scholarly journals Potassium Sulphate Induces Resistance of Rice against the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne graminicola

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mao-Yan Liu ◽  
De-Liang Peng ◽  
Wen Su ◽  
Chao Xiang ◽  
Jin-Zhuo Jian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
In The Wild

Abstract Background Potassium (K), an important nutrient element, can improve the stress resistance/tolerance of crops. The application of K in resisting plant parasitic nematodes shows that the K treatment can effectively reduce the occurrence of nematode diseases and increase crop yield. However, data on K2SO4 induced rice resistance to Meloidogyne graminicola are still lacking. To evaluate rice resistance against M. graminicola induced by K2SO4 and to further clarify its mechanism is essential for the rational use of K fertilizer to ensure the safety of rice production.Results In this work, K2SO4 treatment effectively reduced the numbers of both galls and nematodes in rice roots, and delayed the development of nematodes to the adult stage. Rather than by affecting the attractiveness of roots to nematodes and the morphological phenotype of giant cells at feeding sites, such effect was achieved by rapidly stimulating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, increasing callose deposition. Meanwhile, such induced resistance required the active participation of the potassium channel OsAKT1 and the potassium transporter OsHAK5. The numbers of both galls and nematodes were higher in both gene deficient plants than that in the wild-type plants, and the K2SO4-induced resistance showed weaker in the defective plants than in the wild-type plants.Conclusions K2SO4 treatment effectively induces rice resistance to root-knot nematode M. graminicola. The mechanism of inducing resistance is to prime the basic defense of rice, up-regulating the expression of resistance-related genes and with the involvement of K+ channel and transporter. These laid a foundation for further study on the mechanism of rice to defense against root-knot nematodes and the effective use of potassium fertilizer to improve rice resistance against nematodes in the field.

scholarly journals β-Aminobutyric Acid–Induced Resistance Against Root-Knot Nematodes in Rice Is Based on Increased Basal Defense

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongli Ji ◽  
Tina Kyndt ◽  
Wen He ◽  
Bartel Vanholme ◽  
Godelieve Gheysen
Keyword(s):  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Basal Defense ◽  
Nematode Penetration

The nonprotein amino acid β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) is known to protect plants against various pathogens. The mode of action is relatively diverse and specific in different plant-pathogen systems. To extend the analysis of the mode of action of BABA to plant-parasitic nematodes in monocot plants, we evaluated the effect of BABA against the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. BABA treatment of rice plants inhibited nematode penetration and resulted in delayed nematode and giant cell development. BABA-induced resistance (BABA-IR) was still functional in mutants or transgenics defective in salicylic acid biosynthesis and response or abscisic acid (ABA) response. Pharmacological inhibition of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) biosynthesis indicated that BABA-IR against rice RKN likely occurs independent of JA and ET. However, histochemical and biochemical quantification in combination with quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction data suggest that BABA protects rice against RKN through the activation of basal defense mechanisms of the plant, such as reactive oxygen species accumulation, lignin formation, and callose deposition.

scholarly journals PUCHI Regulates Giant Cell Morphology During Root-Knot Nematode Infection in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reira Suzuki ◽  
Mizuki Yamada ◽  
Takumi Higaki ◽  
Mitsuhiro Aida ◽  
Minoru Kubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
In The Wild

Parasitic root-knot nematodes transform the host’s vascular cells into permanent feeding giant cells (GCs) to withdraw nutrients from the host plants. GCs are multinucleated metabolically active cells with distinctive cell wall structures; however, the genetic regulation of GC formation is largely unknown. In this study, the functions of the Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor PUCHI during GC development were investigated. PUCHI expression was shown to be induced in early developing galls, suggesting the importance of the PUCHI gene in gall formation. Despite the puchi mutant not differing significantly from the wild type in nematode invasion and reproduction rates, puchi GC cell walls appeared to be thicker and lobate when compared to the wild type, while the cell membrane sometimes formed invaginations. In three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of puchi GCs, they appeared to be more irregularly shaped than those in the wild type, with noticeable cell-surface protrusions and folds. Interestingly, the loss-of-function mutant of 3-KETOACYL-COA SYNTHASE 1 showed GC morphology and cell wall defects similar to those of the puchi mutant, suggesting that PUCHI may regulate GC development via very long chain fatty acid synthesis.

scholarly journals The Root-Knot Nematode Calreticulin Mi-CRT Is a Key Effector in Plant Defense Suppression

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jaouannet ◽  
M. Magliano ◽  
M. J. Arguel ◽  
M. Gourgues ◽  
E. Evangelisti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Compatible Interaction ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Root Pathogen ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern

Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are obligate biotrophic parasites that settle close to the vascular tissues in roots, where they induce the differentiation of specialized feeding cells and maintain a compatible interaction for 3 to 8 weeks. Transcriptome analyses of the plant response to parasitic infection have shown that plant defenses are strictly controlled during the interaction. This suggests that, similar to other pathogens, RKN secrete effectors that suppress host defenses. We show here that Mi-CRT, a calreticulin (CRT) secreted by the nematode into the apoplasm of infected tissues, plays an important role in infection success, because Mi-CRT knockdown by RNA interference affected the ability of the nematodes to infect plants. Stably transformed Arabidopsis thaliana plants producing the secreted form of Mi-CRT were more susceptible to nematode infection than wild-type plants. They were also more susceptible to infection with another root pathogen, the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica. Mi-CRT overexpression in A. thaliana suppressed the induction of defense marker genes and callose deposition after treatment with the pathogen-associated molecular pattern elf18. Our results show that Mi-CRT secreted in the apoplasm by the nematode has a role in the suppression of plant basal defenses during the interaction.

scholarly journals Root knot nematode infections promoted by agricultural practice modifications in Vietnam and the impacts on rice production

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Hue ◽  
Anne -Sophie Masson ◽  
Lionel Moulin ◽  
Trinh Quang Phap ◽  
Ha Viet Cuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Seeding Method ◽  
The Impact

A survey conducted on newly cultivated lowland rice fields by direct seeding method in Hai Duong Province, Viet Nam, in March 2017 revealed high devastation of the field. In these fields, farmers used an annual crop rotation cycle of rice-scallion-rice. Investigations on the devastated fields revealed that the chemical and physical soil properties were appropriate for rice cultivation. On the other hand, observations done on the root systems showed that the dead plants have symptomatic root galls suggesting the presence of plant parasitic nematodes. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA genes of the nematodes showed that the root nematodes extracted from the infested fields belonged to Meloidogyne graminicola. The reproductive factor of the isolated M. graminicola population on the IR64 rice variety (Oryza sativa indica) was normal, suggesting that the impact of this plant pest was not due to the emergence of an unusual virulent population. The combination of the three factors (wrong cropping choice for rotation, using rice variety susceptible to M. graminicola and direct seeding) were obviously promoting the nematode infection and its high proliferation in the surveyed fields. Meloidogyne graminicola could parasitize and propagate in scallions of Vietnam. Since this plant is annually cultivated on a paddy field for crop rotation, preventive measures or alternative plant for crop rottion is necessary.   

scholarly journals Hexanoic Acid-Induced Resistance Against Botrytis cinerea in Tomato Plants

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1455-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Begonya Vicedo ◽  
Víctor Flors ◽  
María de la O Leyva ◽  
Ivan Finiti ◽  
Zhana Kravchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Hexanoic Acid ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Deficient Mutant ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Ja Signaling

We have demonstrated that root treatment with hexanoic acid protects tomato plants against Botrytis cinerea. Hexanoic acid-induced resistance (Hx-IR) was blocked in the jasmonic acid (JA)-insensitive mutant jai1 (a coi1 homolog) and in the abscisic acid (ABA)-deficient mutant flacca (flc). Upon infection, the LoxD gene as well as the oxylipin 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid and the bioactive molecule JA-Ile were clearly induced in treated plants. However, the basal ABA levels were not altered. Hexanoic acid primed callose deposition against B. cinerea in a cultivar-dependent manner. Treated plants from Ailsa Craig, Moneymaker, and Rheinlands Ruhm showed increased callose deposition but not from Castlemart. Hexanoic acid did not prime callose accumulation in flc plants upon B. cinerea infection; therefore, ABA could act as a positive regulator of Hx-IR by enhancing callose deposition. Furthermore, although hexanoic acid protected the JA-deficient mutant defensless1 (def1), the priming for callose was higher than in the wild type. This suggests a link between JA and callose deposition in tomato. Hence, the obtained results support the idea that callose, oxylipins, and the JA-signaling pathway are involved in Hx-IR against B. cinerea. Moreover our data support the relevance of JA-signaling for basal defense against this necrotroph in tomato. Hexanoic acid also protected against Pseudomonas syringae, indicating a broad-spectrum effect for this new inducer.

scholarly journals Histopathology of the rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, on Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima

Nematology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma. Teodora Nadong Cabasan ◽  
Arvind Kumar ◽  
Stéphane Bellafiore ◽  
Dirk De Waele
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Defence Response ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Oryza Glaberrima ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Rice Genotypes

