scholarly journals Transcriptomic Profiling of Synovial Sarcoma Reveals Novel Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Abnormalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengwang Sun ◽  
Qiyue Xu ◽  
Quan Huang ◽  
Mengchen Yin ◽  
Hongqiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Synovial Sarcoma ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Normal Tissues

Abstract BackgroundSynovial sarcoma (SS) is a rare type of cancer but relatively common in soft tissue tumors. The transcriptome landscape of SS is crucial for understanding the SS biology; however, the transcriptomic profile of SS is still poorly understood.MethodsHere we collected 10 paired SS and adjacent normal tissues, and then performed deeply total RNA sequencing to systematically dissect the transcriptomic changes of SS in terms of differential expression, alternative splicing, gene fusion, and circular RNAs. ResultsBy comparing SS with adjacent normal tissues, we identified 2309 upregulated and downregulated genes in SS. Those upregulated genes could lead to the upregulation of cell cycle, ribosome, and DNA replication pathways, while the downregulated genes may result in the downregulation of a set of metabolic biological processes and signaling pathways. Moreover, 2511 genes (including 21 splicing factors) were differentially alternative spliced, indicating that the deregulation of alternative splicing could be one important factor contributes to the tumorigenesis. Additionally, we not only detected the common fusion events of SS18-SSX1/SSX2 in SS, but also uncovered 11 novel gene fusions. Interestingly, 49 circular RNAs (circRNAs) were differentially expressed and their parental genes could function in muscle contraction and muscle system processes. Interaction network reconstruction and exploration revealed that these differentially expressed circRNAs may function as the miRNA sponge to regulate the expression of an abundance of differentially expressed and alternatively spliced genes. ConclusionsCollectively, our results provide novel insights into the transcriptome and underlying mechanism of SS, which could benefit the diagnosis and treatment of SS.

scholarly journals Systematic Transcriptome Analysis of Synovial Sarcoma Reveals Novel Transcriptional And Post-Transcriptional Abnormalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengwang Sun ◽  
Qiyue Xu ◽  
Quan Huang ◽  
Mengchen Yin ◽  
Hongqiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Synovial Sarcoma ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Splicing Factors ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Gene Fusions ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Transcriptomic Profile ◽  
Aggressive Cancer ◽  
Upregulated Genes

Abstract Background: Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a rare and aggressive cancer that can come from distinct soft tissue types including muscle and ligaments. The SS transcriptome is crucial for understanding the SS biology; however, the transcriptomic landscape of SS is still poorly understood. Methods: We performed deep total RNA sequencing on ten paired SS and tumor-adjacent tissues to systematically dissect the transcriptomic profile of SS in terms of gene expression, alternative splicing, gene fusion, and circular RNAs.Results: A total of 2,309 upregulated and downregulated genes were identified between SS and tumor-adjacent tissues. Those upregulated genes could lead to the upregulation of the cell cycle, ribosome, and DNA replication pathways, while the downregulated genes may result in the downregulation of a set of metabolic biological processes and signaling pathways. Moreover, 2,511 genes (including 21 splicing factors) were differentially alternative spliced, indicating that the deregulation of alternative splicing could be one important factor that contributes to the tumorigenesis. Additionally, we identified the known gene fusions of SS18-SSX1/SSX2 as well as 11 potentially novel gene fusions. Interestingly, 49 circular RNAs were differentially expressed and their parental genes could function in muscle contraction and muscle system processes. Conclusions: Collectively, our comprehensive dissection of the transcriptomic profile of SS from both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels provides novel insights into the biology and underlying molecular mechanism of SS.

scholarly journals The Differentially Expressed Circular RNAs in the Substantia Nigra and Corpus Striatum of Nrf2-Knockout Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 936-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Hui Yang ◽  
Run-Jiao Zhang ◽  
Jia-Jie Lin ◽  
Ming-Chao Cao ◽  
Qie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Microarray Analysis ◽  
Corpus Striatum ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Qrt Pcr

