Effects of phages on the gut microbiota and their impact on probiotic efficacy in broiler chickens
Abstract Background Probiotics are the most recognised alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) for poultry production. They adhere to the intestinal epithelial cells to exert their beneficial effects on the host. However, this is often restricted by indigenous gut microbes that compete for adhesion sites and nutrients. Therefore, phage application has been proposed to reduce the competition of probiotics with gut microbiota. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of phages on the gut microbiota and their impact on probiotic efficacy in chickens. Results Four best Escherichia coli lytic phages were selected and characterised. The in vivo trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary treatments of phage cocktail at 0.1% (1ɸ) and 0.2% (2ɸ), 0.1% PrimaLac ® probiotic (P) and their combinations (1ɸP, 2ɸP) on growth performance and gut microbiota of chickens. The results from the in vivo trial showed that chickens in the 1ɸP group had significantly (P < 0.05) better body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), lower serum triglycerides and higher ileal villus height than the control. Chickens in the 1ɸP group also had higher (P < 0.05) ileal villus height, and lower crypt depth than those in the probiotic group. The gut microbiota profiles revealed that 1ɸP supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) reduced E. coli population, increased (P < 0.001) short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers, and improved (P < 0.001) gene expressions that are related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms, and nutrient uptake. Conclusions The results from this study showed that 1ɸP treatment could modulate the gut microbiota and enhance growth performance in chickens. This finding could be considered as a potential alternative to AGPs for poultry.