heart rate variability (HRV) analysis to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease over a period of 8 years. Methods: Personal and working characteristics were collected before biochemistry examinations and 5 min HRV tests from the Taiwan Bus Driver Cohort Study (TBDCS) in 2005. This study eventually identified 161 drivers with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 627 without between 2005 and 2012. Estimation of the hazard ratio was analyzed by using the Cox proportional-hazards model. Results: Subjects with CVD had an overall lower standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN) than their counterparts did. The SDNN index had a strong association with CVD, even after adjusting for risk factors. Using a median split for SDNN, the hazard ratio of CVD was 1.83 (95% CI = 1.10–3.04) in Model 1 and 1.87 (95% CI = 1.11–3.13) in Model 2. Furthermore, the low-frequency (LF) index was associated with a risk of CVD in the continuous approach. For hypertensive disease, the SDNN index was associated with increased risks in both the continuous and dichotomized approaches. When the root-mean-square of the successive differences (RMSSDs), high frequency (HF), and LF were continuous variables, significant associations with hypertensive disease were observed. Conclusions: This cohort study suggests that SDNN and LF levels are useful for predicting 8 year CVD risk, especially for hypertensive disease. Further research is required to determine preventive measures for modifying HRV dysfunction, as well as to investigate whether these interventions could decrease CVD risk among professional drivers.

scholarly journals Biomarkers of dairy fat intake, incident cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: A cohort study, systematic review, and meta-analysis

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. e1003763
Author(s):  
Kathy Trieu ◽  
Saiuj Bhat ◽  
Zhaoli Dai ◽  
Karin Leander ◽  
Bruna Gigante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Dairy Fat ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Incident Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Swedish Cohort

Background We aimed to investigate the association of serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a biomarker of dairy fat intake, with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in a Swedish cohort study. We also systematically reviewed studies of the association of dairy fat biomarkers (circulating or adipose tissue levels of 15:0, heptadecanoic acid [17:0], and trans-palmitoleic acid [t16:1n-7]) with CVD outcomes or all-cause mortality. Methods and findings We measured 15:0 in serum cholesterol esters at baseline in 4,150 Swedish adults (51% female, median age 60.5 years). During a median follow-up of 16.6 years, 578 incident CVD events and 676 deaths were identified using Swedish registers. In multivariable-adjusted models, higher 15:0 was associated with lower incident CVD risk in a linear dose–response manner (hazard ratio 0.75 per interquintile range; 95% confidence interval 0.61, 0.93, P = 0.009) and nonlinearly with all-cause mortality (P for nonlinearity = 0.03), with a nadir of mortality risk around median 15:0. In meta-analyses including our Swedish cohort and 17 cohort, case–cohort, or nested case–control studies, higher 15:0 and 17:0 but not t16:1n-7 were inversely associated with total CVD, with the relative risk of highest versus lowest tertile being 0.88 (0.78, 0.99), 0.86 (0.79, 0.93), and 1.01 (0.91, 1.12), respectively. Dairy fat biomarkers were not associated with all-cause mortality in meta-analyses, although there were ≤3 studies for each biomarker. Study limitations include the inability of the biomarkers to distinguish different types of dairy foods and that most studies in the meta-analyses (including our novel cohort study) only assessed biomarkers at baseline, which may increase the risk of misclassification of exposure levels. Conclusions In a meta-analysis of 18 observational studies including our new cohort study, higher levels of 15:0 and 17:0 were associated with lower CVD risk. Our findings support the need for clinical and experimental studies to elucidate the causality of these relationships and relevant biological mechanisms.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document