Background/Aims: The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway plays a protective role in both acute neuronal damage and chronic neurodegeneration-related oxidative stress. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved with various diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). This study aimed to identify the key circRNAs involved in Nrf2-neuroprotection against oxidative stress. Methods: The differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum between Nrf2 (-/-) and Nrf2 (+/+) mice were identified by microarray analysis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was then used to validate the expression of selected DEcircRNAs in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum between Nrf2 (-/-) and Nrf2 (+/+) mice. Based on our previous microarray analysis of the differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum between Nrf2 (-/-) and Nrf2 (+/+) mice, the DEcircRNA-miRNA-DEmRNA interaction network was constructed. Functional annotation of DEmRNAs that shared the same binding miRNAs with DEcircRNAs was performed using gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses. Results: A total of 65 and 150 significant DEcircRNAs were obtained in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum of Nrf2 (-/-) mice, respectively, and seventeen shared DEcircRNAs were found in both these two tissues. The qRT-PCR results were generally consistent with the microarray results. The DEcircRNA-miRNA-DEmRNA interaction network and pathway analysis indicated that mmu_circRNA_34132, mmu_circRNA_017077 and mmu-circRNA-015216 might be involved with Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection against oxidative stress. Mmu_circRNA_015216 and mmu_circRNA_017077 might play roles in the Nrf2-related transcriptional misregulation and Nrf2-mediated processes of rheumatoid arthritis, respectively. In addition to these two processes, mmu_circRNA_34132 may be a potential regulator of Nrf2-mediated protection for diabetes mellitus and Nrf2-mediated defence against ROS in hearts. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study identified the key DEcircRNAs in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum of Nrf2 (-/-) mice, which might provide new clues for further exploring the mechanism of Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection against oxidative stress and other Nrf2-mediated processes.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Analysis of RNA Expression Profile Identifies Hub miRNA-circRNA Interaction Networks in the Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Lin Wei ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Lijuan Wang ◽  
Yanyan Song ◽  
Hongmei Dong
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Expression Profile ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Neutrophil Degranulation ◽  
Ischemic Encephalopathy

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is classified as a sort of serious nervous system syndrome that occurs in the early life period. Noncoding RNAs had been confirmed to have crucial roles in human diseases. So far, there were few systematical and comprehensive studies towards the expression profile of RNAs in the brain after hypoxia ischemia. In this study, 31 differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) with upregulation were identified. In addition, 5512 differentially expressed mRNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) were identified in HIE groups. Bioinformatics analysis showed these circRNAs and mRNAs were significantly enriched in regulation of leukocyte activation, response to virus, and neutrophil degranulation. Pathway and its related gene network analysis indicated that HLA − DPA1, HLA − DQA2, HLA − DQB1, and HLA − DRB4 have a more crucial role in HIE. Finally, miRNA-circRNA-mRNA interaction network analysis was also performed to identify hub miRNAs and circRNAs. We found that miR-592 potentially targeting 5 circRNAs, thus affecting 15 mRNA expressions in HIR. hsa_circ_0068397 and hsa_circ_0045698 were identified as hub circRNAs in HIE. Collectively, using RNA-seq, bioinformatics analysis, and circRNA/miRNA interaction prediction, we systematically investigated the differentially expressed RNAs in HIE, which could give a new hint of understanding the pathogenesis of HIE.

scholarly journals Identification of Hub Genes in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: Evidence From Bioinformatics Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 153303382096213
Author(s):  
Liqi Li ◽  
Mingjie Zhu ◽  
Hu Huang ◽  
Junqiang Wu ◽  
Dong Meng
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Rank Aggregation ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Rare Type

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer that results in fatal clinical outcomes; the pathogenesis of this life-threatening disease has yet to be fully elucidated. This study aims to identify the hub genes of ATC that may play key roles in ATC development and could serve as prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Two microarray datasets (GSE33630 and GSE53072) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database; these sets included 16 ATC and 49 normal thyroid samples. Differential expression analyses were performed for each dataset, and 420 genes were screened as common differentially expressed genes using the robust rank aggregation method. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were conducted to explore the potential bio-functions of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The terms and enriched pathways were primarily associated with cell cycle, cell adhesion, and cancer-related signaling pathways. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction network of DEG expression products was constructed using Cytoscape. Based on the whole network, we identified 7 hub genes that included CDK1, TOP2A, CDC20, KIF11, CCNA2, NUSAP1, and KIF2C. The expression levels of these hub genes were validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of clinical specimens. In conclusion, the present study identified several key genes that are involved in ATC development and provides novel insights into the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ATC development.

scholarly journals Integrated Analysis of a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA Axis in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laifu Wei ◽  
Bizhi Tu ◽  
Fei Gao ◽  
Jun Qian
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Sequencing Data

