scholarly journals The Effect of Host, Habitat and Fasting Time on the Gut Microbiota of Amphibian

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Tong ◽  
Li-yong Cui ◽  
Zong-fu Hu ◽  
Xiao-peng Du ◽  
Hong-bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Fasting Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Stages

Abstract Wild animals entering captivity experience radical lifestyle changes resulting in microbiota alterations, in large part due to differences in diet. However, little is known about how external environmental factors influences the gut microbiota and the interaction of the environment-host-microbe interactions in host fasting. The gut microbiota in the early stage (amA and dyA groups) and late stage of hibernation in Rana amurensis and R. dybowskii of entering captivity (amL and dyL groups) and wild environments (amS and dyS groups) was determined, and the effects of host, environmental factors and fasting time on the gut microbiota were investigated via high-throughput Illumina sequencing. The Shannon index differed significantly between the amL and dyL groups and between the amA and amS groups. The PD index differed significantly between the dyL and dyS groups. Eight core OTUs were widely distributed between species, habitats and fasting times and were dominant in abundance. Captive and wild environments, host species, and fasting time significantly affected the composition and structure of the gut microbiota. Akaike information criterion (AIC)-based model results suggested that the environment and host were the variables that needed to be included in redundancy analysis (RDA) to explain the variance in taxa. The pairwise distances between the early and late stages of hibernation of were greater in R. amurensis and R. dybowskii entering captivity than in wild. The average of OTUs shared by early and late stages of hibernation of captive frogs was significantly lower than the average of wild frogs. These results can reveal the impact of environmental changes on the gut microbiota, thereby revealing the important interactions between environment-host-microbes, and helping to protect vertebrate hosts.

scholarly journals Effects of Psychotropics on the Microbiome in Patients With Depression and Anxiety: Considerations in a Naturalistic Clinical Setting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Tomizawa ◽  
Shunya Kurokawa ◽  
Daiki Ishii ◽  
Katsuma Miyaho ◽  
Chiharu Ishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Whole Tree

Abstract Background The antibacterial effects of psychotropics may be part of their pharmacological effects when treating depression. However, limited studies have focused on gut microbiota in relation to prescribed medication. Method We longitudinally investigated the relationship between patients’ prescribed medications and intestinal bacterial diversity in a naturalistic treatment course for patients with major depressive disorders and anxiety disorders. Patients were recruited and their stool was collected at 3 time points during their usual psychiatric treatments. Gut microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We examined the impact of psychotropics (i.e., antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics) on their gut microbial diversity and functions. Results We collected 246 stool samples from 40 patients. Despite no differences in microbial diversity between medication groups at the baseline, over the course of treatment, phylogenic diversity whole-tree diversity decreased in patients on antipsychotics compared with patients without (P = .027), and beta diversity followed this trend. Based on a fixed-effect model, antipsychotics predicted microbial diversity; the higher doses correlated with less diversity based on the Shannon index and phylogenic diversity whole tree (estimate = −0.00254, SE = 0.000595, P < .0001; estimate = −0.02644, SE = 0.00833, P = .002, respectively). Conclusion Antipsychotics may play a role in decreasing the alpha diversity of the gut microbiome among patients with depression and anxiety, and our results indicate a relationship with medication dosage. Future studies are warranted and should consider patients’ types and doses of antipsychotics in order to further elucidate the mechanisms of gut-brain interactions in psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Sea-ice edge is more important than closer open water access for foraging Adélie penguins: evidence from two colonies

2020 ◽  
Vol 640 ◽  
pp. 215-230
Author(s):  
C Michelot ◽  
A Kato ◽  
T Raclot ◽  
K Shiomi ◽  
P Goulet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Gps Tracking ◽  
Ice Edge ◽  
Sea Ice Edge ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adélie Penguins