The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, can cause substantial rice yield losses. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance to this nematode species in known resistant rice genotypes may help to improve rice genotypes, aiming at developing and implementing environment-friendly and cost-effective nematode management strategies. Using susceptible and resistant rice genotypes, a comparative analysis of histological response mechanisms was made during two phases of the nematode colonisation: i) root penetration; and ii) subsequent establishment and development by M. graminicola second-stage juveniles (J2). Two types of defence response mechanisms could be distinguished in the resistant rice genotypes. The early defence response consisted of a hypersensitive response (HR)-like reaction in the early stage of infection characterised by necrosis of cells directly affected by nematode feeding. This HR-like reaction was observed only in the M. graminicola-resistant Oryza glaberrima genotypes and not in the M. graminicola-susceptible O. sativa genotypes. The late defence response took place after the induction of giant cells by the J2. Giant cells usually collapsed and degenerated before J2 developed into adults. Structural features of the roots of the susceptible O. sativa showed greater root and stele diam. and cortex thickness than the resistant O. glaberrima genotypes. Desired features of plants with resistance to M. graminicola elucidated in this study can be used for selection of plants for breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Cell Wall Modifications in Giant Cells Induced by the Plant Parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Wild-Type (Col-0) and the fra2 Arabidopsis thaliana Katanin Mutant

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christianna Meidani ◽  
Nikoletta G. Ntalli ◽  
Eleni Giannoutsou ◽  
Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Feeding Site

Meloidogyne incognita is a root knot nematode (RKN) species which is among the most notoriously unmanageable crop pests with a wide host range. It inhabits plants and induces unique feeding site structures within host roots, known as giant cells (GCs). The cell walls of the GCs undergo the process of both thickening and loosening to allow expansion and finally support nutrient uptake by the nematode. In this study, a comparative in situ analysis of cell wall polysaccharides in the GCs of wild-type Col-0 and the microtubule-defective fra2 katanin mutant, both infected with M. incognita has been carried out. The fra2 mutant had an increased infection rate. Moreover, fra2 roots exhibited a differential pectin and hemicellulose distribution when compared to Col-0 probably mirroring the fra2 root developmental defects. Features of fra2 GC walls include the presence of high-esterified pectic homogalacturonan and pectic arabinan, possibly to compensate for the reduced levels of callose, which was omnipresent in GCs of Col-0. Katanin severing of microtubules seems important in plant defense against M. incognita, with the nematode, however, to be nonchalant about this “katanin deficiency” and eventually induce the necessary GC cell wall modifications to establish a feeding site.

scholarly journals SlWRKY45 Interacts with Jasmonate-ZIM Domain Proteins to Negatively Regulate Defense Against Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Tomato

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang Huang ◽  
Wenchao Zhao ◽  
Hui Qiao ◽  
Chonghua Li ◽  
Xuechun Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factor ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Allene Oxide ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Gall Index

Root knot nematode (RKN), a kind of plant parasitic nematodes, leads to large reduction of crop yield, and seriously damages the agricultural production. The phytohormone jasmonates (JAs) act as important signals to regulate resistance against multiple abiotic and biotic stresses. However, little is known about the mechanism of JA-mediated defense responses against RKN in tomato. In this study, we found that the WRKY transcription factor SlWRKY45 interacts with most of the Jasmonate-ZIM domain proteins (JAZs) in yeast and plant. Overexpression of SlWRKY45 decreased plant resistance to RKN Meloidogyne incognita with increased gall index. We further generated slwrky45 mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and discovered that the gall index and the number of nematodes and females in slwrky45 mutants are significantly reduced compared with wild type, as inoculated with RKN Meloidogyne incognita. Moreover, the contents of jasmonic acid and JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile) were highly increased in slwrky45 mutants with RKN Meloidogyne incognita infection compared with wild type. Furthermore, EMSA, and Dual-LUC assays demonstrated that SlWRKY45 directly binds and represses jasmonate biosynthesis gene ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE ( AOC). Overall, our findings reveled that JAZ-interaction protein SlWRKY45 negatively controls plant defense against RKN Meloidogyne incognita by the regulation of JA biosynthesis in tomato.

The influence of the actionmycete,Pasteuria penetrans, on the host–parasite relationship of the plant-parasitic nematode,Meloidogyne javanica

Parasitology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cells ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Pasteuria Penetrans ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Plant Parasitic

SUMMARYThe actinomycete,Pasteuria penetrans, is a specific endoparasite of various plant-parasitic nematodes. When parasitizing the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanical) the nematode's capacity to reproduce is destroyed and feeding on and stimulation of the plant host are unaffected even though the bulbous body of the female nematode becomes filled with spores. Parasitism by the actinomycete does not alter the rate of growth in the early stages of nematode development although the non-parasitized female grows more rapidly than the parasitized one for a short time immediately after the final moult.Pasteuriadid not invade or inactivate the anterior oesophageal region of the femaleMeloidogyneor influence the morphology of the giant cells induced by these nematodes in their hosts' roots. The influence of this parasite on the developmental physiology of its nematode host is discussed.

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