Abstract Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a common symptom in daily life and one of the primary causes is intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Growing studies have indicated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are intimately associated with IDD; however, the underlying mechanism has not yet been elucidated. We aimed to explore how circRNAs regulate IDD in an effort to provide novel insight for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods: The sequencing data of circRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), and mRNA were acquired from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. By analyzing the dataset consisting of a control group and degenerated group, differentially expressed circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs were collected, and then the intersection of circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs was screened. According to these intersectional RNAs, we constructed an integrally circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. Finally, using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, we further clarified functions of the intersectional mRNA in IDD. Results: we obtained 620 differentially expressed circRNAs(DEcircRNAs), 13 miRNA (DEmiRNA), 273 mRNAs(DEmRNAs), 12 intersectional miRNAs, and 47 intersectional mRNAs. Finally, based on interactional 8 circRNA, 5 miRNAs and 15 mRNAs, an integrally circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed. Eight circRNAs, contained hsa_circ_0032254, hsa_circ_0003183, hsa_circ_0032253, hsa_circ_0001293, hsa_circ_0004565, hsa_circ_0091570, hsa_circ_0077526, and hsa_circ_0057552, may regulate IDD onset and progression by acting as competing endogenous RNAs. The results of GO and KEGG analyses implied that the targeted genes might significantly correlate to IDD.Conclusion: our findings improved a better understanding of the circRNA-related ceRNA regulatory mechanism in IDD and offered possible targets for IDD treatment.

scholarly journals A transcriptomic profile of topping responsive non-coding RNAs in tobacco roots (Nicotiana tabacum)

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Chen ◽  
Shuo Sun ◽  
Fangjie Liu ◽  
Enhui Shen ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Nicotine Biosynthesis ◽  
Tobacco Roots

Abstract Background Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), accomplish remarkable variety of biological functions. However, the composition of ncRNAs and their interactions with coding RNAs in modulating and controlling of cellular process in plants is largely unknown. Using a diverse group of high-throughput sequencing strategies, the mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA compositions of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) roots determined and their alteration and potential biological functions in response to topping treatment analyzed. Results A total of 688 miRNAs, 7423 non-redundant lncRNAs and 12,414 circRNAs were identified, among which, some selected differentially expressed RNAs were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Using the differentially expressed RNAs, a co-expression network was established that included all four types of RNAs. The number of circRNAs identified were higher than that of miRNAs and lncRNAs, but only two circRNAs were present in the co-expression network. LncRNAs appear to be the most active ncRNAs based on their numbers presented in the co-expression network, but none of them seems to be an eTM (endogenous Target Mimicry) of miRNAs. Integrated with analyses of sequence interaction, several mRNA-circRNA-miRNA interaction networks with a potential role in the regulation of nicotine biosynthesis were uncovered, including a QS-circQS-miR6024 interaction network. In this network miR6024 was significantly down-regulated, while the expression levels of its two targets, circQS and its host gene QS, were sharply increased following the topping treatment. Conclusions These results illustrated the transcriptomic profiles of tobacco roots, the organ responsible for nicotine biosynthesis. mRNAs always play the most important roles, while ncRNAs are also expressed extensively for topping treatment response, especially circRNAs are the most activated in the ncRNA pool. These studies also provided insights on the coordinated regulation module of coding and non-coding RNAs in a single plant biological sample. The findings reported here indicate that ncRNAs appear to form interaction complex for the regulation of stress response forming regulation networks with transcripts involved in nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Molecular Mechanism of Acute Coronary Syndrome Based on circRNA-miRNA Network Regulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Lin ◽  
YaMing Yang ◽  
Quan Guo ◽  
Mingzhang Xie ◽  
Siyu Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Biological Technology ◽  
Group A

Background. With the development of biological technology, biomarkers for the prevention and diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have become increasingly evident. However, the study of novel circular RNAs (circRNAs) in ACS is still in progress. This study aimed to investigate whether the regulation of circRNA-miRNA networks is involved in ACS pathogenesis. Methods. We used microarray analysis to detect significantly expressed circRNAs and miRNAs in the peripheral blood of patients in the control group (CG) and ACS groups, including an unstable angina pectoris (UAP) group and an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) group. A circRNA-miRNA interaction network analysis was carried out with open-source bioinformatics. The gene ontology (GO), pathway, and disease enrichment analyses for differentially expressed circRNAs were further analysed with hierarchical clustering. Results. A total of 266 circRNAs (121 upregulated and 145 downregulated, P<0.05, fold change FC ≥2) and 3 miRNAs (1 upregulated and 2 downregulated, P<0.05, FC ≥ 1.2) were differentially expressed in the ACS groups compared with those in the CG. In addition, among these expressed circRNAs and miRNAs, a single circRNA could bind to more than 1–100 miRNAs, and vice versa. Next, an AMI-UAP network, an AMI-CG network, a UAP-CG network, and an AMI-CG-UAP network were constructed. The top 30 enriched GO terms among the three groups were emphasized as differentially expressed. Disease enrichment analysis showed that these differentially expressed circRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. KEGG pathway analysis was performed to identify pathways associated with circRNAs targeting mRNAs. Conclusion. CircRNAs are closely related to the pathological process of ACS via a mechanism that may be related to the up- or down-regulation of circRNAs and miRNAs and circRNA-miRNA coexpression. The metabolic pathways, signalling pathways, and diseases affected by these circRNAs can be predicted by enrichment analysis.