Sentinel species, like Adélie penguins, have been used to assess the impact of environmental changes, and their link with sea ice has received considerable attention. Here, we tested if foraging Adélie penguins from 2 colonies in East Antarctica target the distant sea-ice edge or take advantage of closer open waters that are readily available near their colony. We examined the foraging behaviour of penguins during the incubation trips of females in 2016 and males in 2017, using GPS tracking and diet data in view of daily sea-ice data and bathymetry. In 2016-2017, sea-ice cover was extensive during females’ trips but flaw leads and polynyas were close to both study sites. Sea ice receded rapidly during males’ trips in 2017-2018. Despite close open water near both colonies in both years, females and males preferentially targeted the continental slope and the sea-ice edge to forage. In addition, there was no difference in the diet of penguins from both colonies: all penguins fed mostly on Antarctic krill and males also foraged on Antarctic silverfish. Our results highlight the importance of the sea-ice edge for penguins, an area where food abundance is predictable. It is likely that resource availability was not sufficient in closer open water areas at such an early stage in the breeding season. The behaviours displayed by the penguins from both colonies were similar, suggesting a common behaviour across colonies in Terre Adélie, although additional sites would be necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Contrasting environmental factors drive bacterial and eukaryotic community successions in freshly deglaciated soils

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajmal Khan ◽  
Weidong Kong ◽  
Said Muhammad ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
Guoshuai Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Community Succession ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Eukaryotic Community ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
Late Stages

ABSTRACT Glacier retreats expose deglaciated soils to microbial colonization and succession, however, the differences in drivers of bacterial and eukaryotic succession remain largely elusive. We explored soil bacterial and eukaryotic colonization and yearly community succession along a deglaciation chronosequence (10-year) on the Tibetan Plateau using qPCR, T-RFLP, and sequencing of clone libraries. The results exhibited that bacteria and eukaryotes rapidly colonized the soils in the first year of deglaciation, thereafter slowly increasing from 107 up to 1010 and 1011 gene copies g−1 soil, respectively. Bacterial and eukaryotic community changes were observed to group into distinct stages, including early (0–2 year old), transition (3–5 year old) and late stages (6–10 year old). Bacterial community succession was dominantly driven by soil factors (47.7%), among which soil moisture played a key role by explaining 26.9% of the variation. In contrast, eukaryotic community succession was dominantly driven by deglaciation age (22.2%). The dominant bacterial lineage was Cyanobacteria, which rapidly decreased from the early to the transition stage. Eukaryotes were dominated by glacier-originated Cercozoa in early stage soils, while green algae Chlorophyta substantially increased in late stage soils. Our findings revealed contrasting environmental factors driving bacterial and eukaryotic community successions.

scholarly journals M15. MORPHOLOGY OF THE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL SULCUS IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA: A MARKER OF GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY?

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S138-S139
Author(s):  
Baptiste Lerosier ◽  
Sonia Dollfus ◽  
Sylvain Takerkart ◽  
Guillaume Auzias ◽  
Olivier Etard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Auditory Hallucination ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Environmental Vulnerability ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Hallucinations are the most common and debilitating symptom in schizophrenia, affecting more than 70% of patients. The superior temporal sulcus (STS) is involved in the language process notably in the perception of the human voice and several studies show its implication in auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs). Sulcal patterns in the white matter can reflect an early vulnerability, probably genetic since they set up at a very early stage and are stable over the life course. In contrast, the cortical thickness is dynamic and variable over the development and so can reflect the impact of environmental factors on the maturation of the brain. The aim of this study is therefore to determine whether AVHs are associated with morphological changes of the STS and in particular, whether these changes concern sulcal patterns or cortical thickness reflecting early (genetic) or late (environmental) vulnerability respectively. Methods Seventy-three schizophrenia patients (DSM-IV) with a proneness of AVH (53 AVH+) and without AVH (20 AVH-) and 100 healthy volunteers (HC) had a 3T MRI brain scan. Cortical reconstructions were generated using Freesurfer. Mean cortical thickness was measured over the entire brain in each participant. Number of sulcal pits, which represents the position with the maximum depth in the sulcus, was automatically counted on the white matter surface. Both measures were compared between groups and related to the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale (AHRS). Results AVH+ patients compared to HC showed a significantly thinner cortical thickness in the left temporal and frontal regions and especially in the STS (p ≤ 0.05 FDR corrected). A negative correlation (r²=0.25) between the cortical thickness in the central part of the left STS and the AHRS score was found (p = 0.01 uncorrected). A different distribution of the number of pits in the left STS is found in AVH+ patients compared to HC (p = 0.05). Discussion The results suggest that AVH+ patients compared to HC have a lower cortical thickness in the left STS, but also have a specific white matter pattern of the left STS. These results support the hypothesis that a particular morphology of the STS related with auditory hallucinations might be due to both early (genetic) and late (environmental) factors.

