scholarly journals Pilot investigation into osteotome hard surface coating and cutting-edge degradation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David White ◽  
Jim Bartley ◽  
Christopher Whittington ◽  
Lorenzo M. G. Garcia ◽  
Kaushik Chand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Titanium Nitride ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Electroless Nickel ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Edge Sharpness ◽  
Blade Edge ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract BackgroundOsteotomes are bone cutting tools commonly reused in orthopedic surgical procedures. Despite undergoing rigorous cleaning, visual inspection and sterilization procedures between every use, the condition of the cutting blade edge is commonly not qualitatively assessed. Subjective feedback from surgeons suggests a large variation in osteotome cutting edge sharpness is found during use. This study seeks to investigate the retention of osteotome cutting-edge sharpness by comparing the wear resistance of as-supplied, electroless nickel, and titanium nitride coated osteotomes following a series of bone cutting tests.MethodsChanges in edge sharpness were assessed using visual inspection, depth penetration testing that quantified change in the blade sharpness index and scanning electron microscopy visual analysis. Visual inspection of each osteotome blade edge was then compared to qualitative blade sharpness index measurement.ResultsAfter use, no cutting-edge damage or change in blade sharpness was detected by visual examination of all three osteotomes however the as-supplied osteotome demonstrated 50% loss of blade sharpness index compared to 30% and 15% reduction for the electroless nickel and titanium nitride coated osteotomes respectively. This finding was supported by scanning electron microscopy evaluation that found greater mechanical damage had occurred along the cutting-edge of the as-supplied osteotome compared to the two coated with wear resistant materials.ConclusionsThe rapid loss of blade sharpness found in the as-supplied osteotome supports the degradation in cutting performance frequently reported by surgeons. The findings from this study demonstrates blade sharpness index better detects cutting edge wear compared to visual inspection. Results from this pilot study also suggest the coating of osteotomes in hard-wearing biocompatible materials assists in retaining cutting edge sharpness over multiple uses. Further study using a larger sample size is required to validate these findings.

Evaluation of Three Different Cleaners Recommended for Ultrafiltration Systems by Direct Observations of Commercial-Scale Spiral-Wound Ultrafiltration Membranes1

1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. SMITH ◽  
R. L. BRADLEY
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Membrane Materials ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Sweet Whey ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Polysulfone Membranes ◽  
Spiral Wound

Efficacy of cleaners designed for use with ultrafiltration systems was determined by microbiological evaluation and through visual inspection using scanning electron microscopy. The ultrafiltration system containing two commercial-scale, polysulfone membranes was soiled with sweet whey (40°C) then rinsed with water and membranes were removed. One half of each membrane was soaked for 2 h at 38°C in one of the following solutions: control (no soaking), acid cleaner (pH 2.5), enzyme-based cleaner (pH 11.5) and chlorinated alkaline cleaner (pH 11.5). The membranes were repositioned in the ultrafiltration unit, rinsed with water, then removed and unwound for analysis. Sections of membrane, retentate spacer and permeate mesh were aseptically removed for enumeration of microorganisms remaining and for examination by scanning electron microscopy. Membranes cleaned with chlorinated alkaline cleaner averaged 2 × 103 CFU/50 cm2, enzyme-based cleaner 6 × 106/CFU, acid anionic cleaner 1 × 107 CFU and the control 5 × 107CFU. Scanning electron microscopy found soil and microorganisms present on all membrane materials exposed to all three cleaners.

Influence of Cutting Edge Radius on the Wear Resistance of Powder Metallurgy High-Speed Steel Milling Inserts

2006 ◽  
Vol 220 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Rech ◽  
M-J Schaff
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Cutting Inserts ◽  
Cutting Speeds ◽  
Scanning Electron

The wear behaviour of powder metallurgy high-speed steel (PM-HSS) milling inserts is investigated experimentally. Cutting inserts with different cutting edge radii tested at various feed rates and cutting speeds were examined. The radii have been obtained either by microsandblasting or by honing. The initiation and progress of the tool wear was analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cutting edges. The experimental results exhibit quantitatively the effect of tool radius on the performance of milling inserts. A radius on the cutting edge prevents fast and unpredictable wear, and can lead to a great improvement of the tool life.