Molecular screening for nigericin treatment in pancreatic cancer by high-throughput RNA sequencing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihua Xu ◽  
Qiaoming Zhi ◽  
Guanzhuang Gao ◽  
Fei Liu ◽  
Ye Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Trans Regulation ◽  
Cis And Trans

Abstract Background Nigericin, an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, has been proved to exhibit promising anti-cancer effects on a variety of cancers. Our previous study investigated the potential anti-cancer properties in pancreatic cancer (PC), and demonstrated that nigericin could inhibited the cell viabilities in concentration- and time-dependent manners via differentially expressed circular RNAs (circRNAs). However, the knowledge of nigericin associated with long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA in pancreatic cancer (PC) has not been studied. This study is to elucidate the underlying mechanism from the perspective of lncRNA and mRNA.Methods The continuously varying molecules (lncRNAs and mRNAs) were comprehensively screened by high-throughput RNA sequencing.Results Our data showed that 76 lncRNAs and 172 mRNAs were common differentially expressed in the nigericin anti-cancer process. Subsequently, the bioinformatics analyses, including GO and KEGG analysis, coding and non-coding co-expression network, cis- and trans-regulation predictions and PPI network, were applied to annotate the potential regulatory mechanisms among these coding and non-coding RNAs during the nigericin anti-cancer process.Conclusion These findings provided new insight into the molecular mechanism of nigericin toward cancer cells, and suggested a possible clinical application in PC.

scholarly journals Identification of Differentially Expressed circRNAs, miRNAs, and Genes in Patients Associated with Cartilaginous Endplate Degeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Haiwei Xu ◽  
Yongjin Li ◽  
Jianhua Li ◽  
Zhenxin Huo ◽  
Guowang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Cartilaginous Endplate ◽  
Host Genes

Background. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) disease is a global challenge because of its predominant pathogenic factor in triggering low back pain, whereas cartilaginous endplate degeneration (CEPD) is the main cause of IDD. Accumulating evidence have indicated that the differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) have been determined to be involved in multiple biological processes to mediate CEPD progression. However, the differentially expressed circular RNAs (DECs) and their potential biofunctions in CEPD have not been identified. Methods. GSE153761 dataset was analyzed using R software to predict DECs, DEMs, and DEGs. Pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs and host genes of DECs and protein-protein interaction network of DEGs were conducted to explore their potential biofunctions. Furthermore, we explore the potential relationship between DEGs and DECs. Results. There were 74 DECs, 17 DEMs, and 68 DEGs upregulated whereas 50 DECs, 16 DEMs, and 67 DEGs downregulated in CEPD group. Pathway analysis unveiled that these RNAs might regulate CEPD via mediating inflammatory response, ECM metabolism, chondrocytes apoptosis, and chondrocytes growth. A total of 17 overlapping genes were predicted between the host genes of DEGs and DECs, such as SDC1 and MAOA. Moreover, 6 upregulated DECs, of which hsa_circ_0052830 was the most upregulated circRNA in CEPD, were derived from the host genes SDC1, whereas 8 downregulated DECs were derived from the host genes MAOA. Conclusion. This will provide novel clues for future experimental studies to elucidate the pathomechanism of CEPD and therapeutic targets for CEPD-related diseases.

Differentially Expressed Circular RNAs in Stenosed Arteriovenous Fistula Tissues of Uremia Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Lan ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Menglin Zou ◽  
Yihang Xie ◽  
Yiye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Vascular Stenosis ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract BackgroundArteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the most common renal replacement therapy for uremic patients. However, stenosis in AVF may lead to AVF failure, hence prevention and effective management of AVF failure is an issue to be addressed. circular RNAs (circRNAs) dysregulation may be pivotal for the development and progression of AVF stenosis. MethodsFour stenosed tissues from AVF outflow veins and four normal venous tissues without vascular stenosis were collected for RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). The circRNAs expression profiles were identified by high-throughput sequencing, and the functions and pathways of differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs were annotated by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Seven DE circRNAs were screened for quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation. circRNA-miRNA interaction network was constructed. ResultsA total of 17,620 circRNA transcripts were examined by RNA-seq, and 208 DE circrRNAs were identified between AG and CG, of which 92 were upregulated and 116 were downregulated. The expression trend in the four selected circRNAs was validated by qRT-PCR, which was consistent with the RNA-seq results. Dysregulated circRNAs may be involved in stenosis by mediating focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathway. ConclusionOur study revealed abnormal circRNA expression in stenosed tissues of the AVF outflow vein, which was functionally classified. The results indicated that DE circRNAs in the stenosed tissues of AVF and their related FAK pathway have potential to be targets for the prevention and treatment of AVF failure.

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