scholarly journals Unraveling the effects of environmental drivers and spatial structure on benthic species distribution patterns in Eurasian-Arctic seas (Barents, Kara and Laptev Seas)

Polar Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1693-1705
Author(s):  
Miriam L. S. Hansen ◽  
Dieter Piepenburg ◽  
Dmitrii Pantiukhin ◽  
Casper Kraan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Arctic Seas ◽  
Faunal Distribution ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In times of accelerating climate change, species are challenged to respond to rapidly shifting environmental settings. Yet, faunal distribution and composition are still scarcely known for remote and little explored seas, where observations are limited in number and mostly refer to local scales. Here, we present the first comprehensive study on Eurasian-Arctic macrobenthos that aims to unravel the relative influence of distinct spatial scales and environmental factors in determining their large-scale distribution and composition patterns. To consider the spatial structure of benthic distribution patterns in response to environmental forcing, we applied Moran’s eigenvector mapping (MEM) on a large dataset of 341 samples from the Barents, Kara and Laptev Seas taken between 1991 and 2014, with a total of 403 macrobenthic taxa (species or genera) that were present in ≥ 10 samples. MEM analysis revealed three spatial scales describing patterns within or beyond single seas (broad: ≥ 400 km, meso: 100–400 km, and small: ≤ 100 km). Each scale is associated with a characteristic benthic fauna and environmental drivers (broad: apparent oxygen utilization and phosphate, meso: distance-to-shoreline and temperature, small: organic carbon flux and distance-to-shoreline). Our results suggest that different environmental factors determine the variation of Eurasian-Arctic benthic community composition within the spatial scales considered and highlight the importance of considering the diverse spatial structure of species communities in marine ecosystems. This multiple-scale approach facilitates an enhanced understanding of the impact of climate-driven environmental changes that is necessary for developing appropriate management strategies for the conservation and sustainable utilization of Arctic marine systems.