ANALYSIS OF WEAR AND TEAR OF WORKING ELEMENTS WITH A REPLACEABLE CUTTING EDGE IN AN ABRASIVE SOIL MASS

Tribologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 273 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena LEMECHA ◽  
Jerzy NAPIÓRKOWSKI ◽  
Łukasz KONAT
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Operational Research ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Boron Steel ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Characteristic Points ◽  
Scanning Electron

This paper presents an analysis of the wear and tear process of different technological solutions of plough blades with a replaceable cutting edge. The experiment was conducted under natural operating conditions. Workpieces made of B27, Hardox 500, and Hardox 500 with padding weld, and two types of boron steel with non-hardfaced and hardfaced cutting edges were tested. The analyses of chemical composition and microstructure were performed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy methods. Operational research included the measurement of mass changes and geometry in the characteristic points of the plough blades. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the components made of Hardox 500 steel with padding welding were more durable than component without the padding layer. In contrast, the weight loss intensity was similar for all the examined materials.

scholarly journals Drawing-Induced Evolution of Inclusions in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1272
Author(s):  
Jesús Toribio ◽  
Francisco-Javier Ayaso ◽  
Rocío Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Cold Drawing ◽  
Pearlitic Steel ◽  
Drawing Process ◽  
Analysis Program ◽  
Hot Rolled ◽  
Scanning Electron

This article focuses on the analysis of the evolution of inclusions present in eutectoid pearlitic steel subjected to a real cold drawing process. To this end, wires belonging to different stages of the manufacture chain were studied, starting from an initial hot rolled bar (not cold drawn at all). In addition to the information obtained through visual inspection, a quantitative analysis of the microdefects generated by these inclusions was carried out. The analysis was performed using materialographic techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the image analysis program (AnaliSYS 3.1®).

scholarly journals The effect of infrared drying to the microstructural structure and texture of whole Duku intact skin by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique

10.5219/1234 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 292-299
Author(s):  
Laila Rahmawati ◽  
Daniel Saputra ◽  
Kaprawi Sahim ◽  
Gatot Priyanto
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Infrared Emitter ◽  
Infrared Method ◽  
Visual Depiction ◽  
Scanning Electron

The Infrared method has the potential to extend the shelf life of duku fruit by drying the duku’s skin into "shell likeness". Duku’s skin drying using infrared method could change the shape and characteristics of duku’s skin which would significantly affect the length of fruit shelf life. The texture of duku’s skin for the treatment of infrared emitter distance of 6 cm, temperature of 400 °C and exposure time of 80 seconds was increasing with the storage time which made the fruit inside the skin to experience a passive modified atmosphere and increase the shelf life of duku. The 3D visual depiction of the optimization result on drying process using infrared had the largest porosity and cavity value in the treatment of infrared emitter distance of 10 cm, temperature of 300 °C, and exposure time of 80 seconds. At the magnification of 2500 times, with a resolution of 10 mm, it was found that the porosity and thickness of the duku’s void were greater than duku fruit without treatment. The result of the porosity also found that drying process with the infrared emitter distance of 6 cm at temperature of 400 °C, and exposure time of 80 seconds has more stable porosity (without collapsing) which confirmed the result found on the texture of the skin. The results of scanning electron microscopy analysis and 3D visual analysis confirmed the results of optimization that had previously performed in the drying process of duku fruit using infrared method.

scholarly journals Potential Use of Carrageenans against the Limestone Proliferation of the Cyanobacterium Parakomarekiella sesnandensis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10589
Author(s):  
Fabiana Soares ◽  
João Trovão ◽  
Francisco Gil ◽  
Lídia Catarino ◽  
Igor Tiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Red Seaweed ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Scanning Electron