scholarly journals The Impact of Exercise on Gut Microbiota Diversity During a Period of Increased Caloric Intake Characteristic of the Winter Holiday Period (P21-029-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Ortega-Santos ◽  
Wesley Tucker ◽  
Clairessa Brown ◽  
Daniel Laubitz ◽  
Albert Barberan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Central Adiposity ◽  
Taxonomic Assignment ◽  
Supervised Exercise ◽  
Holiday Period ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives The winter holiday period is associated with weight gain from overconsumption of calories from fat and sugar. Such short-term lifestyle change has the ability to decrease diversity of the gut microbiome and enhance the harvest of energy from the hosts’ diet, both of which are relevant factors in obesity. Exercise may influence gut microbial diversity and prevent diet induced obesity related health outcomes. The study aim to determine the impact of exercise on taxonomic diversity of the gut microbiota (GM) and cardiometabolic health parameters after four weeks of consuming a fat-sugar supplemented diet. Methods Healthy overweight/obese (BMI 29.8 ± 3.5 kg/m2, age 29 ± 7 yrs, waist circumference (WC) 99.8 ± 10 cm) males (n = 18) supplemented their diet with 2 donuts per day (606 kcal, 50% fat, 46% carbs, 4% protein), 6 days/week, for 4 weeks. Subjects were randomized to sedentary control (n = 4) or 1000 kcal/week on a cycle ergometer 4 days/week of supervised exercise (n = 14). We measured WC (cm), flow mediated dilation (FMD, %) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). GM diversity was analyzed, in stool samples collected pre- and post-intervention, with DADA2 and vegan, and visualized with ggplot in R. SILVA v.132 was used for taxonomic assignment. Differences in GM alpha (Shannon Index) and beta (Bray-Curtis) diversity were evaluated with Mann-Whitney U and Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) tests. Results Microbial diversity analysis revealed no significant (P > 0.05) alpha (Shannon Index) or beta diversity (Bray-Curtis) differences between the control and exercise group after 4 weeks intervention. GM alpha and beta diversity also did not differ (P > 0.05) by HOMA-IR and FMD categories. We did observe that participants with a lower WC (<102 cm) had a significantly (P < 0.05) different microbial beta diversity than men with a WC of 102–109.99 cm but not compared to those with a WC > 110 cm. Conclusions In this study, exercise training during 4 weeks of consuming a fat-sugar supplemented diet did not appear to influence GM diversity. However, beta-diversity was heterogeneous across WC classes suggesting a potential link between central adiposity and GM community structure. Further studies with a larger sample size should be done to confirm these findings. Funding Sources This study was partially funded by the Arizona State University Graduate and Professional Student Association Research Program.

scholarly journals Maternal Sweeteners Intake Modulates Gut Microbiota and Exacerbates Learning and Memory Processes in Adult Male Offspring

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Laura de la Garza ◽  
Bianca Romero-Delgado ◽  
Alejandra Mayela Martínez-Tamez ◽  
Marcela Cárdenas-Tueme ◽  
Bianka Dianey Camacho-Zamora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Sucrose

Background: There is increasing evidence that gut microbiota in offspring is derived in part from maternal environment such as diet. Thus, sweeteners intake including caloric or non-caloric during perinatal period can induce gut dysbiosis and program the offspring to develop cognitive problems later in life.Objective: To determine the effect of maternal high-sweeteners intake during gestation and lactation on gut microbiota shifts in adult male offspring rats and the impact on cognitive dysfunction.Methods: Thirty-four male pups from dams fed standard diet (Control-C, n = 10), high-sucrose diet (HS-C, n = 11), high-honey diet (Ho-C, n = 8), and high-stevia diet (HSt-C, n = 5) were fed standard diet after weaning, and body weight and food intake were recorded once a week for 26 weeks. Learning and memory tests were performed at week 23 of life using the Barnes maze. Fecal samples from the breastfeeding and adulthood periods were collected and analyzed by sequencing the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region of gut microbiota.Results: Maternal high-sucrose and stevia diets programmed the male offspring, and changes in microbial diversity by Shannon index were observed after weaning (p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, maternal high-stevia diet programming lasted into adulthood. The increase of Firmicutes abundance and the decrease in phylum Bacteroidetes were significant in HS-C and HSt-C groups. This led to an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes index, although only in HS-C group was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). Of note, the downstream gram-negative Bacteroidales and the upregulation of the gram-positive Clostridiales abundance contribute to cognitive dysfunction.Conclusion: These results suggest that dams fed a high-sucrose and stevia diets during gestation and lactation favor a deficient memory performance in adult male offspring rats through shifts gut microbiota diversity and relative abundance at several taxa.

scholarly journals Gut Dysbiosis and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction: Potential Explanation for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Maryam Ahmad Kendong ◽  
Raja Affendi Raja Ali ◽  
Khairul Najmi Muhammad Nawawi ◽  
Hajar Fauzan Ahmad ◽  
Norfilza Mohd Mokhtar
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Early Onset Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease that commonly affects individuals aged more than 50 years old globally. Regular colorectal screening, which is recommended for individuals aged 50 and above, has decreased the number of cancer death toll over the years. However, CRC incidence has increased among younger population (below 50 years old). Environmental factors, such as smoking, dietary factor, urbanization, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity, may contribute to the rising trend of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) because of the lack of genetic susceptibility. Research has focused on the role of gut microbiota and its interaction with epithelial barrier genes in sporadic CRC. Population with increased consumption of grain and vegetables showed high abundance of Prevotella, which reduces the risk of CRC. Microbes, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli deteriorate in the intestinal barrier, which leads to the infiltration of inflammatory mediators and chemokines. Gut dysbiosis may also occur following inflammation as clearly observed in animal model. Both gut dysbiosis pre- or post-inflammatory process may cause major alteration in the morphology and functional properties of the gut tissue and explain the pathological outcome of EOCRC. The precise mechanism of disease progression from an early stage until cancer establishment is not fully understood. We hypothesized that gut dysbiosis, which may be influenced by environmental factors, may induce changes in the genome, metabolome, and immunome that could destruct the intestinal barrier function. Also, the possible underlying inflammation may give impact microbial community leading to disruption of physical and functional role of intestinal barrier. This review explains the potential role of the interaction among host factors, gut microenvironment, and gut microbiota, which may provide an answer to EOCRC.

scholarly journals The impact of vertebral osteomyelitis on spinal stability and principles of surgical stabilization

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-208
Author(s):  
Vlad Catana ◽  
Radu Mircea Gorgan
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Vertebral Osteomyelitis ◽  
Spinal Stability ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Spinal Stabilization ◽  
Metal Implants ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Thorough Debridement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Stages

Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) is a disease that responds well to conservative treatment and antibiotherapy if diagnosed in an early stage. Due to the prolonged onset of this pathology, many cases are diagnosed in mid or late stages and require surgery. The surgical treatment is not yet standardized and may only mean decompression of the infectious outbreak without stabilization, or surgical decompression associated with stabilization. Using only bone grafts for surgery or stabilizing the spine through segmental posterior and/or anterior instrumentation is accompanied by many controversies. In this review, we focus on demonstrating that combining a well-conducted antibiotherapy with thorough debridement of the necrotic areas and using metal implants for spinal stabilization lowers the infection rates, provides an early pain-free mobilization of the patient and reduces hospitalization costs.

scholarly journals The Impact of Product Planning and Design on Financial Performance with Macro Environmental Factors as an Intervening Variable: A Case Study of the Publicly-listed Construction Companies in Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 14-26
Author(s):  
Kuo-Wei Tsai ◽  
◽  
Hsing-Chau Tseng ◽  
Huei-Jeng Chou ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Product Planning ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
The Impact

With the rapid change of the macro environmental factors, the operations and organizations of Taiwan's overall construction industry have also been greatly affected, and in retrospect, the publicly-listed construction companies in Taiwan have often encountered the phenomenon of Bermuda Effect of Real Estate. Hence, can good product planning and design adapt to the above-mentioned adverse environmental changes? The main purposes of this study are to verify the impact of Product- Planning-and Design on Financial Performance with Macro Environmental Factors as an intervening variable for the publicly-listed construction companies in Taiwan; besides, the directors or above of Taiwan publicly-listed construction companies as the research interview object, and this study uses the database of Taiwan Economic Journal (TEJ) to obtain the company's EPS information and adopts Purposive sampling to sample the population. In addition, this study firstly establishes the SEM model and then verifies the fitting effect of the Structural model, Measurement model and Whole model. These Findings Show that as Below • Product Planning and Design (PD) has a positive impact on Financial Performance (FP), but not significant; • Macro Environmental Factors (ME) have a positive impact on Financial Performance (FP), but not significant; and • Product Planning and Design (PD) and Macro Environmental Factors (ME), both of which have a positive interactive effect on Financial Performance (FP), but not significant. This implies that Macro Environmental Factors (ME) plays an important role in promoting Financial Performance (FP), which is also influenced by other factors. Keywords: Product Planning and Design (PD), Macro Environmental Factors (ME), Financial Performance (FP).

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