Stone biodeterioration by cyanobacteria is a common issue in the field of cultural heritage. As they are considered the first stone colonizers, the need to control their growth has increased. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of kappa/iota carrageenans from the red seaweed Chondracanthus teedei var. lusitanicus against the limestone proliferation of the cyanobacterium Parakomarekiella sesnandensis, under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, 200 μL of kappa/iota carrageenans (0.01 g mL−1) were applied into the surface of the limestone replicas prior to their inoculation with P. sesnandensis. Results were evaluated after 4 months of incubation through visual inspection, stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and colorimetric analyses. The gathered data demonstrated that these types of carrageenans have the potential to reduce the colonization of P. sesnandensis. With one sole application, the aesthetical alterations caused by the proliferation of P. sesnandensis were drastically reduced. This study highlights the need to explore marine-based products, particularly those derived from seaweeds with antimicrobial properties, as alternative methods for biocleaning cultural heritage assets.

Characterization of Biodegradation of Fiber Cement Shingles by Scytonema Sp. Using Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 472-473
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Reine ◽  
Colin Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
New Material ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Scanning Electron

Fiber cement roofing shingles from condominiums in Hawaii were examined for deterioration using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The product has a 50 year warranty and had been in service since 1994. Shingle samples were taken in August and September, 2000 after a growing volume of reports of roofing deterioration were received by the condominium association. Close-up visual inspection confirmed that the roof areas showing deterioration were covered with a black growth. Roofing samples from areas exhibiting deterioration, areas with no deterioration, and new material were compared by microscopy.Examination of the black growth by optical microscopy revealed it to be primarily the Cyanobacterium, Scytonema sp.This is a filamentous organism found from the Arctic to the Antarctic, and is common to Oahu and Maui.’ Other organisms observed to be present are Chroococus sp., Gloeocapsa sp., Aphanocapsa sp., Oscillatoria sp.,a very few Trebouxia sp.and lichens.

scholarly journals A 3D illustrative of scanning electron microscopy on dried duku microstructural evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 306 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
Laila Rahmawati ◽  
Daniel Saputra ◽  
Kaprawi Sahim ◽  
Gatot Priyanto
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Microstructural Evaluation ◽  
Lower Porosity ◽  
Scanning Electron

The previous research showed that the duku’s peel which dried using infrared radiation could extend the shelf life up to 25 days. The aims of this study to illustrate using 3D visual analysis on microstructural of dried duku’s peel that had dried using infrared radiation. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique with magnifications of x100, x500, and x2500, resolution of 10 μm, 50 μm, and 100 μm in dried duku’s peel using infrared radiation at a distance of infrared emitter (IRE) 6 cm and 10 cm with an exposure temperature of 300°C for 60 s. The 3D visual illustration using Mountain Maps Program shows the porosity value on 6 cm distance of IRE, with 300°C of IRE temperature and 60 s of exposure time has 90,91%, while the 10 cm distances of IRE, 300°C of IRE temperature and 60 s of exposure time has 146,95%. It could conclude that from 3D illustrative of SEM by reconstructing a single image into pseudo-color view and a profile curve produced at drying distance of 6 cm, 300°C, and 60 s has lower porosity value, and more stable contour when compared to drying with a distance of 10 cm, 300°C, 6 s, and control treatment. This condition could confirm the previous research. The duku’s peel microtexture condition which was exposed by IRE could create a dry condition as shell-likeness that could maintain the fruit quality and prolong the shelf life.

Pathogenesis of Human Hair Defects

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
P.S. Porter ◽  
T. Aoyagi ◽  
R. Matta
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Human Hair ◽  
Standard Techniques ◽  
Scanning Electron

Using standard techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), over 1000 human hair defects have been studied. In several of the defects, the pathogenesis of the abnormality has been clarified using these techniques. It is the purpose of this paper to present several distinct morphologic abnormalities of hair and to discuss their pathogenesis as elucidated through techniques of scanning electron microscopy.

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